Micro3. Chap 19

Front 1

Some bacteria have _________ relationships with their hosts. The three types of these relationships are:

Back 1

Symbiotic
1. Mutualism (both benefit, ex. K and B vitamins)
2. Commensalism (bacteria benefit with no harm to the host)
3. microbe grows at the expense of its host.

Front 2

The _______ ________ are those bacteria that are commonly found on/in the body of a healthy host.

Back 2

Normal flora

Front 3

True or False:
Our bodies have more bacterial cells in them then human cells, so we are technically more bacteria then human.

Back 3

True

Front 4

many of the normal flora play ________ protective roles for the host.

Back 4

Critical

Front 5

___________ ________ causes scalded skin syndrome when staph epi is compromised on the skin (staph epi is a normal flora). The example in class involved iodined babies in ______'s.

Back 5

Staphylococcus aureus
1950's

Front 6

_________ __________ is allowed to grow out of control in the GI tract during aggressive antibiotic therapy.

Back 6

Clostridium difficile

Front 7

Staph epi is found in the ________ and _________.

Back 7

Nose and skin.

Front 8

Infection is ___________ colonization by a microbe.

Back 8

Parasitic

Front 9

Clinical manifestations are either __________ (apathogenic) or _________ (pathogenic).

Back 9

-Subclinical (w/o pathology it's not parasitic)
-Clinical (symptoms of disease, you feel sick)

Front 10

Their are two main courses for infection, they are:

Back 10

1. Primary- disease caused by the initial infection
2. Secondary- because of the initial infection, another microbe can establish an infection.

Front 11

An example of a secondary course of infection is ________ virus being followed by ___________ __________ pneumonia.

Back 11

Influenza
Klebsiella pneumonia

Front 12

Pathogenicity is the capacity for a microbe to ________ _________.

Back 12

Cause disease

Front 13

Some microbes are __________ pathogens and usually cause disease after colonization. Others are ____________ pathogens and cause disease only in __________ with some other unusual events (like Immunocompromised people ((ex _____)) and compromised normal flora).

Back 13

Primary
Opportunistic
Conjugation
HIV

Front 14

___________ or contagious diseases are readily transmitted person-to-person (influenza, pertussis and _________)

Back 14

Communicable
Measles

Front 15

Other diseases are not communicable/contagious (______ ______, ________) since they are not transmitted person-to-person.

Back 15

West Nile
Anthrax

Front 16

Infection is also a function of __________ of microbes.

Back 16

Quantity

Front 17

The infectious disease dose is expressed as ______.

Back 17

ID50(subscript)

Front 18

The ID50 for a microbe is the number of bacteria or viruses needed to infect ___ of ____ people given the dose.

Back 18

50 of 100

Front 19

The ID50 varies amoung pathogens. Anthrax is ________.

Back 19

10,000

Front 20

List the three courses of an infection:

Back 20

1. Incubation period (no symptoms)
2. Illness- phase of disease
3. Convalescence- recovery from disease

Front 21

Some people can be ________ for a disease (the example given in class was typhoid Mary)

Back 21

Carriers

Front 22

List the three duration times for a disease:

Back 22

1. Acute- rapid onset, short duration
2. Chronic- slow onset, long duration
3. Latent- agent is never eliminated

Front 23

_____ ___ is the most burdonsome latent infection today. It's so widespread in the US because of _______ _____________.

Back 23

Hep C
Blood Transfusions

Front 24

Most pathogens are _________ to a specific tissue, others can be _________, and some __________ pathogens can become _________.

Back 24

Localized
Systemic
Localized can become systemic

Front 25

Since a pathogen can become systemic, the distribution of a pathogen is often a ________ __________ indicator.

Back 25

Poor prognostic

Front 26

Name the four main types of microbes and their products in the blood:

Back 26

1. Bacterermia- Bacteria in blood
2. Viremia- Virus in the blood
3. Toxemia- Toxins in the blood
4. Septicemia- life-threatening; bacteria replicating in the blood

Front 27

The most serious of the four main types of microbes and its toxins is _________.

Back 27

Septicemia

Front 28

Etiology is the study of the _________ and ________ of disease.

Back 28

Causes and origins

Front 29

_______ postulates of infectious disease etiology.

Back 29

Koch's

Front 30

Koch's Postulates:
1. The microbe must be _______ in every instance of the disease.

Back 30

Present

Front 31

Koch's Postulates:
2. The microbe must be __________ and _________ from a diseased animal.

Back 31

Isolated and cultured

Front 32

Koch's Postulates:
4. The microbe must be ___________ from the animal.

Back 32

Reisolated (to make sure it's in there)

Front 33

Koch's Postulates:
3. Introduction of the microbe into a _________ ________ must result in disease.

Back 33

Susceptible animal (like the example of anthrax in cows and chickens)

Front 34

List five diseases that are only susceptible in humans:

Back 34

1. HIV
2. Measles
3. Mumps
4. Smallpox
5. Hanta virus

Front 35

The _________ __________ or gene must be detected in pathogenic members of a species but not in nonpathogenic members.

Back 35

Virulence factor

Front 36

Introduction of the gene(s) that encodes the virulence factor into a __________ must convert the microbe into a pathogenic strain.

