Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 5 kingdoms?
|
Animal, plant, protozoa, monera, fungi
|
|
|
This is DNA that is stored outside of chromosomes?
|
Plasmids
|
|
|
Use of biological means to remove pollution?
|
Bioremediation
|
|
|
How many organisms cause dz?
|
Only a small fraction cause dz
|
|
|
These can be shared w/ other bacteria & they can also carry resistant genes like for antibiotics?
|
plasmids
|
|
|
Discovered the microscope?
|
Anton van leeuwenhook
|
|
|
First to define microbes & cells?
|
Robert hooke
|
|
|
Koch’s postulates?
|
Robert Koch
|
|
|
Koch used what organism to form his postulates?
|
Anthrax
|
|
|
Who discovered immunizations? What did he use?
|
Edward Jenner by using smallpox
|
|
|
Discovered penicillin?
|
Alexander Flemming
|
|
|
What did Paul Ehrich do?
|
Discovered a magic bullet that kills syphilis
|
|
|
He is the father of modern microbiology?
|
Louis Pasteur
|
|
|
Louis Pasteur can be credited for:
a) disproving sponteneous generation b) vaccination & immunization c) fermentation & pasteurization d) advocate for hand washing e) all of the above f) a,b,c g) a,c,d |
f) a, b, c
|
|
|
Formed aseptic technique to avoid cross contamination?
|
Joseph Lister
|
|
|
Advocate for hand washing?
|
Semelwiess
|
|
|
Came up w/ a compound called salvarsan?
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
|
|
Who came up w/ the germ theory of dz?
|
Pasteur & Koch
|
|
|
How did Pasteur test the germ theory of dz?
|
He used the swan neck flask experiment
|
|
|
What are the 3 domains of micro-organisms?
|
Bacteria, archaea, & eukarya
|
|
|
Viruses: a) don’t have a membrane b) they can’t replicate on their own c) they are considered prokaryotes d) can be either RNA or DNA as genetic material e) all of the above f) a, b, c g) a, b, d
|
answer: g) a, b, d
|
|
|
Example of this type of bond is peptide & disulfide bonds?
|
Covalent
|
|
|
This type of bond holds proteins, RNA, & DNA together?
|
Hydrogen
|
|
|
These types of forces are between 2 opposite regions of a molecule w/c allows molecules to come together & form bonding?
|
Vander waal forces
|
|
|
What are the 6 major bioelements?
|
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
|
|
|
This bioelement is common in proteins?
|
Sulfur
|
|
|
This bioelement is common in nucleic acids?
|
Phosphorus
|
|
|
What are the organic molecules?
|
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
|
|
|
T/F: synthesis rxns are hydration rxns & therefore are catabolic?
|
False: they are dehydration rxns & are anabolic
|
|
|
This type of rxn is a hydration rxn & therefore catabolic?
|
Decomposition reaction
|
|
|
This is an energy storage for plants?
|
Starch
|
|
|
This is an energy storage for animals & some microbes?
|
Glycogen
|
|
|
What is the make up of peptidoglycan?
|
NAG & muramic acid
|
|
|
This makes up the cell wall?
|
Peptidoglycan
|
|
|
This part of the cell wall is a target for penicillin?
|
Peptidoglycan
|
|
|
This molecule is made up of glycerol & FA?
|
Lipids
|
|
|
Make up of phospholipids?
|
Diglyceride w/ P groups
|
|
|
Membrane structure is made of this?
|
Lipids/fatty acids
|
|
|
This polymer is rich in nitrogen?
|
proteins
|
|
|
This is the most abundant polymer in cell?
|
Proteins
|
|
|
What determines the shape & function of proteins?
|
AA squence
|
|
|
This protein folding is secured by H bonds?
|
Secondary
|
|
|
This protein folding has S-S bridges?
|
Tertitary
|
|
|
This protein folding has more than one polypepetide?
|
Quaternary
|
|
|
They are the building blocks for RNA & DNA?
|
Nucleic acids
|
|
|
Where do u find chitin?
|
It makes up the cell wall of fungi
|
|
|
What are the important components of cell membrane?
|
Glycoproteins & glycolipids; they are like antennae or receptors to help cells interact w/ each other
|
|
|
What happens to FA once u introduce a double bond?
|
The molecule will no longer be flat & will take up more room
|
|
|
Triglyceride is made up of what?
|
Glycerol & 3 FA
|
|
|
What is the difference between oil & fat?
|
Oil has less hydrogen in its molecule
|
|
|
What does amphipathic mean?
|
Contain both hydrophobic & hydrophilic group
|
|
|
What is the function of sterols?
|
Prevents fats from hardening the cell membrane
|
|
|
Where do u find sterols?
|
Cell membrane of all animals & mycoplasma bacteria
|
|
|
What are the factors that affect protein shape?
|
pH, temp, salt [ ]
|
|
|
This defines how clear u see the specimen under microscope?
|
Resolving power
|
|
|
Out of resolving power & magnification, w/c of these 2 is more important?
|
Resolving power
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of microscopes?
|
Light & electron
|
|
|
This type of microscope shows the outline of the cell?
|
Dark field
|
|
|
This type of microscope has different densities to show different phases?
|
Phase contrast
|
|
|
This type of microscope uses Ab/Ag interaction?
