Micro3. Chap 20

Front 1

__________ dieseases are transmitted from one host to another.

Back 1

Communicable

Front 2

In order for a disease to spread, the pathogen must have a __________ environment in which to live and must leave that environment to be transmitted to susceptible _______.

Back 2

Suitable
Host

Front 3

The natural habitat of a bug is termed __________.

Back 3

Resevoir

Front 4

The pathogen leaves animal reservoir through _________ of ________.

Back 4

Portal of exit

Front 5

Epidemiologists are more concerned with _______ of the disease.

Back 5

Rate

Front 6

Rate of the disease = ...?

Back 6

Percentage of given population that is infected. 100/10,000,000 vs 100/1000

Front 7

_________ rate is the number of cases developing in group of people exposed.

Back 7

Attack
10 sick out of 100 = 10% attack rate

Front 8

_________ rate is the number of cases of illness divided by the population at risk.

Back 8

Morbidity

Front 9

_________ rate reflects population that dies from the disease.

Back 9

Mortality

Front 10

__________ reflects number of new cases per specific time period.

Back 10

Incidence

Front 11

__________ reflects the total number of existing cases.

Back 11

Prevalence, a snapshot

Front 12

Diseases that are constantly present are termed _________.

Back 12

Endemic, this varies with location.

Front 13

When endemics are spread worldwide they are termed _________.

Back 13

Pandemic

Front 14

_________ refers to a cluster of cases in a brief time affecting a specific population.

Back 14

Outbreak

Front 15

_________ of pathogen affects extent and distribution of disease.

Back 15

Reservoirs

Front 16

Reservoirs can be...

Back 16

Human, non-human or environmental

Front 17

True or False:
Human reservoirs are sometimes not affected by the disease, making it easier to control.

Back 17

True

Front 18

Human reservoirs can be ____________ infections or ____________ carriers.

Back 18

Symptomatic (obvious source of infectious agent)
Asymptomatic (harbors pathogen w/ no ill effects but may shed organisms for long time)

Front 19

Disease transmitted by non-human animal reservoirs are termed __________, infection into humans is accidental.

Back 19

Zoonotic

Front 20

Two examples of environmental reservoirs, one in water and one in soil:

Back 20

Water = geardea
Soil = tetunus

Front 21

Pathogens with ___________ reservoirs are near impossible to eradicate.

Back 21

Environmental

Front 22

Three types of portals of exit:

Back 22

1. Intestinal tract thru feces
2. Respiratory tract = aerosols (most efficient)
3. Skin = shed with skin cells

Front 23

Successful pathogens must be able to tranfer from ____________ to susceptible __________.

Back 23

Reservoir
Host

Front 24

Transmission of pathogen via contact with food, water, living agent is termed ____________ transfer. While the transfer from mother to fetus = _________ transfer.

Back 24

Horizontal
Vertical

Front 25

________ contact is when it goes directly from one person to another. Usually bugs that can't survive for extended periods in the environment.

Back 25

Direct

Front 26

Indirect contact involves transmission via inanimate objects or _________. This is common on cruise ships.

Back 26

Fomites

Front 27

__________ are the most common vectors.

Back 27

Arthropods

Front 28

Factors that influence the epidemiology of disease are:

Back 28

1. Dose
2. Incubation period
3. Population characteristics

Front 29

Probability of contracting a disease is often proportional with ________.

Back 29

Dose

Front 30

A disease with a _____ incubation period (like smallpox) can spread extensively before first case appears.

Back 30

Long

Front 31

Six population characteristics that influence occurrence of disease are...

Back 31

1. Immunity to pathogen
2. General health
3. Age (very young or old)
4. Gender
5. Religious and cultural practices (breast feeding, canabalism)
6. Genetic background

Front 32

Previous exposure or immunization of population __________ susceptibility of population to organism. This can lead to ______ immunity.

Back 32

Decreases
Herd

Front 33

Stressors such as ___________ or overcrowding increase susceptibility.

Back 33

Malnutrition

Front 34

Gender influences disease distribution often due to ___________ differences.

Back 34

Anatomical

Front 35

Epiemiologists investigate disease outbreak to determine __________ agent, __________ and route of ____________. Knowing these things helps minimize spread.

Back 35

Causative
Reservoir
Transmission

Front 36

_________ studies are used to determine things like person, place and time.

Back 36

Descriptive

Front 37

The first case of an outbreak is called the ______ ________.

Back 37

Index case

Front 38

If the infection spread rapidly, probably a _________ _________ epidemic.

Back 38

Common source

Front 39

A gradual rise in numbers = a _________ disease, termed _________ epidemic.

Back 39

Contagious
Propagated

Front 40

_________ studies determine which potential factors from descriptive study are relevant.

Back 40

Analytical

Front 41

______-________ studies survey range of people to determine prevalence of number of characteristics.

Back 41

Cross-Sectional

Front 42

____________ studies are done following a disease outbreak and compare actiosn and events surrounding outbreak.

Back 42

Retrospective

Front 43

____________ studies look ahead to see if risk factors from retrospective study predict tendancy to develop disease.

Back 43

Prospective

Front 44

The only health organization we learned about that doesn't have political ties is the...

Back 44

World Health Organization

Front 45

___________ studies are used to judge the cause and effect relationshop of risk factors or prevalence factors and disease development.

Back 45

Experimental

Front 46

Treatments in experimental studies are compared with __________ and the method of _________-_______ testing is used.

