Micro2. Chap 15

Front 1

The immune responses principle objective is the _________ of infectious threats.

Back 1

containment

Front 2

Most of the time, containment requires elimination of the microbe, known as __________, but sometimes just requires ___________.

Back 2

Sterilization
Sequestration

Front 3

The immune response is inherantly __________.

Back 3

Dangerous

Front 4

Disease and death caused by the immune response is termed __________.

Back 4

Immunopathology

Front 5

_________ __________ ________ (PRR) are proteins that bind to a broad-spectrum of microbial products.

Back 5

Pattern recognition receptors

Front 6

Two examples of things that PRR's recognize:

Back 6

1. Lipopolysaccharides
2. dsRNA

Front 7

The two phases of the immune response are:

Back 7

1. The innate phase
2. The adaptive phase

Front 8

The innate immune response is considered "________". Because...

Back 8

nonspecific (because it recognizes common molecules of microbes)

Front 9

Molecules of the innate phase are ever-present, thus act immediatly upon a _______ _________.

Back 9

Danger signal

Front 10

The ________ immune response becomes apparent a few days after _________ and is principally mediated by ___ cells and ____ cells.

Back 10

Adaptive
Infection
T cells and B cells

Front 11

T cells secrete _________, which are proteins, that mediate local immune responses.

Back 11

Cytokines

Front 12

B cells secrete high ________ ___________ that noncovalently bind to microbes and their products.

Back 12

Affinity antibodies

Front 13

B cells and T cells control the great majority of infections, provide long-term ________ to infectious agents and are responsible for ______________.

Back 13

Memory
Immunopathology

Front 14

__________ of _______ are those where microbes have an opportunity to access the body. An example would be the _________ membranes.

Back 14

Portals of entry
Mucus

Front 15

List the six types of first-line defenses:

Back 15

1. Skin
2. Mucosa
3. PRR, including toll-like receptors
4. Complement proteins
5. Inflammation
6. Fever

Front 16

Complement proteins

Back 16

-Synthesized in liver
-When temp goes up, these bind to microbes so phagocytic cells can see the pathogens.

Front 17

Inflammation

Back 17

Caused by cytokines and tissue damage. Body's attempt to seal off the potential infection site

Front 18

List the 3 types of toxic substances in mucosa:

Back 18

1. Defensins, antimicrobial peptides ~30 aa long
2. Peroxidase, an enzyme that causes oxidatino of microbial products
3. Lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan

Front 19

_________ ______ are the bacteria that inhabit the body and protect against other infectious agents.

Back 19

Normal flora

Front 20

The skin posseses the water-tight protein polymer _______ that is resistant to penetration.

Back 20

keratin

Front 21

All cells in the immune system arise in the _______ ________.

Back 21

Bone marrow

Front 22

_______ cells of various developmental maturity exist in the bone marrow and are _________ cells for immune and blood cells.

Back 22

Stem
Precursor

Front 23

__________ is the process of generating and maintaining immune and blood cells.

Back 23

Hematopoiesis

Front 24

The process of ________ and _______ ______ formation is mostly unknown and considered the Holy Grail of immunology.

Back 24

Immune
Blood cell

Front 25

Special cytokines, termed ________ _______ ________ (CFS) play a prominant role in hematopoiesis, but bone marrow _________ cells are also required.

Back 25

Colony stimulation factors
Stromal cells

Front 26

Granulocytes contain toxic substances, like _________. The 3 types of Granulocytes are:

Back 26

Histamine
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils

Front 27

Neutrophils

Back 27

Highly phagocytic and produce oxidative substances

Front 28

Basophils and ______ cells contribute to inflammation.

Back 28

Mast

Front 29

Eosinophils

Back 29

Thought to play a role in containing parasitic infections.

Front 30

Mononuclear phagocytes

Back 30

Monocytes exit blood vessels and differentiate into macrophages that play a prominant role in constraining microbes to the infected tissue

Front 31

Dendritic cells

Back 31

-Rare
-In all tissues
-Provide a link btwn innate and adaptive immune response by stimulating naive T cells

Front 32

________ _______ (NK) cells kill infected cells and cause _________ damage by also killing adjacent uninfected cells. These are a type of _________ cell.

