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395 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are enterobacteriaceae
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large family of facultatively anaerobic oxidase negative, gram-negative rods
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Enterobacteriaceae are the most common cause of what two infections in humans
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gram-negative infections and nosocomial infections (in U.S.)
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what makes enterobacteriaceae motile
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peritrichous flagella
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What does Enterobacteriaceae cause
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diarrhea disease and death in young children, mostly in developing countries
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How is Enterobacteriaceae treated
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fluid and electrolyte replacement for diarrhea and internal infections are treated with antibiotics but antibiotic sensitivity testing must be done
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What are the 3 types of pathogenic enterobacteriaceae
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Coliform opportunists, noncoliform opportunists and true pathogens
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What are coliform opportunists
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enterics that rapidly ferment lactose, are part of the normal intestinal flora and are opportunistic pathogens
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What is Gastroenteritis
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the most common disease associated with E. coli.
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What are the types of coliform opportunists
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E. coli, Klebsiella, serratia, Enterobacteria Hafnia and Citrobacter
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What are the 5 types of intestinal infection caused by E. coli
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Enteropathogenic E. coli, Enteroadherent E. coli, Enteroinvasive E. coli, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
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What is enterotoxigenic E. coli
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strains that cause a watery cholera-like diarrhea by producing 2 enterotoxins. They are a common cause of traveler's diarrhea
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What is entheropathogenic E. coli
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strains that cause watery diarrhea in infants in undeveloped countries
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what is enteroadherent E. coli
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strains that cause a persistent watery diarrhea in children and HIV patients
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what is enteroinvasive E. coli
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stains that invade intestinal epithelial cells, multiply in them and kill them, causing inflammation, bleeding and a Shigella-like dysentery
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what is enterohemorrhagic E. coli
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strains that invade intestinal epithelial cells and produce a Shiga-like cytotoxin that causes dysentery and hemolytic uremic syndrome
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What is O157:H7
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the most prevalent E. coli strain. commonly found in cattle. Produces Shiga-like cytotoxin that makes it more virulent than other E. coli strains.
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What is klebsiella
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a coliform opportunist that is commonly found in the digestive and respiratory tracts of humans. Causes nosocomial infections and pneumonia
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How does klebsiella protect itself from phagocytosis
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it produces a capsule
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What can klebsiella pneumoniae cause
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pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis, wound infections and urinary tract infections
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What is Serratia
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a coliform opportunist that can grow on catheters, in saline solutions and in other hospitals supplies and can cause life-threatening urinary and respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised patients. they are resistant to many antimicrobial drugs
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What are enterobacter, hafina and citrobacter
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coliform opportunists tat reside in the digestive tracts of animals and humans and are commonly found in soil, water, decaying vegetation and sewage. cause nosocomial infections in immunocompromised and are resistant to many antimicrobial bacteria
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What color is serratia when grown at room temperature
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red
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What are the noncoliform opportunists genera
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Proteus, Morganella, Providencia and Edwardsiella
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What is Proteus mirabilis
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noncoliform opportunist that is common cause of urinary tract infections in hospital patients who have catheters and can cause infection-induced kidney stones because Proteus species produce the enzyme urease.
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what does urease do
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forms ammonia from urea which raises pH of urine, allowing stones to form. Common in Proteus mirabilis
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what do morganella, providencia and edwardsiella do
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cause nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients and primarily cause urinary tract infections
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What genera are considered truly pathogenic enterobacteriaceae
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Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia
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What are the virulence factors of truly pathogenic enterobacteriaceae?
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produce a type 3 secretion structure that pierces eukaryotic cells, and introduces bacteria proteins into the cell that can inhibit phagocytosis, rearrange the cytoskeletons of eukaryotic cells and induce apoptosis in eukaryotic cells
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What is salmonella
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gram-negative, motile bacilli, truly pathogenic enterobacteriaceae that are found in the intestines and feces of most birds, reptiles and mammals.