|
Fluorescent
|
|
|
This type of microscope is good for infectious dz?
|
Fluorescent
|
|
|
This type of microscope is good for studying the inside of the cell & also virus structure?
|
electron microscope
|
|
|
What is a wet mound?
|
It’s looking a live smear w/o fixing
|
|
|
What is a smear prep?
|
Put a smear on a slide, mix it w/ water then let it air dry. Then heat fix it so it won’t wash off during the staining procedure
|
|
|
What is a negative stain?
|
Binds to the background not to the cell that’s on the slide
|
|
|
What is the s/v ratio of prok? Euk?
|
Prok have a large s/v ratio while euko have a small s/v ratio
|
|
|
Give an example of gm- cocci?
|
Gonorrhea
|
|
|
w/c 2 bacilli are gm+?
|
Clostridium & anthrax
|
|
|
This type of bacteria is gm+ cocci in clusters?
|
Staph
|
|
|
This type of bacteria is gm+ cocci in chains?
|
Strep
|
|
|
T/F: endospores are found only prokaryotes?
|
True
|
|
|
What is the endosymbiosis theory?
|
Organelles like mito or chloroplasts evolved from symbiotic prok living inside other prok
|
|
|
What are the external structures of prok cells?
|
Glycocalyx, pili, fimbriae, flagella
|
|
|
Glycocalyx is made up of what? What is its function?
|
Made of CHO or proteins. They allow bacterial cells to stick together; this protects bacteria from drying out or any chemicals
|
|
|
Function of pili/fimbriae? How are they different from each other
|
They allow bacteria to stick to surfaces. They are similar to each other but pili make attachment very specific & they also are for exchange of genetic information by forming between 2 bacteria
|
|
|
Function of Flagella?
|
Proteinous tail involved in movement & motility. Can have single or multiple on one bacteria
|
|
|
T/F: peptidoglycan is found in both gm+ & gm-?
|
True
|
|
|
In w/c type of bacteria is peptidoglycan very thick?
|
Gm+
|
|
|
Teichoic acid is found in w/c type of bacteria?
|
Gm+
|
|
|
This type of bacteria has an outer membrane?
|
Gm-
|
|
|
Between the outer memberane & cytoplasmic membrane is the __________ & found only in gram _____ bacteria?
|
Periplasmic, gm-
|
|
|
The outer membrane have channels called?
|
porins
|
|
|
Pili are more common in w/c type of bacteria?
|
More common in gm-
|
|
|
Where do u find LPS?
|
It’s found on the outer membrane in gm- bacteria
|
|
|
This is a highly toxic compound that is found on the outer membrane of bacteria?
|
LPS
|
|
|
This is a type of endotoxin that is released when the bacteria dies?
|
LPS
|
|
|
Fxn of the cell wall?
|
It gives shape & integrity to the bacteria
|
|
|
the integrity of the cell wall protects the bacteria from _________ _____________?
|
Osmotic pressure
|
|
|
What is another name for the cell membrane?
|
Fluid mosaic model
|
|
|
What does the name fluid mosaic model imply?
|
it means that the PL that make up the membrane are not glued together but they are flexible & move around & shift sideways
|
|
|
Match the following as to whether they are gm+ or gm-: 1)sensitive to lysozyme 2) entry of penicillin G is easy 3) sensitive to complement 4) has an outer membrane 5) has LPS 6)has a high peptidoglycan content? 7) has teicoic acid
|
|
|
|
Match the following as to whether they are gm+ or gm-: 1)sensitive to lysozyme 2) entry of penicillin G is easy 3) sensitive to complement 4) has an outer membrane 5) has LPS 6)has a high peptidoglycan content? 7) has teicoic acid
|
#1: gm+, #2: gm+, #3: gm-, #4: gm-, #5: gm-, #6: gm+, #7: gm+
1)sensitive to lysozyme 2) entry of penicillin G is easy 3) sensitive to complement 4) has an outer membrane 5) has LPS 6)has a high peptidoglycan content? 7) has teicoic acid |
|
|
What are the 2 sources of energy that are provided by proton pumping?
|
A proton gradient & a charge gradient ka proton motive force or PMF
|
|
|
Symport w/ H uses w/c gradient for energy?
|
Both proton & charge gradient
|
|
|
Symport w/ Na uses w/c gradient for energy?
|
Only the charge gradient
|
|
|
hair-like projections lining the respiratory tract that sweep away fluids/particles
|
Cilia
|
|
|
________ infections can inhibit cilia acitivity
|
viral
|
|
|
proteins for non-specific attachment
|
Adhesions
|
|
|
found on gram + cell walls, can cause immune system activation
|
Lipoteichoic acid
|
|
|
what are 3 characteristics of exotoxins?
|
Exotoxins are proteins that are produced and secreted by a microorganism
1)They are highly toxic, 2)nonpyrogenic, 3)and highly immunogenic (immune system will react; produced antibodies) |
|
|
Name several ways phagocytes may fail to remove/eliminate the infectious agents
|
a.Inhibiting phagocytosis (S. pneumonia)
b.Inhibiting lysosomal fusion (M. tuberculosis) c.Escaping the lysosome (Plague) d.Survival within the lysosome (Salmonella) |
|
|
Discuss the formation and significance of biofilm and colonization.
|
Biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface colonization. Biofilm is formed by glycocalyx.
|
