Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three diseases of Staphylococcus aureus?
|
Food poisoning/ toxic shock syndrome (TSS) / staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)
|
|
Food poisoning additional information
|
grape-like clusters/ salt- & drought- tolerant/ yellow pigment/ Pyogenic/ produce exotoxins/ e.g. hemolysins enzymes/ e.g. lipase/ penicillinase/ normal flora of skin
|
|
Food poisoning Epidemiology
|
oral/ in-gestion of heat-resistant entero- toxin
|
|
Food poisoning Pathogenesis
|
exotoxins inducing immune response
|
|
Food poisoning Host response
|
vomiting/ abdominal cramps/ diarrhea due to enterotoxin
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) additional information
|
grape-like clusters/ salt- & drought- tolerant/ yellow pigment/ Pyogenic/ produce exotoxins/ e.g. hemolysins enzymes/ e.g. lipase/ penicillinase/ normal flora of skin
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Epidemiology
|
contact tampon paren-teral
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Pathogenesis
|
exotoxins possible due to lysogeny
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Host Response
|
fever/ vomiting/ rash/ “scalded” skin / shock
|
|
staphylo- coccal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) additional information
|
grape-like clusters/ salt- & drought- tolerant/ yellow pigment/ Pyogenic/ produce exotoxins/ e.g. hemolysins enzymes/ e.g. lipase/ penicillinase/ normal flora of skin
|
|
staphylo- coccal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) epidemiology
|
paren-teral via wounds / hair follicle / skin glands
|
|
staphylo- coccal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) Pathogenesis
|
exotoxins
|
|
staphylo- coccal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) Host response
|
painful/ bright red flush over entire body/ blisters/ desquamation of epidermis
|
|
Name five diseases of strepto-coccus pyogenes group A & B-hemolytic
|
impetigo or pyoderma/ Erysipelas / strepto-coccal pharyngi-tis /necro-tizing fasciitis “flesh-eating bacteria” / α- hemolytic dental caries
|
|
impetigo or pyoderma description
|
pyogenic /hemolytic / enzymes e.g. streptolysins/ (lyze tissue blood cells) streptokinase (lyse clots)
|
|
impetigo or pyoderma epidemiology
|
direct contact / droplet / paren-teral
|
|
impetigo or pyoderma pathogenesis
|
exotoxins in epidermis
|
|
impetigo or pyoderma host response
|
burning/ itching/ papules that can break/ form yellow crust
|
|
Erysipelas description
|
streptolysins/ (lyze tissue blood cells) streptokinase (lyse clots)
|
|
Erysipelas epidemiology
|
paren-teral / invade deeper tissues
|
|
Erysipelas pathogenesis
|
toxins in dermal layer of skin
|
|
Erysipelas host response
|
edema/ reddish patches with raised margins in skin/ high fever/ chills
|
|
strepto-coccal pharyngi-tis description
|
streptolysins/ (lyze tissue blood cells) streptokinase (lyse clots) capsule guard against / may be very thick
|
|
strepto-coccal pharyngi-tis epidemiology
|
paren-teral
|
|
strepto-coccal pharyngi-tis pathogenesis
|
toxins in upper respiratory tract
|
|
strepto-coccal pharyngi-tis host response
|
redness/ edema/ enlargement with tenderness/ painful swallowing/ fever/ headache/ nausea/ abdominal pain
|
|
necro-tizing fasciitis “flesh-eating bacteria” epidemiology
|
paren-teral small abrasions or cuts
|
|
necro-tizing fasciitis “flesh-eating bacteria” pathogenesis
|
production of various exoenzymes & exotoxins as superantigens
|
|
necro-tizing fasciitis “flesh-eating bacteria” host response
|
rapid connective tissue destruction/ life-threatening
|
|
α- hemolytic dental caries description
|
normal inhabitants of gums & teeth/ slime layers adhere tightly teeth surface
|
|
α- hemolytic dental caries epidemiology
|
oral/ normal bacterial flora
|
|
α- hemolytic dental caries pathogenesis
|
bacteria use sucrose to form plaque/ inhibiting lactic acid neutrali-zation
|
|
