Micro Test Two Final Study

Front 1

enzyme RNA polymerase...

Back 1

synthesizes a strand of RNA from one strand of double stranded DNA, which serves as a template during transcription

Front 2

the starting point for transcription is

Back 2

the promoter; the region of DNA that is the end point of transcription is the terminator

Front 3

DNA polymerase in replication

Back 3

proofreads new molecules of DNA and removes mismatched bases before continuing DNA synthesis

Front 4

gene

Back 4

segment of DNA, sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional product, usually a protein

Front 5

when a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce...

Back 5

RNA; mRNA is then translated into proteins

Front 6

the DNA in a cell is duplicated before the cell divides...

Back 6

each daughter cell recieves the same genetic information

Front 7

Bacterial DNA is ...

Back 7

circular; the chromosome of E Coli contains about 4 million base pairs and is about 1000 times longer than the cell.

Front 8

mRNA associates with ...

Back 8

ribosomes which consist of rRNA and protein

Front 9

codons are ---

Back 9

three base segments of mRNA that specify amino acids

Front 10

the genetic code refers to ...

Back 10

the relationship among nucleotide base sequence of DNA, the corresponding codons of mRNA, and the amino acids for which the codons code.

Front 11

the genetic code is degenerate, that is...

Back 11

most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon

Front 12

of the 64 codons, ___ are sense codons and ___ are nonsense codons (which do not code for amino acids, just to stop).

Back 12

61; 3

Front 13

the ribosome moves along the mRNA starnd as amino acids are joined to form a grwoing polypeptide;

Back 13

.

Front 14

mRNA is read in the ____ direction

Back 14

5' to 3' direction

Front 15

translation ends with a ...

Back 15

stop codon

Front 16

when the inducer is absent, the repressor...

Back 16

binds to the operator and no mRNA is synthesized

Front 17

when the inducer is present, it binds to the repressor so that it cannot bind to the operator, thus ....

Back 17

mRNA is made, and enzyme synthesis is induced.

Front 18

Genetic recombination

Back 18

the rearrangement of genes from separate groups of genes ususually involves DNA from differnent organisms ; it contributes to genetic diversity

Front 19

plasmids are self replicating...

Back 19

circular molecules of carrying genes that are not usually essential for cell's survival.

Front 20

Transduction in bacteria...

Back 20

DNA is passed from one bacterium to another in a bacteriophage and is then incorporated into the recipients DNA.

Front 21

conjugation

Back 21

requires contact between living cells

Front 22

transposons...

Back 22

are found in the main chromosomes of organisms, in plasmids, and in the genetic

Front 23

a base substitution occurs when...

Back 23

one base pair in DNA is replaced with another pair

Front 24

ultraviolet radiation is non-ionizing...

Back 24

it causes bonding between adjacent thymines

Front 25

transposon are small segments of DNA that .....

Back 25

move from one region to another region on the same chromosome. or to a different chromosome or a plasmid. They can be simple or complex

Front 26

What startes synthesis in replication?

Back 26

DNA polymerase starts and finishes process of replication. RNA polymerase starts the synthesis by adding a short stretch

Front 27

In Replication, what does DNA polymerase do to RNA as it makes a small piece of DNA?

Back 27

DNA polymerase digests away the RNA as it makes a small piece of DNA. The small units are then joined by DNA ligase.

Front 28

the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by a bacteriaphage

Back 28

transduction

Front 29

the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient as naked DNA in a solution

Back 29

transformation

Front 30

Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by

Back 30

mutation, insertion of transposons, and acquiring plasmids

Front 31

these have horizontal gene transfer...

Back 31

conjugation, integration of a transposon, transduction, transformation

Front 32

Ionizing raditiation causes _____________. Non ionizing radiation causes _________.

Back 32

mutagen that causes the formation of highly reactive ions. Non ioninzing causes a mutagen that causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers.

Front 33

what is best to sterilize heat labile solutions?

Back 33

filtration

Front 34

In bacteria, transcription and translation are...

Back 34

coupled

Front 35

UV radiation causes...

Back 35

thiamine dimers

Front 36

DNA has thyamine. RNA has ______

Back 36

uricil

Front 37

transposons

Back 37

jumping genes

Front 38

complex transposons

Back 38

carry other genes (not just insertion sequences)

Front 39

vectors:

Back 39

carry new recombinant DNA to desired cells.

Front 40

shuttle vectors:

Back 40

can exist in several different species

Front 41

_____ and _____ can be vectors

Back 41

plasmids and viruses

Front 42

What encourages antibiotic resistance?

Back 42

outdated or weakened antibiotics, antibioitics in animal feed, failure to complete prescription, using someone else's prescription. These can lead to the pathogen developing resistance genes which can prevent penetration of its cell wall, or lead to rapid efflux

Front 43

cDNA is made from ______ by _______.

Back 43

mRNA by reverse transcriptase

Front 44

resverse transcriptase makes _______ from ________.

Back 44

DNA from mRNA

Front 45

when the inducer is absent, the repressor...

Back 45

binds to the operator and no mRNA is synthesized

Front 46

when the inducer is present, it binds to the repressor so that it cannot bind to the operator, thus ....

Back 46

mRNA is made, and enzyme synthesis is induced.

Front 47

Genetic recombination

Back 47

the rearrangement of genes from separate groups of genes ususually involves DNA from differnent organisms ; it contributes to genetic diversity

Front 48

plasmids are self replicating...

Back 48

circular molecules of carrying genes that are not usually essential for cell's survival.

Front 49

Transduction in bacteria...

Back 49

DNA is passed from one bacterium to another in a bacteriophage and is then incorporated into the recipients DNA.

Front 50

conjugation

Back 50

requires contact between living cells

Front 51

transposons...

Back 51

are found in the main chromosomes of organisms, in plasmids, and in the genetic

Front 52

a base substitution occurs when...

Back 52

one base pair in DNA is replaced with another pair

Front 53

ultraviolet radiation is non-ionizing...

Back 53

it causes bonding between adjacent thymines

Front 54

transposon are small segments of DNA that .....

Back 54

move from one region to another region on the same chromosome. or to a different chromosome or a plasmid. They can be simple or complex

Front 55

What startes synthesis in replication?

Back 55

DNA polymerase starts and finishes process of replication. RNA polymerase starts the synthesis by adding a short stretch

Front 56

In Replication, what does DNA polymerase do to RNA as it makes a small piece of DNA?

Back 56

DNA polymerase digests away the RNA as it makes a small piece of DNA. The small units are then joined by DNA ligase.

Front 57

the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by a bacteriaphage

Back 57

transduction

Front 58

the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient as naked DNA in a solution

Back 58

transformation