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What are the two species of salmonella
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S. typhimurium and S. typhi
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What is salmonellosis
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infection caused by S. typhimurium characterized by diarrhea nausea, fever, headache, abdominal cramps and myalgia lasting 1 week or less
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What is typhoid fever
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an infection caused by Salmonella typhi which causes high fever, throbbing headache, myalgia and prostration. Some S. typhi perforates the intestinal wall causing peritonitis
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What is Shigella
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non-motile, gram negative bacteria that cause shigellosis
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What are the 4 well defined species of shigella
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S. boydii, S. sonnei, S. Felxneri, S. dysenteriae
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What is S. sonnei
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most common cause of shigella disease in industrialized nations, causes mild disease
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What is S. felxneri
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most common cause of Shigella disease in developing countries, causes sever disease
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what is S. dysenteriae
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the most virulent Shiella species. It produces a potent cytotoxin called shiga toxin and causes more severe disease than the other species
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What are the symptoms of Shigellosis
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blood and mucus in stools, fever and abdominal cramps
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What are Yersinia enerocolitica and pseudotuberculosis
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true pathogentic enterobacteriaeae that cause enteric disease
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what is enteric disease
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inflammation of the intestinal tract
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What is Yersinia pestis
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small, non-motile facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rod that exhibits bipolar staining.
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What is plague
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a zoonotic disease caused by Y. pestis and is carried by mice and voles who are resistant but other animals get sick and experience large die-offs during epidemics
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What are virulence properties of Y. pestis
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it is able to multiply inside macrophages, produces an antiphagocytic protein and the V/W antigens when grown inside macrophages which allow it to grow extracellularly, produces a coagulase in fleas, and produces a cytotoxin, a fibrinolysin and an endotoxin that causes hemorrhagic necrosis
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What does Y. pestis coagulase do
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causes flea's blood meal to clot in its proventriculus causing a blockage that prevents food form entering the intestine
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What are the wo clinical froms of plague
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bubonic and pneumonic plague
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how is plague trasmitted
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-being bitten by a Y. pestis infected flea which causes the bubonic plague
-Skin contact with a Y. pestis infected animal which causes he bubonic form -inhalation of Y. pestis which causes the pneumonic plague |
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what are the symptoms of bubonic plague
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high fever, headache, prostration and painful enlarged lymph nodes called buboes. black lesions also develop.
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What happens when Y. pestis invades the blood stream of a human
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causes septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation of small blood vessels and hemorrhagic necrosis
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what are the symptoms of pneumonic plague
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fever, chills muscles aches, then chest pain, bloody sputum, dyspnea and cyanosis
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What is Yersinia pestis
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small, non-motile facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rod that exhibits bipolar staining.
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What is plague
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a zoonotic disease caused by Y. pestis and is carried by mice and voles who are resistant but other animals get sick and experience large die-offs during epidemics
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What are virulence properties of Y. pestis
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it is able to multiply inside macrophages, produces an antiphagocytic protein and the V/W antigens when grown inside macrophages which allow it to grow extracellularly, produces a coagulase in fleas, and produces a cytotoxin, a fibrinolysin and an endotoxin that causes hemorrhagic necrosis
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What does Y. pestis coagulase do
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causes flea's blood meal to clot in its proventriculus causing a blockage that prevents food form entering the intestine
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What are the wo clinical froms of plague
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bubonic and pneumonic plague
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how is plague trasmitted
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-being bitten by a Y. pestis infected flea which causes the bubonic plague
-Skin contact with a Y. pestis infected animal which causes he bubonic form -inhalation of Y. pestis which causes the pneumonic plague |
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what are the symptoms of bubonic plague
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high fever, headache, prostration and painful enlarged lymph nodes called buboes. black lesions also develop.
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What happens when Y. pestis invades the blood stream of a human
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causes septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation of small blood vessels and hemorrhagic necrosis
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what are the symptoms of pneumonic plague
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fever, chills muscles aches, then chest pain, bloody sputum, dyspnea and cyanosis
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What is Pasteurellaceae
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a family of small, nonmotile, oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, gram negative rods. They have fasidious growth requirements
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What are the two genera of pasteurellaceae
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pasteruella and haemophilus
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What are Pasteurella
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normal flora in the nasopharyngeal and oral cavities of animals including cats and dogs.
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What is Pasteurella multocida
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the major pasteurella pathogen. Humans become infeted primarily by animal bites but can also be infected by scratches or inhalation. Infection is characterized by local inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes at the site of infection
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What are haemophilus
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a genus of small gram-negative pleomorphic rods that require heme and NAD+ for growth. Colonize the mucous membranes of humans and animals.