α- hemolytic dental caries host response
|
break down of tooth enamel/ dentin/ pulp cavity/ toothache
|
|
Name the disease for Strepto-coccus pneumo-niae
|
α- hemolytic
|
|
Pneumo-niae description
|
pairs or short chains/ large capsules
|
|
Pneumo-niae epidemiology
|
normal micro-biota of naso-pharynx/ Secretions droplet/ delicate
|
|
Pneumo-niae pathogenesis
|
mucus with bacteria aspirated into lungs of susceptible individuals/ multiply induce overwhelming inflammatory response
|
|
Pneumo-niae host response
|
chills/ shaking/ rapid breathing/ fever/ severe chest pain/ cyanosis/ cough with bloody sputum/ abnormal breathing sounds
|
|
Name the disease for Neisseria gonor-rhoeae (gono-coccus)
|
gonorrhea & gonococcal infection in infants
|
|
Gonorrhea description
|
diplococcus
|
|
Gonorrhea epidemiology
|
sexual contact (STD)
|
|
Gonorrhea pathogenesis
|
pathogen invades spaces separating mucosal cells/ induce immune response
|
|
Gonorrhea host response
|
in men/ painful urination with pus in women/ bloody vaginal discharge or urethra/ if cervix is affected/ may cause abdominal pain/ may lead to PID
|
|
gonococcal infection in infants description
|
diplococcus
|
|
gonococcal infection in infants epidemiology
|
birth canal/ direct contact
|
|
gonococcal infection in infants pathogenesis
|
pathogen invades spaces separating mucosal cells/ induce immune response
|
|
gonococcal infection in infants host response
|
inflammation & pus formation
|
|
Name the disease for *Neisseria meningi-tidis* (meningo-coccus)
|
meningo-coccal meningitis
|
|
meningo-coccal meningitis pathogenesis
|
in susceptible individuals/ engulfed by mucosal cells/ damaging epithelium /pharyngitis
|
|
meningo-coccal meningitis host response
|
fever/ sore throat/ headache/ stiff neck/ convulsions & vomiting/ may lead to coma/ neurological damage/ if not death
|
|
Name the diseases of *Bacillus anthracis*
|
pulmonary anthrax & cutaneous
|
|
Description of *Bacillus anthracis*
|
large nonmotile/ facultative/ sporulate in soil
|
|
pulmonary anthrax epidemiology
|
spore inha-lation
|
|
pulmonary anthrax pathogenesis
|
bacilli in lungs release toxins/ cause blood clots/ CV shock/ septicemia
|
|
pulmonary anthrax host response
|
pneumonia; high fever/ difficult breathing/ chest pain
|
|
cutaneous anthrax epidemiology
|
paren-teral/ cuts
|
|
cutaneous anthrax pathogenesis
|
exotoxins
|
|
cutaneous anthrax host response
|
papule/ necrotic/ ruptures fatal septicemia if body fails to localize infection
|
|
Name a disease of *Clostri-dium perfri-ngens*
|
gas gang-rene
|
|
gas gang-rene epidemiology
|
paren-teral deep wound
|
|
gas gang-rene pathogenesis
|
spores germinate/ cells grow/ release
|
|
gas gang-rene host response
|
death of soft tissue (necrosis) from loss of blood supply resulting in anaerobic conditions/ positive feedback
|
|
Name a disease of *Clostri-dium tetani*
|
tetanus
|
|
Tetanus epidemiology
|
paren-teral deep wound
|
|
Tetanus pathogenesis
|
neurotoxin blocks relaxation pathway
|
|
Tetanus host response
|
muscle spasms spastic paralysis death
|
|
Name a disease for *Clostri-dium botulinum*
|
botulism
|
|
Botulism description
|
Note: botox treatment
|
|
Botulism epidemiology
|
oral/ in-gestion from canned food/ honey/ others
|
|
Botulism pathogenesis
|
toxins block release of acetylcholine in synapse invoving skeletal muscles; in infants/ immature intestinal microbiota allows spores to germinate
|
|
Botulism host response
|
nausea/ blurred vision/ difficulty in swallowing/ dizziness/ weaknessflaccid paralysisdeath
|
|
Name a disease of *Propioni-bacterium acnes*
|
acne
|
|
Acne epidemiology
|
contact
|
|
Acne pathogenesis
|
sebum accumulates/ ruptures blocked hair follicle;
|
|
Acne host response
|
inflammatory lesions and acne scars
|
|
Name a disease for *Myco-bacterium tuber-culosis*
|
tuber-culosis
|
|
tuber-culosis epidemiology
|
airborne contact droplet respira- tory secretions
|
|
tuber-culosis pathogenesis