Back 32

Natural killer
Collateral
Dendritic

Front 33

Lymphocytes are part of the ________ response and include 2 main types of cells:

Back 33

Adaptive
1. T cells
2. B cells

Front 34

What are the 2 types of T cells?

Back 34

1. Helper T cells that secrete cytokines
2. Cytotoxic T cells kill other cells that harbor pathogens, "assasins"

Front 35

What do the B cells of the adaptive immune response do?

Back 35

Secrete antibodies

Front 36

Cytokines

Back 36

-secreted by all body cells
-More then 60 known in vertebrates
-they have a dramatic impact on immune responses

Front 37

Cytokines bind to specific ________ __________, which results in a physiologic change in the _________ cell.

Back 37

Cytokine receptors
Recipient

Front 38

What are the four types of cytokines?

Back 38

1. Chemokines
2. Interferons
3. Interleukins
4. Tumor necrosis factors

Front 39

Chemokines

Back 39

Recruit immune cells into infected tissue ("help!")
Parcipitate in inflammation

Front 40

Interferons

Back 40

Confer anticiral status upon cells

Front 41

Interleukins

Back 41

Largest group of cytokines
Mediate immune response

Front 42

Tumor necrosis factors

Back 42

-Initiate inflammation
-Induce programmed cell death of infected cells

Front 43

Evolution has provided a number of ________ _______ capable of recognizing microbial threats.

Back 43

Sensing systems

Front 44

Some _________ proteins recognize bacterial cell walls and perforate them, others bind to bacteria and facilitate their __________.

Back 44

Complement
Phagocytosis

Front 45

Interferons induce teh expression of ______ __, which digests dsRNA.

Back 45

RNase L

Front 46

________ cells ahve receptors on their surfaces that bind to bacterial products and _________ proteins.

Back 46

Phagocytic
Complement

Front 47

Phagocytic cells are recruited to sites of infection by __________.

Back 47

Chemokines

Front 48

After engulfment of microbes into a __________, the cells are killed by fusion of the phagosome with a __________, which contains toxic compounds.

Back 48

Phagosome
Phagolysosome

Front 49

Inflammation is a mechanism for __________ of microbes in the infected site.

Back 49

Containment

Front 50

Inflammation is a ________-______ sword. Too little and the microbes can go ________, too much and it can lead to ____________ _______.

Back 50

Double-edged sword
Too little --> virus goes systemic
Too much --> cardiovascular shock

Front 51

What is the first step in the inflammation process?

Back 51

Infected or traumatized tissue secretes chemokines

Front 52

What is the 2nd step in the inflammation process?

Back 52

Circulating leukocytes exit the blood vessel (diapedesis) by squeezing btwn capillar endothelial cells

Front 53

What is the 3rd step in the inflammation process?

Back 53

Once in the tissue, the cells secrete inflammatory proteins that augment capillar leakage.

Front 54

Capillary leakage involves the loosening of _______ _______ btwn capillary cells. ________ then leaks out. If the holes are big enough, ______ can also leak out, this is called a _________.

Back 54

Tight junctions
Plasma
RBC's
Hemorrhage

Front 55

Bacterial ________ are potent inducers of inflammation. They bind to macrophages and elicit ______ ________ ________ production.

Back 55

Endotoxins
Tumor necrosis factor

Front 56

If enough macrophages are stimulated by bacterial __________, as in septicemia, then ________ _________ can occur.

Back 56

Endotoxins
Septic shock

Front 57

In septic shock, so much ______ leaks out of the capillaries that the circulatory system ________.

Back 57

Plasma
Collapses

Front 58

_________ __________ ________ ensues in septic shcok, causing systematic blood clots and death.

Back 58

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Front 59

Fever is caused by the production of _________-1 which is a ________ and travels to the hypothalamus in the brain and increases body temp.

Back 59

Interleukan-1
Pyrogen

Front 60

The four classes of cytokines are:

Back 60

1. Chemokines
2. Interferons (Confer antivirus status upon cells)
3. Interleukins (Mediate immune responses)
4. Tumor necrosis factors (Initiate inflammation)