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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the different types of microorganisms
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Protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, helminths
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What does the nomencalture of an organism consist of?
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The genus(capitalized) and species
Both names either underlined or capitalized |
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These microbes are called prokaryotes
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bacteria and archea
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the genetic material is not membrane bound
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prokaryotes
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rod like bacteria _.
spherical or ovoid _. corkscrew or curved _. |
bacillus
cocci spiral |
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Cell wall composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called peptidoglycan found on these microbes.
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Bacteria
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Prokaryote cells with no peptidoglycan found in extreme environments
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Archea
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archea that produce methane as a waste product from respiration
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methanogens
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salt loving archea found in the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
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extreme halophiles
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archea found in hot springs
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extreme thermophiles
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Can archea cause disease in humans?
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No
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Microbes with a distinct membrane bound nucleus containing DNA
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Eukaryotes
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Microbes that can be either unicellular or multicellular
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Fungi
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The cell walls of fungi are composed mainly of _.
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chitin
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unicellar form of fungi
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yeast
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Reproduction by dividing into 2 daughter cells
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Binary fission
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These microbes can reproduce either asexually or sexually
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Ameoba, Protozoa and Algae
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These microbes obtain food soleyby absorbing solutions of organic material from the environment
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Fungi
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These microbes move by psudeopods, flagella, or cilia
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Protozoa
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An amoeba is under what catagory of microbes?
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Protozoa
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Parasites that live off hosts are what type of microbe?
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Protozoa
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Photosynthetic eukaryotes are called?
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Algae
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The cells wals of algae, like plants are made up of the carbohydrate called _?
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Cellulose
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Alage need light, water and Carbon Dioxide for growth and food. What DONT they need from the environment?
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Organic compounds
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These acellular microbes are composed of a nucleic acid core with a protein coat and must have a host to surive
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Viruses
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If helminths are multicellular parasidic worms why are they studied in microbilogy?
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The larvae of flat and roundworms start as microscopic
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Who and when were the first to observe cells
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Hooke, 1665
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Observed the first "animacules" between 1673-1723
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Leeuenhock
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The belief that life could come from nonliving things
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Spontaneous generation
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In 1668 disputed spontaneous generation theory by experimenting with meat
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Reddi
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The theory that living cells can ony arise from prexsisting living cells
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Biogenesis
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What was Pasteur trying to prove when he did the broth in flasks experiment?
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That microbes were in the air that cause spoilage
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Why did the flask with the bent neck not become contaminated in the Pasteur experiment?
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the microbes could not pass the bend in the flask to contaminate the broth.
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When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?
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1857-1914
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In 1840's discovered handwashing reduced spreading microbes during childbirth
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Semmeiweis
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In 1860's discovered disenfectants could be used to control infections
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Lister
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A series of experiental steps to directly relate a specific microbe to a specific disease
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Kochs Postulates
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in 1796 first to use a living viral agent to produce immunity
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Jenner
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The 1st antibiotic, a fungus discovered by Flemming in 1928
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Penicillin
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Technology used to take a hybrid of human and bacterial DNA inserted into bateria to produce a large amount of desired proteins
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recombiant DNA technology aka genetic engineering
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Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes
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Bioremediation
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Using toxins excreted by microbes to destroy insects
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insect control
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Using microbes to breakdown liquids and organic materials into co2, nitrates, amonia etc
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Sewage Treatment
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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes similar in that they all contain these 4 things.
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nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbs
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Why is it impt. to know the structure of bacteria?
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to know its function, how to kil it, and to help identify it
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Visible bacteria after they've duplicated
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colony
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bacteria in:
pairs = _ chains = _ groups of 4 = _ cubes = _ grapelike clusters = _ |
diplo
strepto tetrads sarcinae stapho |
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The gelatinous coat surrounding prokaryote cells that is sugar based (EPS), protein based or both
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Glycocalyx
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Firmly attatched glycocalyx, its presence can be determined by doing a negative stain
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Capsule
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loosely attatched glycocalyx
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Slime layer
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the degree in which a pahogen causes disease
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virulence
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the ingestion and digestion of microorganisms
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phagocytosis
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what is the function of a cell capsule
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helps it stick to surfaces
makes it more virulent helps the bacteria from dehydrating |
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what is the distinguishing feature of spirochete bacteria?
