Micro Test Ii (Ch. 5)

Front 1

man that came up with aseptic procedures

Back 1

Joseph Lister

Front 2

From Hungary, Switzerland, works in a hospital, saw that nurses working in necropsy room and delivery room were transferring diseases

Back 2

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Front 3

what kind of acid is used to sterilize surgical procedures

Back 3

carbolic acid

Front 4

heat, irradiation, filtration, and mechanical removal are all what types of control mechanisms

Back 4

physical

Front 5

use of antimicrobial hemicals is what type of control mechanism

Back 5

chemical

Front 6

man that came up with aseptic procedures

Back 6

Joseph Lister

Front 7

From Hungary, Switzerland, works in a hospital, saw that nurses working in necropsy room and delivery room were transferring diseases

Back 7

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Front 8

what kind of acid is used to sterilize surgical procedures

Back 8

carbolic acid

Front 9

heat, irradiation, filtration, and mechanical removal are all what types of control mechanisms

Back 9

physical

Front 10

use of antimicrobial chemicals is what type of control mechanism

Back 10

chemical

Front 11

removal of all microorganisms, absolutely free of microbes, endospores, and viruses

Back 11

sterilization

Front 12

eliminates most pathogens, some viable microbes may still exist

Back 12

disinfection

Front 13

used to disinfect inanimate objects and surfaces

Back 13

disinfectants

Front 14

used to disinfect living tissues

Back 14

antiseptics

Front 15

brief heat treatment used to reduce organisms that cuase food spoilage

Back 15

pasteurization

Front 16

treatment to reduce pathogens to a level considered safe

Back 16

decontamination

Front 17

mechanism used to decrease number of microbes in an area, particularly the skin

Back 17

degerming

Front 18

implies a substantially reduced microbial population- this is not a specific level of control

Back 18

sanitized

Front 19

process used to delay spoilage of perishable items- often includes addition of growth-inhibiting ingredients

Back 19

preservation

Front 20

agents that kill vegetative cells, but not necessarily endospores

Back 20

bactericidal

Front 21

agents that preent or retard the multiplication of bacteria but not necessarily kill cells

Back 21

bacteriostatic

Front 22

disinfectants that kill endospores (2)

Back 22

sterilants and sporocides

Front 23

what is the single most important step to achieving control of microbial growth

Back 23

wash yo hands

Front 24

a disease acquired in the hospital

Back 24

nosocomial infection

Front 25

what is used to prevent contamination in microbiology labs?

Back 25

biological safety cabinets

Front 26

what treatment is most common and most reliable for treating food

Back 26

heat

Front 27

is irradiation approved to treat all foods?

Back 27

no, only certain foods

Front 28

what is a concern in canned foods (anaerobe)

Back 28

clostridium botulinum

Front 29

what is generally used to disinfect water

Back 29

chlorine

Front 30

what organism is not easily eliminated with chlorine?

Back 30

Cryptosporidium sp.

Front 31

we were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life.

Back 31

Romans 6:4

Front 32

5 factors that determine choice of procedure

Back 32

Type, Number, Environment, Risk, Composition of item (CRENT)

Front 33

most critical consideration to selecting antimicrobial procedure

Back 33

type of microorganism

Front 34

resistant to heat, drying, and numerous chemicals

Back 34

bacterial endospore

Front 35

generally excreted in feces and cause diarrheal disease

Back 35

protozoan cysts and oocysts

Front 36

cell wall structure initiates resistance (waxy wall)

Back 36

Mycobacterium species

Front 37

can grow in the presence of many chemical disinfectants

Back 37

pseudomonas species

Front 38

more resistant to chemical killing

Back 38

viruses

Front 39

no membrane or envelope

Back 39

naked virus

Front 40

which is easier to treat, a porous material (styrofoam) or a non-porous material (stainless steel)

Back 40

non-porous

Front 41

time required to kill 90% of population under specific conditions

Back 41

D value or decimal reduction time

Front 42

most chemicals are effective at higher temperatures and lower pH: T of F

Back 42

T

Front 43

effectiveness of antimicrobials can be hampered by the presence of organic material: T or F

Back 43

T

Front 44

organic materials interfere with the penetration of antimicrobial agents: T or F

Back 44

T

Front 45

come in contact with body tissues: needles and scalpels

Back 45

critical items

Front 46

contact mucous membranes but do not penetrate body tissues: endoscope

Back 46

semicritical items

Front 47

contact unbroken skin only: show little risk of transmission: stethoscope

Back 47

non-critical instruments

Front 48

two methods of heat as control

Back 48

moist heat, dry heat

Front 49

destroys bacteria through irreversible coagulation of proteins

Back 49

moist heat

Front 50

boiling, pasteurization and pressurized steam are all forms of what kind of heat

Back 50

moist heat

Front 51

is boiling an effective means of sterilizing?