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What are the 4 pathogenic types of haemophilus
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H. influenzae, H. ducreyi, H aphrophilus, H aegytius
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What is Haemophilus influenzae
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Causes a variety of diseases including meningitis, otitis media, epiglottitis, pneumonia and sinusitis.
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who does H. influenzae primarily infect
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children under that age of 4 and the elderly
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What is the virulence features of H. influenzae
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a capsule that resists phagocytosis.
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How is H. influenzae treated
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with cephalosporin
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What is H. ducreyi
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causes a STD called chancroid that is an ulcer and the site of infection on the genitals, mouth or rectum
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What is H. aphrophilus
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member of the normal flora and a rare cause of endocarditis.
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What is H. aegyptius
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causes a contagious conjunctivitis called pinkeye and responds to tetracycline treatment
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What is bartonella
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a genus of pleomorphic, aerobic gram negative bacilli found commonly in animals but cause disease only in humans
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What are the 3 pathogenic species of bartonella
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B. bacilliformis, B. quintana, B. henselae
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What is Bartonella bacilliformis
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causes bartonellosis (oroya fever), a life threatening infection of red blood cells and endothelial cells. Characterized by fever, anemia, headache, muscle and joint pain, and vascular skin lesions
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how are bartonella bacilliformis transmitted
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blood-sucking sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus which are found only in peru, columbia and ecuador
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what is bartonella henselae
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commonly found in the oral flora of cats. causes cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis
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what is car scratch disease
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formation of a raised papule and the infection site, fever and swollen lymph nodes.
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What is bartonella quintana
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causes trench fever, a disease characterized by fever, headache, muscle and joint pain. can also cause bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis
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What is bacillary angiomatosis in AIDS patients
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characterized by fever, scaly skin and the formation of inflamed, raised, highly vascularized skin lesions that bleed easily
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What are brucella
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a genus of small, nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative rods that are facultative intracellular parasies.
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what do brucella bacteria infect
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the mammary glands and placenta of animals, causing abortions, runting and sterility
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what do brucella cause
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brucellosis (undulant fever) which is characterized by intracellular infection of macrophages, fluctuating fever, fatigue and weight loss.
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What is bordetella
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a genus of small, aerobic, nonmotile, gram-negative rods.
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What are virulence factors of B. pertussis
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Pertussis toxin, Filamentous hemagglutinin, Endotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin and Adenylate cyclase
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What are the four stages of pertussis (whooping cough)
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incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent
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What is francisella tularensis
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a small, non-motile, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus that causes the highly infectious zoonotic disease tularemia
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what are the virulence properties of F. tularensis
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not well understood. produces an antiphagocytic capsule, but also multiplies inside host cells, especially macrophages, which makes it a facultative intracellular pathogen. Produces endotoxin
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What are the 3 types Tularemia
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Ulceroglandular tularemia, Pneumonic tularemia, typhoidal tularemia
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What is bacillary angiomatosis in AIDS patients
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characterized by fever, scaly skin and the formation of inflamed, raised, highly vascularized skin lesions that bleed easily
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What are brucella
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a genus of small, nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative rods that are facultative intracellular parasies.
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what do brucella bacteria infect
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the mammary glands and placenta of animals, causing abortions, runting and sterility
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what do brucella cause
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brucellosis (undulant fever) which is characterized by intracellular infection of macrophages, fluctuating fever, fatigue and weight loss.
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What is bordetella
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a genus of small, aerobic, nonmotile, gram-negative rods.
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What are virulence factors of B. pertussis
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Pertussis toxin, Filamentous hemagglutinin, Endotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin and Adenylate cyclase
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What are the four stages of pertussis (whooping cough)
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incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent
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What is francisella tularensis
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a small, non-motile, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus that causes the highly infectious zoonotic disease tularemia
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what are the virulence properties of F. tularensis
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not well understood. produces an antiphagocytic capsule, but also multiplies inside host cells, especially macrophages, which makes it a facultative intracellular pathogen. Produces endotoxin
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What are the 3 types Tularemia
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Ulceroglandular tularemia, Pneumonic tularemia, typhoidal tularemia
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What is Ulceroglandular tularemia
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an ulcerating papule forms at the site where F. tularensis entered the body. It spreads to the lymph nodes that drain the tissue where it is ingested by marophages which are lysed and the lymph node enlarges, undergoes hemorrhagic necrosis, ulcerates and forms a draining sinus
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What is Pneumonic tularemia
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sudeen onset of fever, chills and muscle aches and chest pain, dyspnea and cyanosis.