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axial filament under a sheath propel them
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why dont bacilli form tetrads or clusters?
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they only divide long the short axis
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bacteria that lack flagella
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atrichous
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arrangement of flagella
monotrichous = _ flagella amphitrichous = _ flagella lophotrichous = _ flagella Peritrichous = _ flagella |
1 single flagella
tuft of flagella on each end 2 or more at 1 or both ends flagella all over the cell |
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the movement of a bacterium toward or way from from a stimulus is called?
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taxis
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the flagellar protein _ is useful in distinguising the _ or specific species of gram negative bateria.
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h antigen
serovar |
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fimbrae and pili are found on many gram _ bacteria
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negative
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what is the diff functions of fimbrae and pili?
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fimbrae-attatchment
pili-DNA transfer |
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name 3 functions of bacteria cell walls
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1. prevent rupture when pressure greater inside than outide cell
2. helps maintain shape 3. serves to anchor flagella |
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clinically why is the cell wall important?
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cell wall contribues to the ability of the cell to cause disease.
Also it is the site of action of some antibiotics |
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describe the composition of peptidogycan in the bacterial cell wall in gram pos bacteria
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a repeating disaccharide attathed by polypeptides to form a lattice that protects the cell
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how does penicillin work?
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it interferes with the linking of the peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross bridges
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what acid is present in gram pos cells walls that is missing in gram neg
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teihoic acids
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what is the charge of teichoic acids? and what does this charge mean in regards to the cell?
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negative, so they regulate the movement of cations (positive ions) in and out of the cell
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name 3 functions of teichoic acids
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1. regulate movement of cations in/out cell
2. assume a role in cell growth 3. prevent lysis (cell destruction) 4. provide antigenic specificity (surface identifier) |
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describe the composition of the cell wall in gram neg bacteria
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the peptidoglycan layer is sandwiched between the lipoprotein layer and the plasma membrane
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what is the antigen (surface identifier) found on the outer wall of gram neg cell walls
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O polysaccharides
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what is the charge of a gram neg cell and why is it important?
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negative, impt for evading phagocytosis
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the outter layer of gram neg cells is made of?
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LPS, lipoproteins and phospholipids
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what channels found in the outter membrane allow passage of molecules in gram neg cells?
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porins
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what makes a gram neg cell subjet to mechanical breakage?
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very little peptidoglycan
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2 very important characteristics of the outter membrane (LPS) in gram neg cells
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1. O polysaccharides (flags) on surface to dist species
2. lipid portion of LPS is an endotoxin and is toxic when found in the gastrointestinal tract or bloodstream of a host |
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endotoxin found in LPS of gram neg cells
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Lipid A
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why does crystal violet stain both gram pos and neg cells?
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bec. it enters the cytoplasm of both cells types
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what happens when alcohol is administered to the crystal violet treated gram neg cell?
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the outter membrane is dissolved and small holes are left in the peptidoglycan so the crystal violet can diffuse
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why would a gram pos cell give a gram neg stain response?
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the cell may be dead or the culture is old
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fluid filled space btwn outer membrane and plasma membrane containing enzymes and transport proteins, found in gram neg cells
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periplasma
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the smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells they dont have cell walls
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Mycoplasma
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bateria with no cell walls or peptidoglycan, they have pseudourien
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archea
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this membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins
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plasma membrane
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what is missing from plasma membranes an what effect does this have on the rigidity of the membrane?
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sterols, it means the membrane is less rigid
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describe the structure of the plasma membrane
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ea. phospolipd molecule has a water loving polar head and a pair of water fearing non polar fatty acid tails. the proteins can be peripheral (on the inner/outter bilayersurface) or integral (within the bilayer)
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what is the fluid mosaic model?
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the arrngement of phospholipds and proteins in the plasma membrane
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what is the most important function of the plasma membrane?