Back 51

no!

Front 52

HTST

Back 52

high temp short time

Front 53

heated to 72C and held for 15 seconds

Back 53

HTST

Front 54

heated to 140 or 150C, held for several seconds then rapidly cooled

Back 54

UHT (ultra-high temp)

Front 55

most pasteurization protocols use what

Back 55

HTST

Front 56

does pasteurization sterilize?

Back 56

no

Front 57

Brucella abortus

Back 57

Bang's disease in humans

Front 58

Listeria monocytogenes

Back 58

dangerous to pregnant women

Front 59

salmonella typhi

Back 59

typhoid fever

Front 60

pressurized steam used to sterilize: heated water goes to steam goes to increased pressure

Back 60

autoclave

Front 61

achieves sterilization at 121C and 15psi in 15 minutes

Back 61

autoclave

Front 62

sterilizes at 135C and 15psi in 3 minutes

Back 62

flash autoclaving

Front 63

what are destroyed at 132C and 15 psi for 4.5 hours

Back 63

prions

Front 64

requires longer times and higher temperatures for sterilization (200C for 1.5 hours vs. 121 C for 15 minutes)

Back 64

dry heat

Front 65

oxidizes cells to ashes, used to destroy medical waste and animal carcasses

Back 65

incineration (dry heat)

Front 66

heat sensitive materials require other means of microbial control (3)

Back 66

filtration, irradiation, high-pressure treatment

Front 67

membrane filters allow liquids to flow through, trapping microbes on filter

Back 67

membrane filtration

Front 68

energy released from waves, shorter wavelength=high frequency=more energy

Back 68

radiation

Front 69

two types of radiation

Back 69

ionizing and non-ionizing

Front 70

range of wavelength

Back 70

electromagnetic spectrum

Front 71

radiation able to strip electrons from atoms

Back 71

ionizing radiation

Front 72

3 types of ionizing radiation

Back 72

gamma radiation, X rays, electron accelerators

Front 73

causes damage to DNA and potentially plasma membrane

Back 73

ionizing radiation

Front 74

used to sterilize heat resistant materials: medical equipment, surgical supplies, medication

Back 74

ionizing radiation

Front 75

ultraviolet radiation

Back 75

non-ionizing radiation

Front 76

only type of radiation to destroy microbes directly; damages DNA

Back 76

non-ionizing radiation (ultraviolet radiation)

Front 77

non-ionizing radiation causes what

Back 77

thymine dimers

Front 78

limitation of ultraviolet radiation

Back 78

poor penetrating power

Front 79

used to destroy microbes in air, drinking water, and surfaces

Back 79

ultraviolet radiation

Front 80

used in pasteurization of commerical foods, does not use high temperatures

Back 80

high pressure processing

Front 81

destroys microbes by denaturing proteins and altering cell membrane permeability

Back 81

high pressure processing

Front 82

high pressure processing employs pressures up to ___ psi

Back 82

130,000

Front 83

physical means of microbial growth (4)

Back 83

Temperature, Filtration, Irradiation, High pressure (without heat)

Front 84

chemicals react with what three vital cell molecules

Back 84

proteins, DNA, cell membrane

Front 85

chemical agents are grouped according to what

Back 85

potency

Front 86

medically related chemicals regulated by who

Back 86

FDA

Front 87

disinfectant chemicals regulated by who

Back 87

EPA

Front 88

destroys all microorganisms

Back 88

sterilants

Front 89

destroy viruses and vegetative cells, but not endospores

Back 89

high-level disinfectants

Front 90

kills vegetative bacteria and fungi, most but not all, viruses

Back 90

intermediate-level disinfectants

Front 91

removes fungi, vegetative bacteria and enveloped viruses, not mycobacteria, naked viruses, or endospores

Back 91

low-level disinfectants

Front 92

toxicity, activity in presence of organic materials, compatibility with material being treated, residue, cost and availability, storage and stability, and environmental risk are all factors to consider when selecting what

Back 92

appropriate chemical

Front 93

mode of action: coagulation of proteins and essential enzymes, damage to lipid membranes

Back 93

alcohols

Front 94

commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant

Back 94

alcohols

Front 95

limitations: evaporates quickly, limited contact time, may damage rubber or plastics

Back 95

alcohols

Front 96

solutions of 60-80% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol kill vegetative bacteria and fungi

Back 96

alchohols

Front 97

destroy organisms by inactivitng proteins and DNA

Back 97

aldehydes

Front 98

2% glutaraldehyde solution

Back 98

most widely used liquid sterilant

Front 99

what is used as an alternative to 2% glutaraldehyde

Back 99

orthophthalaldehyde

Front 100

used to kill bacteria and inactivate viruses, also used for specimen preservation, made from formaldehyde

