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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brucella
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a. B. melitensis: goats and humans
b. B. abortus: cattle and humans c. B. Buis: swine, cats and humans rarely d. B. canis: dogs, humans rarely |
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Bacteriology
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a. Small coccobacillary gram negative rods
b. B. abortus requires 5-10% C02 for initial growth. Other species not as fastidious |
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B. Clinical Manifestations in humans and animals.
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In the human, undulant fever most prevalent (B. abortus)
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Three forms of the disease
1. serious? fatality? recovery and recovery time? morbidity? blood cultures positive vs. negative? relapse and blood culture with relapse? 2. serious? blood cultures? disease course? 3. serious? duration? symptoms? |
a. Acute Disease.
Not a serious disease, case fatality is low. Recovery spontaneous after 1-3 months. Morbidity is quite high. Blood cultures are positive in the first 2-3 weeks, negative after building up of antibodies. Relapse frequent-blood cultures become again positive. b. Subacute or Latent Disease May be weakly symptomatic. Blood cultures rarely positive. Agglutinins usually positive. Transient-usually clears up after a while with no further symptoms. c. Chronic Disease Persistent form of disease- 1-20 years. Nocturnal sweats with intermittent fever, anorexia. Undulating attacks. Probably an allergic response to the microorganism and its products. |
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Complications
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Osteomyelitis; acute inflammation of any of the viscera; focal lesions of the lungs; lymph nodes; spleen; kidneys; biliary tract; urinary tract; genital organs.
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Pathogenesis
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a. Intracellular disease-progresses from portal of entry via the lymphatics to the thoracic duct then to the bloodstream then to parenchymatous tissue.
b. In cattle B. abortus has a trophisms for genitals, placental tissues and mammary glands. These tissues are rich in erythrotol which stimulates growth in lab cultures |
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Transmission and Epidemiology
1. Animal hosts |
a. Goats-melitensis
b. Cattle-abortus c. Swine-suis d. Dogs-canis |
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Routes of Transmission
- . Laboratory Diagnosis |
a. ingestion (raw milk)
b: direct contact c. Inhalation d. Inoculation (Laboratory -ELISA test |
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E. Prophylaxis
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1. Avoidance of contact
a. Sanitation b. Pasteruiaztion of mild c. Pulbic health measures 2. Protection of animals: vaccine (calf vaccination) |
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Therapy
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1. Streptomycin: antibiotic of choice
2. Tetracylines or ampicillin 3. Prolonged treatment necessary due to intracellular location |
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Francisella tularensis
. Bacteriology |
1. Highly pleomorphic gram negative rod
2. No capsules, nonmotile |
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Clinical Manifestations
.A disease of the ___ but can also present as a ______. 2. In the human there are five types of disease -associated with? |
1. lymphatic system, but also can present as a
bacteremia. a. Ulceroglandular: most commonly observed. Primary site of invasion usually from direct contact or insect bite (usually a tick) “ tick tularemia” b. Oculoglandular: contact usually from disease animal to hands to eye c. Glandular: initial ulcer not obvious. May be in the pharynx. Contact probably from consumption of poorly cooked wild game d. Typhoidal: Contact from inadequately cooked wild game f. Pulmonary i. Extension from the systemic disease II. Rarely from aerosois -rabbits |
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Pathogenesis
-what kind of parasite? is it destroyed? -mortality and morbidity |
1. An intracellular parasite
2. Phagocytized but not destroyed by the phagocytic mechanisms 3. Mortality rate low. Untreated 5-7% 4. Morbidity rate very high. Highly infectious |
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3 modes of Transmission
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1. Direct contact
2. Insect vector transmission a. Deer flies b. Ticks Reservoir of infection for rodent populations 3. Human to human transmission highly improbable, but increasing reports of cat to human spread' |
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Yersinia pestis
. Clinical Manifestations 1 Bubonic plague a. Disease of the .. 1)Infection at .. -what gets involved? 2. Pneumonic (pulmonary ) plague a. Secondary to the lymphatic plague b. transmission? c. Mortality rate—untreated |
-lymphatics
-the point of bite of flea. -Regional lymph glands quickly involved. -Aerosol transmission- cats to humans (humans to humans has not been seen since 1900, in US) -100% |
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a. Terminal stage of disease is accompanied by...
what is seen with this? |
fulminating septicemia.
-Subcutaneous hemorrhage results in petechial spots, necrosis |
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Pathogenesis
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1. Flea infected from infected rat host
2. Growth of organism in the gut of the flea 3. Injection into the capillary bed upon feeding 4. Fleas find human host when rat not available |
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Primarily a disease of
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rodents
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Therapy
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1.Streptomycin is drug of choice; other aminoglycosides would work
2. Streptomycin should be supplemented with doses of tetracycline or chloramphenicol |