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selective permeability to allow/prevent certain ions/molecules from passing thru
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what organelle is found in both eu/prokaryotic cells?
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ribosomes
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what is the difference btwn ribosomes found in pro vs. eu karyotic cells?
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pro-smaller and less dense
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what are the components found in the cytoplas of pro cells?
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80% water, nuclear area, ribosomes,inclusions
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the single long continuous and circularly arranged thread of DNA found in the nucleoid/nuclear area
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baterial chromosome
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extra DNA found here and may carry genes for antibiotic resistance
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plasmids
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reserve deposits within the cell are called
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inclusions
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inclusions that
are large and stain easily: _ contain glycogen and starch: _ contain enzymes for co2 fixaion: _ found in aquatic cells for buoyancy: _ contains iron oxide:_ |
metchromatic granules
polysacharide granules carboxysomes gas vacuoles magnetosomes |
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found in gram pos cells these are dehydrated cells found inside the cell when nutrients are depleted
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endospores
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what 2 bacteria types are endospores commonly found in?
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Clostridum and Bacillus
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the formation of an endospore is called _. the regeneration on the endospore when conditions are right _.
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sporulation
germination |
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what is the basis of classifying things?
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now-DNA
then-physical characteristics/structureof the cell |
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why dont we classify viruses?
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they are non living
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what is used to classify prokaryotes?
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similarities in nucleotide sequences in rRNA.
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describe the breakdown of classes in prokaryotes
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classes into orders
orders into families families into genera genera into species |
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How many Bergeys manuals are completed? how many more will follow and what do the manuals contain?
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2 completed, 3 to complete.
bergey manual is the identification reference for bacteria |
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what other things are used to classify organisms in the 3 domain system besides the diff in rRNA
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membrane lipid struture
transfer rRNA molecules sensitivity to antibiotics |
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What are the components of the 5 Kingdom Theory
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Monera-bacteria
Protists-protozoa and algae (animal and plant like) Fungi Plants Animals |
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King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Why are the similarities of bacteria used to classify
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because they cant sexually reproduce so similarities used to find species
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how many divisions of bacteria are there are what is it based on?
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4 divisions based on the ompoition of the cell wall
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all cells derived from the same original cell, genetically identical
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clone
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same species but genetically different
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strain
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name the morphological characteristics used to classify bacteria
1. to id bacteria w/cell walls 2. diff auger used 3. antibodies used 4. using viruses on bacteria 5. measure fatty acid profiles 6. bacteria run thru strainer 7. fingerprint genetic code |
1. differential staining
2. biocheical tests 3. serology 4. phage typing 5. fatty acid profiles 6. flow cytometry 7. DNA and RNA fingerprinting |
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the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism
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metabolism
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Exergonic reaction, degradative, HYDROLYTIC
the breakdown of complex organic compaunds into simpler ones |
Catabolism
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Endergonic reaction, biosynthetic, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
energy requiring reactions that build omples organic molecules from smaller ones |
anabolism
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coupled to ATP breakdown
coupled to ATP sythesis (making of) |
anabolic
catabolic |
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Pi represents=
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inprganic phosphate
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what factors can affect the rate which an enzyme acts on a substrate?
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pH, temperature, and substrate concentration
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will the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions increase or decrease as temp goes up?
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increase
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what happens to the enzyme if the temp is too high
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it denatures or comes apart
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what is the ideal pH for maximum enzyme reactions? what happens if the pH is out of this range?
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3-4, if out of this range the active site will be altered and the ctivity will decline
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what must happ in order to cause an enzymatic reaction with a substrate? what increases the chance of these reactions?
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a collision must occur, the more substrate concentration the greater the # of collisions
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If this looks like a substrate and can fit into the enzymes active site what is it called?
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competitive ihibitors
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A coenzyme assists an enzyme by acepting or donating matter. What does NAD+ donate?
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Electrons
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In an enzymatic reaction involving oxidation of a substrate what would be required?
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ATP
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A reaction where electrons are gained
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reduction
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Enzymes are impt in living organisms because they:
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bring together reactants
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During glycolysis, electrons from the oxidation of gluclose are transferred to:
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NAD
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what is ATP composed of?
