Micro3. Chap 17

Front 1

Plague bacteria is called _________ ________ and has killed more people than any other infectious disease.

Back 1

Yersina pestis

Front 2

A virus like smallpox can be ___________ because it only infects humans.

Back 2

Eradicated

Front 3

The last case of smallpox was in _______, after the program for the global eradication of smallpox started in the late ________.

Back 3

1977
1960's

Front 4

Vaccines safely ________ an adaptive (___ cells and ___ cells) immune response to pathogenic microbes.

Back 4

Elicit
T and B cells

Front 5

Vaccines stimulate:
-High-_________ antibodies
-Class ___________ of antibodies and
-__________ T and B cells

Back 5

Affinity
Switching
Memory

Front 6

There are two types of vaccines, they are ________ (all bacteria and some viruses) or ___________ (some viruses).

Back 6

Inactivated
Attenuated

Front 7

__________ refers to using a similar virus that is not pathogenic. This relies upon ________-_________ immunity.

Back 7

Attenuation
Cross-reactive

Front 8

___________ virus for smallpox is an example of ___________.

Back 8

Vaccinia
Attenuation

Front 9

________ passage of pathogenic virus in cell culture or embryonated eggs.

Back 9

Serial

Front 10

Since cells and eggs have no immune systems, mutant viruses that arrive often lose ____________. These viruses often retain their __________ determinants and illicit strong immunity.

Back 10

Virulence
Antigenic

Front 11

Inactivation of the vaccine involes two chemicals: ____________ and ____-_____________.

Back 11

Formalin (37% formaldehyde)
Beta-propiolactone

Front 12

Formalin ______-links proteins and nucleic acids and is used for ________ vaccines such as tetanus.

Back 12

Cross
Toxoid

Front 13

Beta-propiolactone (BPL) is a __________ acid mutagen which breaks down rapidly. After 24 hours, it's all gone.

Back 13

Nucleic

Front 14

List the four types of inactivated vaccines:

Back 14

1. Whole-agent
2. Toxoid
3. Protein subunit vaccine
4. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines

Front 15

Describe whole-agent vaccines

Back 15

The entire microbe is in the vaccine (ex. the inactivated poliovirus)

Front 16

Describe the toxoid vaccines

Back 16

There are no cells in the vaccine, just their toxins (like tetanus)

Front 17

Describe the protein subunit vaccines:

Back 17

Only antigenic subunits (exs. acellular pertussis and hep B)

Front 18

Describe the polysaccharide conjugate vaccines:

Back 18

By conjugating (covalently-linking) polysaccharide antigens to proteins, the antigen becomes T-dependant. Ex. are Haemophilus influenza and strep pneumoniae

Front 19

Haemophilus influenza is one of the two causes of __________ in children.

Back 19

Meningitis

Front 20

Inactivated vaccines require an __________ (like aluminum hydroxide) to stimulate the innate immune response.

Back 20

Adjuvant

Front 21

Measels vaccine must be __________, which is a disadvantage of attenuation.

Back 21

Refrigerated

Front 22

Another disadvantage of attenuation is pathogenic __________, like in the polio virus.

Back 22

Revertants
Like the polio virus which has 3 live viruses in it which could potentially revert back to pathogenic strains.

Front 23

Inactivated vaccines require more __________ shots then attenuated vaccines.

Back 23

Booster

Front 24

Inactivated vaccines don't stimulate _____ __ processing (meaning there are no ____ cells)

Back 24

MHC I
Tc cells

Front 25

Globally, measles still kills __________ people

Back 25

700,000

Front 26

By immunizing, the __________ of a disease and therefore the microbe, decreases.

Back 26

Incidence

Front 27

For each infectious disease, a target _______ _________ rate is needed to reduce the incidence of disease to near zero. For measles, the rate is _____%

Back 27

Target vaccine coverage rate
95%

Front 28

True or False:
The risk of not getting vaccinated is greater then that of getting vaccinated.

Back 28

True

Front 29

True or False:
The incidence of autism in vaccinated children is far greater then that of nonvaccinated children.

Back 29

False, the rates are almost exactly the same

Front 30

Outline Japan's experiance with pertussis (whooping cough);

Back 30

-1972: Mandatory vaccination at 3 months, cases down to 300 a year.
-1973-1974: 2 kids die of the vaccination, so lawmakers change the age to 2 years
-1979: Japan records over 13,000 cases
-1980: Japan returns to it's previous age

Front 31

Vaccines are often victims of...

Back 31

Their own success. They are so successful, people do not know about the disease that they prevent. No vaccinations = disease comes back.

Front 32

Antibodies are generated in __________ to infection.

Back 32

Response

Front 33

Detection of _____ indicates recent infection.

Back 33

IgM

Front 34

Detection of _____ indicates recent or distant infection.

Back 34

IgG

Front 35

The study of blood antibodies is termed _________.

Back 35

Serology

Front 36

List the 5 steps of blood collection:

Back 36

1. Collect blood without anticoagulants
2. Allow to stand at room temp for 30 min to clot, then 4 C for 1 hour for contraction
3. Centrifuge the blood
4. Aspirate the serum into a new tube.
5. Dilute for testing (1:20 IgM and 1:100 for IgG testing)

Front 37

List the 5 serological tests:

Back 37

1. Agglutination (liek flu typing)
2. Precipitation
3. Immunofluorescence
4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)
5. Western blot

Front 38

List the four steps of ELISA:

Back 38

1. Antigen
2. Serum sample
3. Detection antibody
4. Substrate

Front 39

Antigen step of ELISA:

Back 39

Coat the known protein antigen to a solid-surface. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is commonly used b/c/ it has a high affinity for proteins.

Front 40

Serum Sample step of ELISA: Add the patients serum and incubate _______. If antibodies to the antigen are present, they will bind to the __________ coated on the plate.

Back 40

1 hour
Antigens

Front 41

Detection of Antibody:
Wash the plate with saline, then add an ________-________ anti-human IgG antibody. If the patient has antibodies, they will be bound by the __________ __________.

Back 41

Enzyme-conjugated
Detection antibody

Front 42

Substrate step of ELISA:
Wash with saline, then add substrate that _______ ______ in the presence of the enzyme.

Back 42

Turns color

Front 43

ELISA has a ____% false positive rate.

Back 43

Five