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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antigen
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-ANTIbody GENerator
-anything that generates an antibody response -usually found on foreign cells -targets for adaptive immunity cells (B & T cells) -self antigen recognition is bad and leads to autoimmunity |
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Humoral Immunity
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Antibody Mediated Immunity
Generation of antibodies in response to foreign pathogens |
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Cell mediated Immunity
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cytotoxic T cell go around and resolve infection
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Clonal Expansion
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Once B cells are bound by their antigen they are no longer naive and they begin to differentiate and proliferate
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Antibodies
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bind to antigen
secreted B cell receptors (lacking transmembrane domain) act as a flag to cells of innate immune system signals phagocytosis for macrophages, neutrophils, complement, and NK cells makes phagocytosis more efficient |
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Opsonization
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coating of foreign invaders with antibodies
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Variable region
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antigen binding site
region of extreme diversity highly specific region |
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Constant region
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similar sequence amongst all B cells
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Heavy chain
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2 chains
V (65) D (27) J (6) 7,800 possible combinations |
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Light chain
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2 chains
V (65) J (6) 200 possible combinations |
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VDJ recombination
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heavy + light = 1.56x10^6
With random mutations and "slipping" there are 10^11 different BCRs |
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Cytokines
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secreted proteins that bind to receptors on immune cells and regulate their responses
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MHC
(Abbrv) |
Major histocompatibility
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APC
(Abbrv) |
"professional" antigen presenting cell
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Autoimmune disease
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diseases that occur when the immune system no longer distinguishes between self and non-self and attacks it's own body
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Allergies
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immune system mounts a major defense against a harmless antigen like pollen or food allergens
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Anaphylactic shock
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swelling, drop in BP, respiratory distress
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Hygiene hypothesis
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increase in allergies is because we are "too clean"
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infection
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actual entry of a pathogen (doesn't necessarily lead to disease)
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reservoir
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an animal, bird, or an insect that normally harbors the pathogen
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latency
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pathogen remains in body but is dormant
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direct damage
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bacterial toxins, proteases, hemolytic factors
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indirect damage
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host response damages tissue
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infectivity
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measure of the ability to cause disease
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virulence
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measure of the severity of the disease
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inoculum size
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number of microbes person was exposed to
TB: 4 bacteria Salmonella: >10^5 bacteria |
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lethal dose
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# of organisms to kill 50% of hosts
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virulence factors
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proteins or protein products encoded by virulence genes that allow pathogens to invade or survive within host
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Pili
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protruding protein filaments that assist in host colonization and infection
key virulence factor for many pathogens, usually aids in adhesion aka fimbriae |
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ETEC
(Abbrv) |
enterotoxigenic E. coli
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adhesins
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surface proteins that bind host cell
common virulence factor ex: M protein |
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Biofilms
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exopolysaccharide promotes attachment and provides protection from antimicrobials
aids in virulence |
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Iron sequestration
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limiting nutrient for most bacteria, to which they have evolved mechanisms to steal Fe from host
in response host evolves a different mechanism creates an "arms race" between host and pathogen |
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siderophore
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iron carrier
made by bacteria/fungi steal Fe bound to host transferrin binds with higher affinity |
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LIpocalin
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host counter defense to siderophore
takes Fe back |
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Extracellular pathogen
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pathogen inside body, but not inside cell
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Intracellular pathogen
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pathogen inside body and inside the cell
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Transcytosis
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movement through a cell to get across epithelium/endothelium and into body (ie. blood stream, BBB, etc.)