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how is tularemia treated
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with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
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What is legionella
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aerobic, slender, pleomorphic, gram-negative rods that are commonly found in water and are facultative intracellular parasites of protozoa
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What two diseases does Legionella pneumophila cause
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legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever
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What is coxiella burnetii
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small aerobic, gram negative rod that causes a zoonosis of ticks, cattle and other animals called Q fever that can be transmitted to humans. It is an obligate intracellular parasite
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what is Q fever
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a pneumonia like illness in humans which is characterized by fever, chills, chest pain, headache and breathing difficulty
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What are pseudomonas
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a genus of motile, aerobic, gram-negative rods that are ubiquitous in soil, plants, decaying organic matter and water
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What are the virulence factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa
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capsule, biofilms, fimbriae, cytotoxins and hydrolytic enzymes, endotoxin, and resistance to drying, soaps, detergents and disinfectants.
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What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause
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skin, external ear, urinary tract and eye infections. Also surgical wound infections, urinary tract infections, lung infections and septicemia.
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What is burkholderia
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a genus of motile, aerobic, gram-negative rods hat are ubiquitous in soil, plants decaying organic matter and water.
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What does Bukholderia cepia cause
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common cause of lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients
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What does burkholderia pseudomallei cause
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melioidosis, a common disease in the tropics that causes skin nodules at wound sites and bronchitis and pneumonia
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What does Burkholderia mallei cause
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glanders, a disease of horses donkey and mules
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What is Strenotrophonmonas
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genus of motile, aerobic gram-negative rodsthat care commonly found in water and soil around plant roots, and in feces. Opportunistic
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What is Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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most common isolate in nosocomial infections. can contaminate disinfectants, dialysis equipment, respiratory equipment, water dispensers and catheters. Forms Biofilm
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What is bacteroides fragilis
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leading cause of abdominal infections following surgery or injury
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What is prevotella
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can cause sinus, ear and periodontal infections and gynecological infections, brain abscesses and abdobminal infections.
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what are mycoplasmas
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a family of small, pleomorphic, cell wall-less gam-negative rods that lack cytochromes and the enzymes of the Krebs cycle. the only prokaryotes to have sterols
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what are the two genera of mycoplasmas
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mycoplasma and ureaplasma
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what is mycoplasma pneumoniae
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the cause of primary atypical pneumonia which is walking pneumoniae
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how is primary atypical pneumonia treated
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with erythromycin or tetracycline
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What can M. genitalium and U. urealyticum cause
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nongonococcal urethritis
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what can M. hominis cause
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inflammation of the kidneys, postpartum fever and pelvic inflammatory disease in women
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What is Rickettsiae
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a family of small gram-negative rods that are obligate intracellular parasites and are transmitted to humans by infected arthropods
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What are the 3 genera of Rickettsiae
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Rickettsia, Orientia, and Ehrlichia
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What is Rickettsia
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a genus of small, gram-negative rods that are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. Transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected arthropod vector
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how do you treat Rickettsia
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tetracyclines and chloramphenicol
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What is Rickettsia rickettsii
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causes rocky mountain spotted fever, a severe febrile tick borne disease that has a 5-90% mortality rate depending upon the infecting strain. Characterized by high fever, headache, malaise and a skin rash all over the body
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What is Rickettsia prowazekii
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causes a life threatening febrile disease called epidemic typhus. Human and flying squirrels are only reservoirs. Usually transmitted through lice.