|
pathogen reproduce in phagocytes/ “tubercles” lumps & lesions in alveoli
|
|
tuber-culosis host response
|
weight loss/ violent coughing with blood/ low-grade fever/ anorexia/ extreme fatigue/ night sweats & chest pain
|
|
Name the disease for *Mycobac-terium leprae*
|
Hansen’s disease (leprosy)
|
|
Hansen’s disease (leprosy) epidemiology
|
contact discharge from lesions/ nasal; not easily conta-gious; arma-dillos carry the bacteria
|
|
Hansen’s disease (leprosy) pathogenesis
|
nerves are damaged; effective T cell immune res-ponse in in-fected skin cells
|
|
Hansen’s disease (leprosy) host response
|
if tuberculoid/ shallow skin lesions/ loss of sensation in skin/ no skin nodules
|
|
Name the three diseases for *Pseudo- monas aeruginosa*
|
UTI / abscess / septi-cemia (blood poisioning)
|
|
UTI epidemiology
|
urethra (noso-comial)
|
|
UTI pathogenesis
|
infect lining of urinary tract
|
|
UTI host response
|
painful urination/ urine may be cloudy/ light bloody
|
|
Abscess epidemiology
|
paren-teral
|
|
Abscess pathogenesis
|
colonize lesions
|
|
Abscess host response
|
localized collection of pus
|
|
septi- cemia (blood poisioning) epidemiology
|
paren-teral
|
|
septi- cemia (blood poisioning) pathogenesis
|
invade blood/ endotoxin LPS
|
|
septi- cemia (blood poisioning) host response
|
lymphangitis/ may lead to septic shock
|
|
Name a disease of *legionel-losis (pneu- monialike)*
|
Legionella pneumo-phila
|
|
Legionella pneumo-phila description
|
fastidious/ aerobic/ in warm-water supply & air conditioning
|
|
Legionella pneumo-phila epidemiology
|
airborne by spas/ showers/ fountain/ noncommunicable
|
|
Legionella pneumo-phila pathogenesis
|
survive within phagocytes and amoeba/ infect lungs
|
|
Legionella pneumo-phila host response
|
high fever (41oC)/ cough/ pneumonia-like (fever/ chest pain/ breathing difficulty)
|
|
Name four diseases of *Escheri-chia coli*
|
UTI / cystitis /septi-cemia/ gastro-enteritis
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* UTI epidemiology
|
urethra
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* UTI pathogenesis
|
infect urinary tract lining
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* UTI host response
|
painful urination/ cloudy urine/ light blood/ chills/ fever
|
|
*Escheri-chia col* cystitis epidemiology
|
urethra
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* cystitis pathogenesis
|
infect urinary bladder
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* cystitis host response
|
dysuria (painful urination)/ pyuria (leukocyte in urine)
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* septi- cemia epidemiology
|
urethra
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli*septi- cemia pathogenesis
|
infect blood
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* septi- cemia host response
|
pain/ ache/ soreness
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* gastro-enteritis description
|
#1 enterotoxi-genic strain #2 enteroinvasive
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* gastro-enteritis epidemiology
|
fecal-oral (raw milk ham-burger)
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* gastro-enteritis pathogenesis
|
#1 enterotoxin #2 invade intestinal wall
|
|
*Escheri-chia coli* gastro-enteritis host response
|
#1 watery diarrhea (traveler’s & infant) #2 inflammation/ fever/ *Shigella*-like dysentery #3 hemorrhagic colitis (inflammation of colon with blood)
|
|
What does (nc) stand for? (only for these study cards)
|
Non-coliform
|
|
Name one disease of Salmonella *typhi* (nc)
|
typhoid fever
|
|
typhoid fever (nc) epidemiology
|
water or food contami-nated by human feces
|
|
typhoid fever (nc) pathogenesis
|
Invade small intestine mucosa/ may multiply in lymphatic & CV systems
|
|
typhoid fever (nc) host response
|
high fever (40oC)/ headache/ diarrhea abdominal pain/ may cause ulceration of small intestine
|
|
Name one disease of *Salmonella spp*(nc) .
