Micro3. Chap 18

Front 1

___________ are non-infectious, the immune system responds to themas with any other antigenic stimuli.

Back 1

Allergens

Front 2

Allergens therefore are __________ because they illicit an immune response.

Back 2

Antigens

Front 3

_____ binds to antigens and once bound it can bind to mast cells (___________)

Back 3

IgE
granulocytes

Front 4

The mast cell ____________, resulting in inflammation and congestion (allergies, hives, asthma and even _________ __________)

Back 4

Degranulates
Anaphylactic shock

Front 5

____________ shots can help for some patients, because if the immune cells are overstimulated, they can shut down.

Back 5

Desensitization

Front 6

Antibodies bind to _____ _________ antigens (e.g. ____________)

Back 6

Cell surface
Glycoproteins

Front 7

When a blood transfusion is mismatched, the mismatched RBC will be bound by the patient's __________ which are ever-present and likely arise by cross-__________ of antibacterial antibodies.

Back 7

Antibodies
Reactivity

Front 8

__________ disease of newborns (they're called ____ babies)

Back 8

Hemolytic
Rh

Front 9

When a mother is ________ factor negative and baby is Rh+, then during the first pregnancy, the mother generates an _________ response.

Back 9

Rhesus
Antibody

Front 10

During subsequent pregnancies with Rh+ baby, the mother's antibodies cross the _________ and target the babies RBC for _______.

Back 10

Placenta
Lysis

Front 11

Hemolysis refers to the ________ of ______.

Back 11

Lysis
RBC

Front 12

Type I Hypersensitivities are ____________ IgE-_________.

Back 12

Immediate IgE-Mediated

Front 13

Allergies, hives, asthma and anaphylactic shock are all examples of what type of hypersensitivity?

Back 13

Type I: Immediate IgE-mediated

Front 14

Type II hypersensitivities are also known as _________. Two examples of this type would be:

Back 14

Cytotoxins
Blood transfusion reactions
Hemolytic disease of newborns

Front 15

Type III hypersensitivities are ___________ ________-mediated

Back 15

Immune complex

Front 16

Type III hypersensitivities are complexes of ___________ and antigens that form in tissues and if not cleared, promote ___________ and __________ obstruction.

Back 16

Antibodies
Inflammation
Vascular obstruction

Front 17

An example of an immune complex-mediated type III hypersensitivity is:

Back 17

Serum sickness

Front 18

Tetanus antitoxin is _______ antibodies against the toxoid. After a few doses, anti-_______ antibodies are made by the body and these can form _________ in tissues.

Back 18

Horse
Horse
Complexes

Front 19

This anti-antibody horse thing is called _______ sickness and can be fatal.

Back 19

Serum

Front 20

Type IV hypersensitivity is:

Back 20

Delayed cell-mediated

Front 21

Type IV are allergic reactions that occur ____-____days post exposure.

Back 21

2-3

Front 22

Delayed cell-mediated reactiosn take place because of ____ cell __________ into the tissue.

Back 22

T cell infiltration

Front 23

T cells specific for the ________ leave the blood and enter the tissue where they secrete inflammatory ________.

Back 23

Antigen
Cytokines

Front 24

The ________ skin test tests for past exposure to TB.

Back 24

Tuberculin,
Small amounts of killed TB are injected at the surface of the skin and the test is read the next day.

Front 25

Contact __________ (poison ivy/oak, latex gloves, nickel, cosmetics) are all examples of type _____, _________ cell-mediated.

Back 25

Dermititis
Type IV
Delayed cell-mediated

Front 26

Collectivly, these responses are usually referred to as _________-_________ hypersensitivities (DTH)

Back 26

Delayed-type

Front 27

Organ and tissue rejection is caused by _____ _______.