Back 36

Nonpathogen

Front 37

The gene must be __________ when introduced into a susceptible animal. To detect this, you look for _______.

Back 37

Expressed
mRNA

Front 38

_________ or immune cells (e.g. Tc cells) must protect the animal from the disease.

Back 38

Antibodies

Front 39

There are four main mechanisms for disease:
1. Production of ________ that are ingested.
2. ___________ of the host surface (skin or mucosa), followed by _________ production
3. _________ of host tissues
4. Invasion of host tissues, followed by ________ production.

Back 39

Exotoxins
Colonization, exotoxin
Invasion
Exotoxin

Front 40

Establishment of infection:
__________ is mediated by glycoproteins termed ________. Typically that have ____________ for host cell surface proteins.

Back 40

Adherence
Adhesins
Specificity

Front 41

Establishment of infection:
___________ is the replication of bacteria at the site of adherence.

Back 41

Colonization

Front 42

Colonizing microbes secrete factors that _______ the host cell response, such as _____ ___________ (enzymes that digest IgA dimers)

Back 42

Impair
IgA proteases

Front 43

Colonization also allows for the expression of _______-binding molecules termed __________.

Back 43

Iron
Siderophores

Front 44

Establishment of infection:
Delivery of _________ molecules into host cells, often ___________ ________ that damage the host cell.

Back 44

Effector
Virulence factors

Front 45

____________ _________ are clusters of genes that encode virulence factors.

Back 45

Pathogenicity islands

Front 46

Invasion:
Penetration of the skin happens in two ways:

Back 46

1. Cuts, abrasions, burns
2. A vector (flea, tick, etc)

Front 47

Invasion:
Penetration of the mucous membranes. This is ________ uptake by cells. Exploitation of __________ __________ by immune cells (they travel using the immune system).

Back 47

Directed uptake
Antigen sampling (dendritic cells and macrophages)

Front 48

___________ cells rarely get infected with bacteria because they eat things via ___________.

Back 48

Dendritic
Pinocytosis

Front 49

Avoiding the host's response:
Hiding within a host cells allows the bug to ________ _________, which are only located in the extracellular matrix.

Back 49

Avoid antibodies

Front 50

Avoiding the host's response:
Some bugs avoid getting killed by complement ________ _________. An example of this is _________ gonorrhoeae inactivating the C3b complement protein, messing up everything ________ in that pathway.

Back 50

System proteins
Neisseria
Downstream

Front 51

Avoiding the host's response:
Some bugs avoid death by phagocytes: _________ ___________ kills macrophages.

Back 51

Bacillus anthracis

Front 52

____________ __________ produces streptolysin O that damages phagocytic cell membranes.

Back 52

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 53

___________ capsules are resistant to phagocytosis.

Back 53

Polysaccharide

Front 54

Strep pyogenes (protein G) and _______ _________ (protein A) secrete proteins that bind to ____ portions of antibodies, thus neutralizing them.

Back 54

Staph aureus
Fc portions

Front 55

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by various pathogenic ___________. They can be local or __________.

Back 55

Bacteria
Systemic

Front 56

Exotoxins can be _________ in small amounts (1g of __________ toxin is enough to kill Earth's population)

Back 56

Fatal
Botulinum

Front 57

Humans cannot react quickly enough. These exotoxins exert their effect before ________ can be _____________.

Back 57

Antibodies
Synthesized

Front 58

Exotoxins:
A-B toxins refer to two polypeptides, A is _________ while B _________ _________.

Back 58

Toxic
Dictates target

Front 59

Exotoxins:
With ________-damaging toxins, ___________ disrupts RBC membranes.

Back 59

Membrane
Hemolysin

Front 60

Exotoxins:
__________ "trick" large numbers of helper T cells into producting inflammatory __________ (responding to the wrong infection).

Back 60

Superantigens
Cytokines

Front 61

Without their _________, the bacteria would not be ___________ (or would have little effect).

Back 61

Exotoxins
Pathogenic

Front 62

___________ are lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The two components are _______ A (toxic) and a polysaccharide.

Back 62

Endotoxins
Lipid

Front 63

Normally endotoxins are found as an ________ membrane component of Gram___ bacteria.

Back 63

Outer
Negative

Front 64

Endotoxins bind to ____-______ receptors on phagocytic cells, which results in the release of _________ __________ factor from the cell.

Back 64

Toll-like
Tumor necrosis

Front 65

TNF causes _______ leakage and inflammation. This can lead to ___________ and disseminated ___________ ____________ (AKA septic shock)

Back 65

Capillary
Hypotension
Intravascular coagulation

Front 66

True or False:
Viruses encode toxins.

Back 66

False

Front 67

Viruses principal cause of damage is...

Back 67

death of a cell

Front 68

In some viral infections, the immune response is so aggressive that it causes ____________.

Back 68

Immunopathology

Front 69

Many viruses encode ________-__________ proteins that overthrow the immune response.

Back 69

Immune-modulating

Front 70

Immune-modulating proteins shut down _____ class I processing and presentation, impair the _________ pathway, viral _________ and interfere with _________ (death signals from T and NK cells)

Back 70

MHC
Interferon
Cytokines
Apoptosis