|
salmone-llosis gastro-enteritis
|
|
salmone-llosis gastro-enteritis (nc) epidemiology
|
fecal-oral (meat/ poultry/ egg/ pet reptile)
|
|
salmone-llosis gastro-enteritis (nc) pathogenesis
|
multiply in phagocytic cells/ spread in the body
|
|
salmone-llosis gastro-enteritis (nc) host response
|
diarrhea/ fever/ nausea/ vomiting
|
|
Name a disease of *Shigella*(nc)
|
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
|
|
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) (nc) epidemiology
|
fecal-oral
|
|
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) (nc) pathogenesis
|
exotoxin (Shiga toxin) damages large intestine by instigating an inflammatory response endotoxin
|
|
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) (nc) host response
|
severe diarrhea with blood & mucus in stools/ fever/ abdominal cramps
|
|
Name a disease of *Yersinia pestis*(nc)
|
bubonic plague
|
|
bubonic plague (nc) description
|
cold tolerant (can grow at 4oC)
|
|
bubonic plague (nc) epidemiology
|
vector trans-mission: rat & squirrel fleas
|
|
bubonic plague (nc) pathogenesis
|
ingested by flea from blood meal/ bacteria block gut/ regurgitated into bite wound/ enters lymph/ necrosis & swelling in lymph node (buboes);
|
|
bubonic plague (nc) host response
|
fever chills/ headache/ nausea/ weakness/ tenderness in buboes/ bruises/ death if not treated
|
|
Name five disease of *Hemo-philus influenzae* ?
|
Hib mening-itis /otitis media /epiglot-titis/ bronchitis /pneumo-nia
|
|
*Hemo-philus influenzae* description
|
fastidious/ sensitive to drying/ heat & disinfectants/
|
|
*Hib* mening-itis epidemiology
|
respira-tory secre- tions
|
|
*Hib* mening-it is pathogenesis
|
meninges inflamed/ release of endotoxins
|
|
*Hib* mening-it is host response
|
fever/ vomiting/ stiff neck/ neurological impairment/ convulsions/ coma/ if not death;
|
|
otitis media pathogenesis
|
colonization of middle ear/ auditory tube/ pus builds up pressure against eardrum
|
|
otitis media host response
|
earache due to infection of the middle ear/ inflamed & painful
|
|
epiglot-titis pathogenesis
|
from upper respiratory tract
|
|
epiglot-titis host response
|
inflammation of the epiglottis
|
|
bronchitis pathogenesis
|
colonizing lower respiratory tract
|
|
bronchitis host response
|
inflammation of the bronchi
|
|
pneumo-nia host response
|
fever/ chest pain/ breathing difficulty inflammation in bronchi/ alveoli
|
|
Name a disease associated with * Treponema pallidum*
|
syphilis
|
|
Syphilis description
|
fastidious/ fragile outside of hosts/ coiled helix/ slow-growing/ “teflon” pathogen
|
|
Syphilis epidemiology
|
direct/ sexual contact rarely/ via fomites
|
|
Syphilis pathogenesis
|
bind to epithelium/ penetrate capillaries/ circulatory system/ invade spaces around arteries/ inflammatory response
|
|
Syphilis host responses
|
