Micro2. Chap 16

Front 1

When T cells and B cells recognize a particular pathogen, they begin to rapidly divide which results in a dramatic increase of ________-specific cells over several days. This is termed ________ __________.

Back 1

Pathogen
Clonal expansion

Front 2

The _______ immune response is critical in slowing down the pathology of a pathogen so the ________ immune response can get involved.

Back 2

Innate
Adaptive

Front 3

The adaptive response is _____ to start.

Back 3

Slow

Front 4

All microbial components are potential _______ for the immune response.

Back 4

Antigens

Front 5

________ are any molecule that can elicit an immune response.

Back 5

Antigens

Front 6

Primary immune response is the first ________ to an infectious agent. It is _____ to start and often involves ___________.

Back 6

Exposure
Slow
Pathology

Front 7

Secondary immune response is any additional ________ to the pathogen. Usually so quick that there are no _________.

Back 7

Exposure
Symptoms

Front 8

List the 2 adaptive immune responses:

Back 8

1. Type I immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
2. Type II immunity (humoral or antibody immunity)

Front 9

The two adaptive immune responses are usually __________ __________.

Back 9

Mutually exclusive

Front 10

Overview Humoral (Type II) Immunity:
Describe the B cells

Back 10

-B cells are covered with copies of a membrane bound antibody called a B cell receptor (BCR) or surface Ig. This antibody is specfic for a particular molecule

Front 11

Overview Humoral (Type II) Immunity:
The binding of the antibody on the B cell to the pathogen.

Back 11

When the pathogen enters the body, the B cell will bind to it because of it's BCR.

Front 12

Overview Humoral (Type II) Immunity:
After the B cell binds to the pathogen...

Back 12

This allows the B cell to mature into a plasma cell, which then begins to secrete soluble versions of its antibody. These antibodies can chill out for years, if they bind to the antigen, they target it for destruction.

Front 13

Overview of Cellular (Type I) Immunity:
List the 3 subsets of T cells:

Back 13

1. Helper T cells
2. Cytotoxic T cells
3. Regulatory T (Treg) cells

Front 14

Overview of Cellular (Type I) Immunity:
Helper T cells

Back 14

-Secretes cytokines that mediate local immune responses
-Augment activites of the innate response
-Are the "generals" of the immune response

Front 15

Overview of Cellular (Type I) Immunity:
Cytotoxic T cells

Back 15

-Physically interact with cells harboring a pathogen and kills the cell
-Are the "special forces" of the immune response

Front 16

Overview of Cellular (Type I) Immunity:
Regulatory T (Treg) cells

Back 16

-Supress inflammation as the immune response wanes. These are potential theraputic cells because they can develope in the lab.

Front 17

Lymphatic vessals contain ______.

Back 17

Lymph

Front 18

__________ _______ ________ are where immune cells gather to coordinate their activities (lymph nodes, spleen, payer's patches)

Back 18

Secondary lymphatic organs

Front 19

__________ ________ ________ are where immune cells develop from stem cells (bone marrow and thymus)

Back 19

Primary lymphoid organs

Front 20

Where is the only place where blood and lymph mix in the body?

Back 20

Thoracic duct

Front 21

A microbe usually has tens of thousands of _________ __________ (AKA ________) that can be recognized by the immune system.

Back 21

Antigenic components, AKA epitopes

Front 22

Antibodies are __________ (carbs and polypeptides). They are ___% carbs.

Back 22

glycoproteins
2% carbohydrates

Front 23

Antibody compostition:
Two arms that compose the Fab (_________ _________) region that binds to antigentic ___________. This is the "__________ end".

Back 23

Fraction antibody
Determinants
Buisness

Front 24

Antibodies are ___valent.

Back 24

Divalent

Front 25

One stem (____ region) that can bind to _________ __________ or complement proteins.

Back 25

Fc
Phagocyte receptors

Front 26

Each antibody is composed of two identical ________ (L) polypeptide chains and two identical _________ (H) polypeptide chains.

Back 26

Light (small)
Heavy (large)

Front 27

These polypeptides have ________ and ________ disulfide bonds (covalent) that hold the chains together and maintain the antibody's ____ _______.

Back 27

Intrachain
Interchain
3D shape

Front 28

List the 5 antibody classes based upon the H chains:
The class of the antibody dictates its __________ ________.

Back 28

1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgE
4. IgA
5. IgD
Biological function

Front 29

The _________ regions of the H and L chains dictate binding to the _________.

Back 29

Variable
Antigen

Front 30

The _________ ________ of the H and L chains determine the 3D structure and the _________ __________ of the antibody.

Back 30

Constant region
Biological activities

Front 31

What are the two main outcomes of antigen-antibody binding?

Back 31

1. Antibodies bind to antigens with noncovalent bonds
2. Early in response, antibody affinity is weak, later in the response it is strong

Front 32

List the 6 effects of antibody binding to antigen:

Back 32

1. Neutralization
2. Immobilization and preventing adherence
3. Agglutination and precipitation (big mouthful)
4. Opsinization facilitates phagocytosis
5. Complement system activation
6. Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Front 33

Neutralization of an antigen by a antibody:

Back 33

Blocks the biologically-relevant portion of an antigen, rendering it inactive.

Front 34

Avidity is the __________ ________ of interaction.

Back 34

Collective strength

Front 35

IgM:
-_____ secreted antibody
-Exists as a _________
-Efficient at _________ _______.
-Primary antibody against _____.
-Low _________, but high ________.

Back 35

First
Pentamer (valency of 10)
Complement fixation
LPS
Low affinity, high avidity

Front 36

IgG:
-Most common antibody in _______.
-High _________.
-Some are effiecient ________ fixers, others mediate ADCC.
-Some cross the placenta and are in breast milk, these are termed __________.

Back 36

Serum
Affinity
Complement
Colostrum

Front 37

IgA:
-Most _________ antibody.
-Exists as ________ and ______.
-Break milk

Back 37

Abundant
Monomer and dimer

Front 38

IgD:
-Usually expressed as _____.
-No ______ functional role.

Back 38

BCR
Known

Front 39

IgE:
-Only ______ amounts are produced.
-Efficient at inducing __________ of granulocytes
-May be protective against _______
-Associated with _________.

Back 39

Small
Degranulation
Helminths
Allergies

Front 40

__________ _________ ________ states that antigens select T and B cells for expansion.

Back 40

Clonal selection theory

Front 41

The presence of antigen stimulates the _______ T and B cells into mitosis and differentiation that leads to a large pool of antigen-specific __________ lymphocytes.

Back 41

Naive
Effector

Front 42

As the infection is cleared, _________ becomes limiting and most of the responding lymphocytes die. The remainign cells serve as _______ cells, poised to engage the pathogen should it recur.

Back 42

Antigen
Memory

Front 43

List the 2 different types of antigens recognized by B cells:

Back 43

1. T-independant (do not require T cell help)
2. T-dependant (requires T cell help)

Front 44

T-independant are non-_________, cannot class ______ from IgM to others, and do not induce ________ immunity.

Back 44

Proteinaceous
Switch
Durable

Front 45

T-Dependant antigens are _________, they do class switch from IgM to Ig(G, A or E) and usually provide ______-term immunity.

Back 45

Proteins
Long