Back 100

formalin

Front 101

mode of action: oxidizing proteins and other cell components

Back 101

halogens

Front 102

safest and most useful halogen

Back 102

clorox

Front 103

halogens include what two elements

Back 103

chlorine and iodine

Front 104

halogen that destroys all types of organisms and viruses, used as disinfectant, caustic to skin and mecous membranes, replaced by chlorine dioxide in many applications

Back 104

chlorine

Front 105

halogen that kills vegetative cells, not reliable with endospores, used in tincture or iodophores on skin

Back 105

iodine

Front 106

most effective member of biguanides

Back 106

chlorhexidine

Front 107

extensively used in antiseptics (and in pools), relative low toxicity, destroys wide range of organisms

Back 107

chlorhexidine

Front 108

useful gaseous sterilant, destroys microbes including endospores and viruses

Back 108

ethylene oxide

Front 109

mode of action: reacts with proteins; useful in sterilizing heat or moisture sensitive items

Back 109

ethylene oxide

Front 110

limitations: mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic

Back 110

ehtylene oxide

Front 111

T or F: ethylene oxide destroys materials sensitive to heat

Back 111

true

Front 112

compounds that combine with enzymes and proteins (binding with sulfhydryl groups) interfering with function

Back 112

metal compounds

Front 113

used as disinfectant, cream used to prevent secondary infections, also available on bandages for wound care

Back 113

silver

Front 114

form of reactive oxygen, will bind to and disrupt biological molecules resulting in death

Back 114

ozone

Front 115

Osub3 unstable form of oxygen, powerful oxidizing agent

Back 115

ozone

Front 116

ozone is used as an alternative to what as a disinfectant for drinking and waste water

Back 116

chlorine

Front 117

includes hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and peracetic acid (peroxyacetic acid)

Back 117

peroxygens

Front 118

powerful oxidizing agents; readily biodegradable, less toxic than ethylene oxide and glutaraldehyde

Back 118

peroxygens

Front 119

living tissue produces what enzyme that turns hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

Back 119

catalase

Front 120

more potent than hydrogen peroxide, effective on organic material, can be used on a wide range of materials

Back 120

peracetic acid

Front 121

used as disinfectant, leaves no residue, doesn't damage most materials, hot solutions used in food industry, vapor-phase can be used as a sterilant

Back 121

hydrogen peroxide

Front 122

carbolic acid aka ____

Back 122

phenolics

Front 123

one of the earliest disinfectants, now has limited use, active ingredient in Lysol

Back 123

phenolics

Front 124

mode of action: destorys plasma membrane, denatures proteins; kills most vegetative cells, can kill Mycobacterium at high concentrations, not reliable on all groups of viruses

Back 124

phenolics

Front 125

triclosan and hexachlorophene phenols used where

Back 125

soaps and lotions

Front 126

who pioneered the use of carbolic acidto reduce infections during operations

Back 126

Dr. Joseph Lister

Front 127

Quats

Back 127

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Front 128

cationic detergents have what kind of charge

Back 128

positive

Front 129

cationic detergents; nontoxic- used to disinfect food prep. surfaces

Back 129

quaternary ammonium compound

Front 130

mode of action: reduces surface tension; aids in removal of dirt and organic matter, facilitates mechanical removal of organisms

Back 130

quats

Front 131

positive charge attracts ____ to negative charge of cell surface; reacts with membrane: destroys vegetative bacteriaand enveloped viruses, not effective on endospores, mycobacteria, and naked viruses

Back 131

quats

Front 132

formaldehyde, quats and phenols are chemical used as what

Back 132

preservatives

Front 133

benzoic, ascorbic and propionic acids are all weak organic acids used as what

Back 133

preservatives

Front 134

mode of action: alter cell membrane function, interfere with energy transformation

Back 134

chemical preservatives

Front 135

nitrates and nirites used in what

Back 135

processed meats

Front 136

inhibits germination of endospores and growth of vegetative cells; has been shown to be potent carcinogen by formation of nitrosoamines

Back 136

nitrates and nitrites

Front 137

low temperatures will be able to slow down or stop enzymatic reactions of ________ and _________ but some _________ will still be able to grow

Back 137

mesophiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles

Front 138

decrease water availability by 2 ways

Back 138

salting or drying

Front 139

addition of salt increases environmental solutes and cuases what

Back 139

cellular plasmolysis

Front 140

staphylococcus aureus can survive in what extreme condition

Back 140

high salt

Front 141

lyophilization

Back 141

freeze drying

Front 142

widely used process to preserve food like coffee, milk, and meats

Back 142

lyophilization