Back 27

T cells

Front 28

Organ and tissue rejection is principally mediated by _____ class I and II proteins

Back 28

MHC

Front 29

______ is used for any bug that attacks your cells, but they also __________ the organ rejection response.

Back 29

MHC
Illicit

Front 30

The proteins of human MHC are ________ __________ __________ (HLA)

Back 30

Human leukocyte antigens

Front 31

In humans, there are ___ MHC class I loci (A,B,C) and ___ class II loci (DR, DQ, DP).

Back 31

3
3

Front 32

Each person has two copies (alleles) of each MHC gene, thus ____ possible MHC alleles.

Back 32

12

Front 33

The genes of MHC are the most __________ known, the HLA-DR gene has more than 100 known alleles.

Back 33

Polymorphic

Front 34

True or False:
The chances of someone having the same alleles for all 6 MHC class I and II genes is relatively likely.

Back 34

False
It is very unlikely.

Front 35

A transplanted organ is an ___________.

Back 35

Allograft

Front 36

Once the transplanted organ is ____________, the recipient's ____ cells infiltrate it. They recognize the ______ molecules as foreign and initiate _______ of the transplant cells.

Back 36

Vascularized
T
MHC
Lysis

Front 37

__________ occurs in the donor organ and its blood supply is _________. If the organ is not removed, the patient will die.

Back 37

Necrosis
Terminated

Front 38

Autoimmunity is a __________ (T and B cell)-________ event.

Back 38

Lymphocyte-mediated

Front 39

__________ lymphocytes probably arise on a regular basis.

Back 39

Autoreactive

Front 40

These autoreactive __________ are normally deleted in the bone marrow (for ___cells or the thymus for ___ cells) but some escape deletion and populate _________ lymphatics.

Back 40

Lymphocytes
B cells = bone marrow
T cells = thymus
Secondary

Front 41

If these autoreactive lymphocytes escape deletion, they recognize ______-____ molecules as foreign and attack them, causing ___________.

Back 41

Self-MHC
Pathology

Front 42

Some common autoimmune diseases are: Myasthenia gravis (antibodies to ACh receptor), ____ __ _________ (various assaults on the insulin pathway), __________ arthritis (immune complexes in joints) and ________ Disease (antibodies to thyroid stimulating hormone receptor)

Back 42

Type I diabetes
Rheumatoid
Graves

Front 43

True or False:
There are many successful treatments for autoimmune diseases.

Back 43

False, many ideas but few are successful

Front 44

The two broad groups for immunodeficiency disorders are:

Back 44

1. Primary (congenital)= genetic disease
2. Secondary (acquired)= HIV, chemical exposure

Front 45

Five examples of congenital immunodeficiences are:

Back 45

1. Severe-combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)
2. Bare lymphocyte syndrome
3. Hyper IgM syndrome
4. Chediak-Higashi syndrome
5. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Front 46

Severe-_________ _____________ (SCID) is when there are defects in both T and B cell development. Kids have no ________ immune response and some of these SCID's are X-linked, so they affect more _______ than ______ (X-SCID).

Back 46

-Severe-combined immunodeficiences
-Adaptive
Boys than girls

Front 47

Bare ________ syndrome has no class ____ MHC expression and no functional _________ ___ cells.

Back 47

Lymphocyte
II
Helper T

Front 48

Hyper IgM syndrome causes a defect in class __________. There's no ability to change from IgM thus no __________ ___________.

Back 48

Switching
Affinity maturation

Front 49

Chediak-Higashi syndrome causes a defect in _________ transport. There's an inability of _____ cells to secrete immunomodulatory substances.

Back 49

Lysosomal
Natural killer (NK)

Front 50

With ___________ adhesion deficiency, cells cannot attach to ______ of blood vessels (i.e. no tissue infiltration)

Back 50

Leukocyte
Lumen

Front 51

Describe gene therapy for immunodeficiencies:

Back 51

All immune cells arise in the bone marrow. Bone marrow stem cells are harvested and genetic defect is repaired in vitro. These cells are returned to body where they will hopefully outpopulate the bad cells.

Front 52

Two examples of secondary immunodeficiency disorders are:

Back 52

1. HIV
2. Chemotherapy (wipes out immune system)