Micro Vocab Test 1

Front 1

Antibiotics

Back 1

An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus

Front 2

Bioremediation

Back 2

The use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant

Front 3

Biotechnology

Back 3

The industrial application of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a useful product

Front 4

Chemotherapy

Back 4

Treatment with chemical substances

Front 5

Domain

Back 5

A taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequences; above the kingdom level

Front 6

Emerging diseases

Back 6

A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future

Front 7

Genetic engineering

Back 7

Manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro; also called recombinant DNA technology

Front 8

Genomics

Back 8

The study of genes and their function

Front 9

Mycology

Back 9

The scientific study of fungi

Front 10

Microflora

Back 10

Bacteria found in our own bodies

Front 11

Virology

Back 11

The scientific study of viruses

Front 12

Bacillus

Back 12

(1) Any rod-shaped bacterium. (2) When written as a genus (Bacillus) refers to rod-shaped, endospore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria

Front 13

Chemotaxis

Back 13

Movement in response to the presence of a chemical

Front 14

Coccus

Back 14

A spherical or ovoid bacterium

Front 15

Cytoplasm

Back 15

In a prokaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane; in a eukaryotic cell, everything inside the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus

Front 16

Cytoskeleton

Back 16

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provide support and movement for eukaryotic cytoplasm

Front 17

Diffusion

Back 17

The net movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 18

Eukaryotes

Back 18

A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus

Front 19

Fimbriae

Back 19

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment

Front 20

Flagella

Back 20

A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules in eukaryotic cells

Front 21

Glycocalyx

Back 21

A gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell

Front 22

Golgi complex

Back 22

An organelle involved in the secretion of certain proteins

Front 23

Lysis

Back 23

(1) Destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in a loss of cytoplasm. (2) In disease, a gradual period of decline.

Front 24

Mitochondria

Back 24

An organelle containing Krebs cycle enzymes and the electron transport chain

Front 25

Nucleoid

Back 25

The region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome

Front 26

Nucleus

Back 26

(1) The part of an atom consisting of the protons and neutrons. (2) The part of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material

Front 27

Osmosis

Back 27

The net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Front 28

Peptidoglycan

Back 28

The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain

Front 29

Phototaxis

Back 29

Movement in response to the presence of light

Front 30

Pili

Back 30

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for the transfer of genetic material during conjugation

Front 31

Plasma membrane

Back 31

The selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; the outer layer in animal cells, internal to the cell wall in other organisms

Front 32

Prokaryotes

Back 32

A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope

Front 33

Ribosomes

Back 33

The site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein

Front 34

Selectively permeable

Back 34

The property of a plasma membrane to allow certain molecules and ions to move through the membrane while restricting others

Front 35

Spirochete

Back 35

A corkscrew-shaped bacterium with axial filaments

Front 36

Active site

Back 36

A region on an enzyme that interacts with the substrate

Front 37

Anabolism

Back 37

All synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones

Front 38

Apoenzyme

Back 38

The protein portion of an enzyme, which requires activation by a coenzyme

Front 39

Catabolism

Back 39

All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones

Front 40

Cofactor

Back 40

(1) The nonprotein component of an enzyme. (2) A microorganism or molecule that acts with others to synergistically enhance or cause disease

Front 41

Denaturation

Back 41

A change in the molecular structure of a protein, usually making it nonfunctional

Front 42

Fermentation

Back 42

The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required

Front 43

Glycolysis

Back 43

The main pathway for the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid; also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway.

Front 44

Holoenzyme

Back 44

An enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor

Front 45

Metabolism

Back 45

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell

Front 46

Phototroph

Back 46

An organism that uses light at its primary energy source