Back 46

Placebo
Double-blind

Front 47

There is a general upswing of infectious diseases worldwide mainly due to two things:

Back 47

1. Antibiotic resistant strains
2. HIV

Front 48

__________ infections are defined as hospital acquired infections.

Back 48

Nosocomial

Front 49

What species is a common cause of nosocomial pneumonia and UTI's and burn infections?

Back 49

Pseudomonas species

Front 50

_____________ species, E. coli, and other species in the family enterobacteriaceae are part of the normal flora.

Back 50

Enterococcus

Front 51

____________ ________ is the biggest threat today. It survives in environment for long time and is easily trasmissable to _________.

Back 51

Staphylococcus aureus
Fomites

Front 52

True or False:
All Staph species are pathogenic.

Back 52

False, most are part of normal flora.

Front 53

Health care workers are often the cause of hospital outbreaks due to...

Back 53

Improper handwashing or sterile techniques.

Front 54

Patient's own normal flora can cause problems if ___________ treatments introduce surface flora to interior regions of body (like the appendix repturing)

Back 54

Invasive

Front 55

List three ways that infectious agents can be transmitted through a hospital:

Back 55

1. Medical devices (devices usually breach first-line defenses)
2. Healthcare personel
3. Airborne

Front 56

________ _________ discovered antibiotics when he was workign with _____________.

Back 56

Alexander Fleming
Staphylococcus

Front 57

Ernst ________ and Howard ________ successfully purified penicillin, not Fleming.

Back 57

Chain and Florey

Front 58

Selman _________ isolated ___________ from soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus.

Back 58

Waksman
Streptomycin

Front 59

Most modern antibiotics come from organisms living in the ______ that are excreating _________ to kill competition.

Back 59

Soil
Toxins

Front 60

In some cases drugs are chemically altered to impart new characteristics, these are termed:

Back 60

Semi-synthetic

Front 61

Antimicrobial drugs have ________ toxicity, meaning they cause greater harm to microorganisms then humans, but they arn't totally harmless.

Back 61

Selective toxicity

Front 62

The toxicity of a drug is termed as its __________ _______. The higher the number is, the less toxic the drug is.

Back 62

Therapeutic index

Front 63

Drugs can either kill = _________ or inhibit = ___________ bacterial growth.

Back 63

Kill = bacteriocidal
Inhibit = bacteriostatic

Front 64

___________ drugs still rely on the host's immunity to eliminate the pathogen.

Back 64

Bacteriostatic

Front 65

________ of activity refers to antimicrobials variance when it comes to range of organisms controlled.

Back 65

Spectrum

Front 66

A narrow spectrum works on either ________ OR _________.

Back 66

Gram - OR Gram +

Front 67

A broad spectrum works on _________ AND __________. The disadvantage of this one is disruption of normal flora.

Back 67

Gram - AND Gram +

Front 68

Drugs differ in how they are distributed, metabolized and excreted. The rate of elimination of drug from body is expressed in _______-________.

Back 68

Half-life

Front 69

Hife life dictates frequency of _______.

Back 69

Dosage

Front 70

Sometimes drugs are combined. When action of one drug enhances that of another, effect is _________.

Back 70

Synergistic (2+2=5)

Front 71

When the action of one drug interferes with another, it is termed ___________.

Back 71

Antagonistic

Front 72

When the effect of combination is neither synergistic or antagonistic, it is called __________.

Back 72

Additive (like two narrow spectrum antibiotics)

Front 73

One toxic effect from antimicrobial drugs that prevents the boy from making RBC or WBC is called:

Back 73

Aplastic Anemia

Front 74

Supression of normal flora results in antibiotic associated __________.

Back 74

Colitis

Front 75

Drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis have a very _______ theraputic index.

Back 75

High, low toxicity with high effectiveness

Front 76

Three antimicrobials that deal with inhbition of cell walls are:

Back 76

1. Beta lactam drugs
2. Vancomycin
3. Bacitracin

Front 77

Penicillins are part of a group of drugs called:

Back 77

Beta-Lactams

Front 78

Beta-Lactams inhibit ________ __________ formation btwn glycan molecules.

Back 78

Peptide bridge

Front 79

Vancomycin inhibits formation of _________ chains. This must be given ____________ due to poor absorbtion thru digestional tract.

Back 79

Glycan
Intravenously

Front 80

____________ reversibly bins 30S ribosomal subunit and block attachment of tRNA to ribosome.

Back 80

Tetracyclins

Front 81

Newer tetracylins, like __________, have a longer half life.

Back 81

Doxycycline

Front 82

___________ block prokaryotic RNA polymerase, so they block the initiation of transcription. Mostly effective against Gram ___'s.

Back 82

Rifamycins
+

Front 83

Rifamycins is generally used to treat _____________ as well as preventing ___________ after exposure.

Back 83

TB
Meningitis

Front 84

There is resistance against Rifamycin due to mutation coding ______ __________.

Back 84

RNA polymerase

Front 85

MIC refers to _____________ _____________ ____________. This number is determined through __________ tests.

Back 85

Minimum inhibitory Concentration
Quantitative

Front 86

MIC is determined by producing _________ __________ with decreasing concentrations of test drug.

Back 86

Serial dilutions

Front 87

________-_______ disc diffusion is routinely used to qualitatively determine susceptibility. A clear zone of __________ is shown around effective antimicrobials.

Back 87

Kirby-Bauer
Inhibition