1o- chancre at site of infection/ contagious 2o – skin rash/ loss of hair/ malaise/ fever 3o– gummas/ tissue damage/ weakened aorta/ loss of motor control/ personality changes
|
|
Name the disease associated with * Vibrio cholerae*
|
cholera
|
|
Cholera description
|
warm aquatic/ brackish water
|
|
Cholera epidemiology
|
fecal-oral/ water/ shellfish
|
|
Cholera pathogenesis
|
enterotoxin makes intestinal cells shed electrolytes into intestine
|
|
Cholera host responses
|
vomiting/ profuse/ watery diarrhea with flecks of mucus/ may be fatal if not treated
|
|
Name two diseases for * Helico-bacter pylori*
|
peptic ulcer / gastric cancer
|
|
peptic ulcer pathogenesis
|
immune system reacts to presence of *H. pylori* inflammation
|
|
peptic ulcer host responses
|
Inflammation progressing to an ulcerated area
|
|
gastric cancer pathogenesis
|
NH3 may induce cancer
|
|
gastric cancer host responses
|
out of control cell division
|
|
Name a disease associated with * Campylo- bacter jejuni*
|
gastro-enteritis
|
|
gastro-enteritis description
|
rigid/ spiral/ flagella/ micro- aerophilic
|
|
gastro-enteritis epidemiology
|
fecal-oral; poultry/ cattle feces/ milk
|
|
gastro-enteritis pathogenesis
|
invades mucosal lining
|
|
gastro-enteritis host responses
|
fever/ cramping/ abdominal pain/ diarrhea with blood & mucus in stools
|
|
Name a disease associated with * Rickettsia*
|
epidemic typhus
|
|
epidemic typhus description
|
rod-shaped/ coccobacilli / pleomorphic
|
|
epidemic typhus epidemiology
|
human lice (feces)/ paren-teral (vector)
|
|
epidemic typhus pathogenesis
|
subcutaneous bleeding due to invasion of blood vessel linings
|
|
epidemic typhus host responses
|
high & prolonged fever (up to 2 wks.) stupor/ rash of small red spots
|
|
Name two diseases associated with * Chlamydia tracho-matis*
|
nongono-coccal urethritis & trachoma
|
|
nongono-coccal urethritis description
|
trachoma strain
|
|
nongono-coccal urethritis epidemiology
|
urethra
|
|
nongono-coccal urethritis pathogenesis
|
invades epithelial cells in mucosa of eyes/ genitourinary tract & lungs
|
|
nongono-coccal urethritis host responses
|
painful urination watery discharge in males; cervicitis in females
|
|
trachoma description
|
trachomosdrim
|
|
trachoma epidemiology
|
contact: towels mother to baby vector: flies
|
|
trachoma pathogenesis
|
infection of conjunctiva & cornea
|
|
trachoma host responses
|
conjunctivitis scarring of eyelids/ damages to cornea/ may result in blindness due to cornea abrasion
|
|
Name a diseases associated with * Myco-plasma pneumo-niae*
|
atypical pneumo-nia
|
|
Atypical pneumo-nia description
|
pleomorphic very small/ essentially no cell wall filaments
|
|
Atypical pneumo-nia epidemiology
|
respira-tory secre-tions
|
|
Atypical pneumo-nia pathogenesis
|
Bind to specific receptors of respiratory epithelium/ inhibits ciliary action
|
|
Atypical pneumo-nia host responses
|
low-grade fever/ headache/ malaise/ sore throat/ later nasal symptoms/ chest pain & earache
|