Micro_Chapter 14: The Nature Of Host Defenses

Front 1

any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry

Back 1

first line of defense (non-specific)

Front 2

protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis

Back 2

second line of defense (non-specific)

Front 3

acquired with exposure to foreign substances; produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells

Back 3

third line of defense (specific)

Front 4

first line of defense or physical/anatomical barriers include what?

Back 4

outermost layer of skin, sweat glands, rapidly replaced damaged cells, mucous coats, blinking, tear production, stomach acid, nasal hair

Front 5

sebaceous secretions are an example of what type of defense

Back 5

chemical defense

Front 6

the study of the body's second and third lines of defense

Back 6

immunology

Front 7

T/F the study of the body's immunology includes the first line of defense.

Back 7

FALSE.

Front 8

What are the three functions of a healthy immune system?

Back 8

1. surveillance of the body
2. recognition of foreign material
3. destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

Front 9

What are the four major subdivisions of the immune system?

Back 9

1. Reticuloendothelial system
2. Extracellular fluid
3. Bloodstream
4. Lymphatic system

Front 10

network of connective tissue fibers that interconnect other cells and mesh with connective tissue network surrounding organs

Back 10

reticuloendothelial system

Front 11

macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that passed the first line of defense

Back 11

mononuclear phagocyte system

Front 12

liquid connective tissue

Back 12

blood

Front 13

blood cells are suspended in what?

Back 13

plasma

Front 14

What does blood plasma do?

Back 14

support normal physiological functions of nutrition, development, protection, homeostasis, and immunity

Front 15

Blood plasma is mostly what?

Back 15

92% water

Front 16

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Back 16

granulocytes

Front 17

lymphocytes and monocytes

Back 17

agranulocytes

Front 18

What are the two largest populations of WBCs?

Back 18

Neutrophils, and lymphocytes

Front 19

mast cells

Back 19

basophils

Front 20

phagocytic

Back 20

neutrophils, monocytes

Front 21

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 21

1. provide auxiliary route for return of EF to circulatory system
2. acts as drain-off system for inflammatory response
3. renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material

Front 22

plasma-like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation

Back 22

lymph

Front 23

When is lymphatic fluid formed?

Back 23

when blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular spaces

Front 24

What makes up lymphatic fluid?

Back 24

water, dissolved salts, 2-5% proteins

Front 25

What does lymphatic fluid do?

Back 25

transports WBCs, fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents

Front 26

Lymphatic capillaries permeate all parts of the body except where?

Back 26

the CNS

Front 27

How is lymph moved through the body?

Back 27

1. thins walls of lymphatic vessels allow permeation by EF
2. EF is then moved by contraction of skeletal muscles
3. Lymph is returned to circulation, toward the heart and eventually returning to blood stream

Front 28

sites of lymphocyctic origin and maturation; thymus and bone marrow

Back 28

primary lymphoid organs

Front 29

circulatory-based locations such as spleen and lymph nodes

Back 29

secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

Front 30

site of T-cell maturation

Back 30

thymus

Front 31

stationed along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Back 31

lymph nodes

Front 32

filters circulating blood to remove worm out RBCs and pathogens

Back 32

spleen

Front 33

protein receptors within cell membrane of macrophages

Back 33

toll-like receptors

Front 34

detect foregin molecules and signal the macrophage to produce chemicals

Back 34

recognition, second line of defense

Front 35

recognitions stiumlates and promotes what two events?

Back 35

1. stimulates an inflammatory response
2. promotes the activity of B and T cells

Front 36

migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

Back 36

diapedesis

Front 37

migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection

Back 37

chemotaxis

Front 38

organ regulates body temperature

Back 38

hypothalamus

Front 39

fever is initiated by what?

Back 39

pyrogens, which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature

Front 40

products of infectious agents

Back 40

exogenous pyrogens

Front 41

Fever is beneficial because...

Back 41

1. inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms
2. increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and protective physiological processes

Front 42

What are three main types of phagocytes?

Back 42

1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. macrophages

Front 43

general purpose; react early to bacteria and other foreign materials and to damaged tissue

Back 43

neutrophils

Front 44

attracted to sties of parasitic infections

Back 44

eosinophils

Front 45

derived from monocytes; scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes

Back 45

macrophages

Front 46

Phagocytes migrate and recognize what?

Back 46

PAMPs

Front 47

lysosome fused with phagosome

Back 47

phagolysosome

Front 48

small protein produced by certain WBC and tissue cells

Back 48

interferon

Front 49

Interferons are produced in response to what?

Back 49

viruses, RNA, immune products, and various antigen

Front 50

How do interferons function?

Back 50

They bind to cell surfaces and induce expression of antiviral proteins. They inhibit expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects.

Front 51

consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and viruses

Back 51

complement

Front 52

complement proteins are activated by what?

Back 52

cleavage

Front 53

What is the difference between classical pathway and alternative pathway?

Back 53

classical pathway-activated by presence of antibody bound to microorganism
alternative pathway-begins when complement proteins bind to surface components of microorganism