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sugar, 3 phosphates and base
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ADP can be broken down into:
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AMP
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what is phosphloration?
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the adding of a phosphate molecule
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Catabolic reactions are ususally _ reactions because they use water to break chemical bonds and they are _ bec. they use more energy than they consume
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hydrolytic
exergonic |
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a seqence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
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metabolic pathway
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a metabolic pathway is determined by _.
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enzymes
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Enzymes are encoded by _?
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genes
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Catalyzes a reaction but remains unchanged
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enzyme
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the chemical that the enzyme changes
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substrate
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reactions that use water and in which chemical bonds are broken
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hydrolytic/catabolic reaction
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reaction where more energy is produced than consumed
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exergonic/catabolic reaction
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reaction that releases water
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dehydration sythesis/aabolic reaction
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reaction where more energy is produced than consumed
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endergonic/anabolic
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Examples of this reation include the forming of proteins from amino acids and polysaccharides from simple sugars
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anabolic
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_ stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anaboli reactions
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ATP
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consists of an adenine, a ribose and 3 phosphate groups
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ATP
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An Enzyme is a biological _ because it can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered
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Catalyst
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may assist enzymes by accepting/donating atoms required by the substrate
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Coenzyme
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An electron carrying coenzyme involved with assisting an enzyme in a catabolic reaction
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NAD+
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An electron crrying coenzyme involved with assisting an enzyme in an anaboli reaction
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NADP+
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Coenzyme involed in the making and breakdown of fats in the Krebs cycle
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coenzyme A
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What type of reatio occurs in the Krebs cycle?
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oxidation, the loss of electrons
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4 factors that interfere with enzymatic activity
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temp too high/low=denaturation
pH not right 3-4 optimum saturation rate 2 low competitive inhibitors fill up active sites |
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the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells
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gluclose
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what is carbohydrate catbolism?
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th breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
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in respiration and fermentation gluclose is broken down into what?
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pyruvic acid
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the ATP generating process which molecules are oxidized and the final electron receptor is usually an inorganic molecule
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cellular respiration
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the breakdown of 6 carbon glulose into 2 3 carbon sugars and then broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis
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in the krebs cycle the derivatives of pyruvic acid are _ and the coenzymes are _
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oxidized (broken down)
reduced (gain electrons) |
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the action of the eletron transport chain ocurs in the _ of eukaryotes and in the _ of prokaryotes
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mitochindria
plasma membrane |
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consists of an adenine, a ribose and 3 phosphate groups
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ATP
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An Enzyme is a biological _ because it can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered
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Catalyst
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may assist enzymes by accepting/donating atoms required by the substrate
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Coenzyme
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An electron carrying coenzyme involved with assisting an enzyme in a catabolic reaction
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NAD+
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An electron crrying coenzyme involved with assisting an enzyme in an anaboli reaction
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NADP+
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Coenzyme involed in the making and breakdown of fats in the Krebs cycle
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coenzyme A
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What type of reatio occurs in the Krebs cycle?
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oxidation, the loss of electrons
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4 factors that interfere with enzymatic activity
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temp too high/low=denaturation
pH not right 3-4 optimum saturation rate 2 low competitive inhibitors fill up active sites |
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the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells
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gluclose
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what is carbohydrate catbolism?
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th breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
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in respiration and fermentation gluclose is broken down into what?
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pyruvic acid
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the ATP generating process which molecules are oxidized and the final electron receptor is usually an inorganic molecule
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cellular respiration
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the breakdown of 6 carbon glulose into 2 3 carbon sugars and then broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis
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in the krebs cycle the derivatives of pyruvic acid are _ and the coenzymes are _
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oxidized (broken down)
reduced (gain electrons) |
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the action of the eletron transport chain ocurs in the _ of eukaryotes and in the _ of prokaryotes
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mitochindria
plasma membrane |
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in _ respiration the final electron receptor is organic (o2)
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AEROBIC
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how many Atps generated in aerobic respiration?