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Extracellular defenses
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phagocytosis (macs & neutrophils), complement, AMPs, antibodies
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Exotoxin
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deliberately made by bacteria to disrupt
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Endotoxin
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an unfortunate host immune response to certain aspects of the pathogen that weren't meant to be harmful
(ex. LPS) |
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ADP ribosyltransferase
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enzyme of the A subunit for AB toxins that adds ADP ribose and inactivates host protein
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Pseudomembrane
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consists of fibrin, bacteria and host cells
Adheres to underlying tissue blocks airways symptom of diptheria |
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Bull-neck
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extreme swelling of lymph nodes
symptom of diptheria |
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Denileukin diftitox
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aka Ontak
cancer drug A subunit remains same, B subunit replaced with IL-2R so it targets cells with IL-2 on surface (ex. WBC) good treatment for leukemia stops protein synthesis and kills cell |
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Superantigen
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bypasses normal processing
nonspecifically activates T cells Over stimulation of T cells host harmed by over reactive immune response |
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TSST
(Abbrv) |
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
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Zoonotic disease
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usually found in animals or people that work closely with those animals on a consistent basis
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Pharyngitis
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aka strep throat
symptoms: sore throat, fever (sometimes), pus pockets in back of throat |
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Ersypiles
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infection of dermis
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Necrotizing faciitis
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flesh eating disease
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immunological sequelae
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when host and pathogen share closely related antigens and the creation of Abs from the pathogen causes the host to attack self
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SSTI
(Abbrv) |
Skin & Soft Tissue Infection
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Aureus
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golden
comes from pgiment made by neutrophils to defend against ROS |
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Staphylo
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grape clusters
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strepto
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chains
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coccus
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cocci
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pyogenic
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pus producing
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EHEC
(Abbrv) |
enterohemmorrhagic E. coli
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EPEC
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enteropathogenic E. coli
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Boil
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infected hair follicle
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carbuncle
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connected boils
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impetigo
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superficial skin infection
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Cutaneous abscess
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walled off area, bacteria is replicating, neutrophils are migrating, and staph contributes to formation
characterized by pus and inflammation can be in skin or organs |
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Osteomyelitis
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bone infection
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endocarditis
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heart infection
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meningitis
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brain infection
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pneumonia
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lung infection (respiratory infection)
a disease, not a specific infection caused by multiple infectious agenets (ie. bacteria, viral, fungal-IC patients) |
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sepsis
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blood/tissue infections
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MRSA
(Abbrv) |
methicillin resistant S. aureus
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nosocomial
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infections acquired in the hospital
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HA-MRSA
(abbrv) |
hospital acquired-methicillin resistant S. aureus
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CA-MRSA
(abbrv) |
Community acquired-methicillin resistant S. aureus
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MMR vaccine
(abbrv) |
Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination
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TB
(abbrv) |
tuberculosis
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis aka consumption |
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caseous granuloma
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TB bacterium becomes active and is replicating in this form and it can now be transmitted
cheesy like consistency |
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MDR-TB
(abbrv) |
multidrug resistant tuberculosis
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XDR-TB
(abbrv) |
extremely drug resistant tuberculosis
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enteropathogens
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diarrheal diseases
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dysentery
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intestinal inflammation and damage
death of cells and you high WBC count and/or blood in stool |
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EIEC
(abbrv) |
enteroinvasive E. coli
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UTI
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urinary tract infection
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UPEC
(abbrv) |
uropathogenic E. coli
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STD
(abbrv) |
sexually transmitted diseases
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PID
(abbrv) |
pelvic inflammatory disease
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DOT
(abbrv) |
directly observed treatment
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FDA
(abbrv) |
food & drug administration (1938)
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Lockjaw
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continuous contraction of jaw muscles resulting in the inability to open mouth
one of the first signs of tetanus |
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Botulism toxin
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blocks ACh release at neuromuscular junction
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Tetanus toxin
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blocks GABA release. inhibitory NT that counteracts ACh
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Flaccid paralysis
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no muscle contraction
ex: botulism |
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Spastic paralysis
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constant muscle contraction
ex: tetanus |
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Epidemiology
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"that which befalls man"
study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations |
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Epidemiologists
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"disease detectives": figure out source of disease outbreak and factors that influence spread
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Health services
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area of focus is on implementing the plans that epidemiology and biostatistics came up with to prevent spread
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Herd immunity
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vaccinated shield for unvaccinated from catching a disease
must be above 90% vaccinated to be effective |
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Antimicrobial
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antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoan
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Antibiotics
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antibacterial that is taken internally
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Diethylene glycol
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anti-freeze, used in drugs that lead the creation of the FDA because of the negative side effects
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Bacteriostatic
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prevent bacterial growth, still effective because it stops growth and allows immune system to clear infection
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Bactericidal
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kills bacteria
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Natural products
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antibiotics that are derived from natural places (ie. soil)
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Streptomyces
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non-pathogenic soil dwelling bacteria that secrete antimicrobials to create their own niche for growth and reproduction
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VISA
(abbrv) |
vancomycin insensitive Staphylococcus aureus
requires higher concentrations of vancomycin to be effective |
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VRSA
(abbrv) |
vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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SIR
(abbrv) |
systemic inflammatory response
-elevated HR -respiratory fever -high WBC count -fever |
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Septic shock
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sepsis + low BP
leads to an uncontrolled inflammatory response |
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Sporozoites
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parasite injected by mosquito that travels to liver to undergo mitosis and replicate into mature parasite
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Merozoites
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parasite that invades the RBCs, replicates and then lyses it
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ACT
(abbrv) |
Artemisinin Combination treatment
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