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38
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C_H_O + _O_ +_ADP + _Pi -->
_CO_+_H2O + _ATP |
the overal reaction for aerobic respiration in prokaryotes
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how many ATPs generated in eukaryotes during aerobic respiration and why?
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36 some enery lost as electrons shuttle across mitohondria
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the amount of ATP generated in anaerobic respiration in prokaryotes
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varies with organism and pathway
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In _ respiration the final electron receptor is an inorganic molecule
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anaerobic
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define the 5 elements involved with fermentation
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1. does not requre oxygen
2. no krebw cycle or electron chain involved 3. release from sugars or other Organic molecules 4. small amount of ATP produced 1 to 2 5. uses an organic molecule as the final electron receptor |
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why does fermentation produce so little ATP?
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ATP only produced during glycolysis the rest of the energy is left in the chemical bonds
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Streptococcus and Latobacillus are used to breakdown pyruvid acid into _ for food production. the process is called
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Lactic acid
Latic acid fermentation |
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The breakdown of yeast into ethanol as a byproduct
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alcohol fermentation
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When biological testing is done on bacteria/yeast, what are they looking for?
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looking for secific enzymes produced by that bacteria/yeast
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when using fermentation tests on bacteria/yeasts what are you looking for?
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specific acids/gases produced by the microbe
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the converstion of light energy into chemical energy
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photosynthesis
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photosynthesis is a _ reaction because it synthesizes gluclose from light and co2
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anabolic
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plants, algae and cynobacteria use _ as a hydrogen donor releasing O2
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water
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the making of sugars by using carbon atoms from co2
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carbon fixation
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the color pigment neccessary to conduct photosynthesis
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chlorophyll
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for their principal carbon source:
autotrophs use _ heterotrophs use_ |
co2 self feeders
req an organic carbon source |
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for their energy source:
phototrophs use _ chemotrophs use _ |
light
all others |
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the equation of photosynthesis:
6__2 + _ H2O + _ _ --> C_H_O_ + _ H2O + _ O_ |
gotta know this and aerobic respiration equation
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give the temp req for growth of the following bacteria:
psychrophiles _ mesophiles _ thermophiles _ |
cold
middle hot |
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grow fairly well at fridge temps and cause food spoilge
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psychrotrophs
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optimum growth 15 and 20 to 30 degrees
|
psychrophiles
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min temp -10 max around 20
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psychrophiles
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most common type of microbe with opt temp of 25-40 degrees
|
mesophiles
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the optimum temp for pathogenic bacteria
|
37 degrees
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optimum growth temp of 50-60 degrees. min temp is 45 degrees
|
thermmophiles
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most bacteria grow best when the pH is around?
|
neutral 6.5 to 7
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acid tolerant microbes
|
acidophiles pH 3-4
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what type of solution do bacteria like?
|
isotonic = equal
|
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higher concentration of solutes outside than inside the cell
|
hypertonic
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what happens to a cell during plasmolysis
|
the cel shrinks because the water inside the cytoplasm is lost
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cells that require and love high salt concentrations
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halophiles
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what is the solute concentration of agar and why?
|
1.5, anything higher may cause increased osmotic pressure and inhibit bacterial growth
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besides water 1 of the most impt requirements for icrobial growth because it is the backbone of al livng matter
|
Carbon
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element needed for protein synthesis in a cell
|
nitrogen
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cells turning nitrogen into energy they can use instead of o2
|
nitrogen fixation
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element needed to ake certain amino acids and vitamins
|
sulfur
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element needed for the production of nucleic acids and the phospholipids of cell membranes
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phosphorus
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name some trace elements found in cells
|
iron, zinc
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micrbes that require O2
|
obligate anaerobes
seen at the top of testube |
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microbes that use o2 but can live without it
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faculative anaerobes
e coli found mostly at top also everywhere |
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microbes unable to use o2, harmed by it
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obligate anaerobes
clostridium seen at the bottom of testube |
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unable to use o2 but not harmed by it
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Aetolerant anaerobes
Lactobacilli even growth |
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require small amounts of o2
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Microphiles
seen in the middle |