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What s Rickettsia typhi
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causes a disease called endemic typhus (murine typhus) that is endemic in rodents, especially rats. transmitted to humans by rat flea
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what are the characteristics of epidemic typhus
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high fever, headache, prostration, delirium, stupor, skin rash and enlargement of the spleen and liver
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What is Orientia Tsutsugamushi
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a causes scrub typhus which is endemic in asia and australia. Transmitted by mite larvae or chigger. Black eschar (scab) forms at the bite site
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What is Ehrlichia
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a genus of obligate intracellular parasites that causes a flu-like, tick-borne disease called ehrilichoiosis which has a 5-10% mortality rate. Ticks are reservoirs
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What is human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
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caused by Ehrlichia phagocytophilia which infects granulocytes, occurs primarily in northern states and is transmitted to humans by deer and dog ticks.
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what is human monocytic ehrlichiosis
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causes by Ehrlichia chaffeenis which infects monocytes, occurs primarily in southern and southeastern states and is transmitted to humans by the lone star tick.
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What are chlamydias
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a genus of bacteria with gram nigative-like cell walls that have an outer membrane layer and a psedudopeptidoglycan layer and are obligate intracellular parasites
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how can ehrlichiosis be treated
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with doxycycline
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What are the 3 chlamydia species
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C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci
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What is Chlamydia trachomatis
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causes 2 common sexually transmitted diseases in humans (genital chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum) and 2 common eye diseases (inclusion conjunctivitsis and trachoma)
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What is tracoma.
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causes by C. trachmatis strains A, B, Ba, and C. leading causes of blindness, endemic all over the world. eye lashes turn in and abrade the cornea and then a secondary bacterial infection can occur which causes blindness. treated with antibiotic cream
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What is lymphogranuloma venereum
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caused by C. trachomatis strains L1, L2 and L3. Formation of a small painless papule on the external genitalia and then enlargement of the regional lymph nodes. Third stage is fibrosis and lymphatic obstruction and rectal strictures. Results in elephantiasis rectal obstruction and fistula formation
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What is Chlamydia pneumoniae
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can cause bronchitis, pneumonia and sinusitis and atherosclerosis. Ubiquitous in respiratory tract of humans and spreads via respiratory droplets
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What is Chlamydia psittaci
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causes ornithosis, a disease of birds that can be transmitted to humans. Causes flu like symptoms or fatal pneumonia
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What are spirochetes
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thin, tightly coiled, helical shaped bacteria which move in a corkscrew fashion
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What are the three genera of spirochetes
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Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira
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What is Treponema pallidum pallidum
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spirochete that causes syphilis. it is an obligate parasite
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what are the 4 stages of syphilis
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primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, latent syphilis and tertiary syphilis
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what is the primary stage of syphilis
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small hard chancre appears at the site of infection. Serious exudate forms at the center of the chancre
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What is the secondary stage of Syphilis
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Caused by the dissemination of T. pallidum all over the body via the blood and lymphatic circulations during the primary stage. It begins a few weeks after the chancre heals and is characterized by fever and a skin rash which appears all over the body. Lesions called mucous patches also develop on the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat and cervix
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What is the latent stage of syphilis
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after a few weeks, the rash of secondary syphilis disappears and the disease enters a latent period which usually lasts ten years or more.
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what is the tertiary stage of syphilis
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after 10 or more years of latency, tertiary lesions called gummas can appear in virtually any tissue or organ. Gummas cause extensive damage to many tissues, including heart, aorta, brain, nervous system, skin and palate
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what is congenital syphilis
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T. pallidum readily crosses the placenta and causes congenital syphilis
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What are nonvenereal treponemal diseases
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cause 3 non-venereal diseases called bejel, pinta, and yaws that occur primarily in children in undeveloped countries who live in unsanitary conditions
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what is bejel
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caused by T. pallidum endemicum. It causes inflammatory skin lesions around the lips and inside the mouth, spread through eating utensils
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what is pinta
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caused by T. carateum, causes a skin disease that can result in scarring and disfigurement. spread by skin-to skin contact
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what is Yaws
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caused by T. pallidum pertenue and characterized initially by papillomatous skin lesions that later develop into large draining sores
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what is borrelia
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a genus of lightly staining gram-negative spirochets that cause lyme disease and relapsing fever
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What is lyme disease
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caused by borrelia burgdorferi infected ticks. Has 3 phases.
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What are the phases of lyme disease
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1. an expanding red rash occurs at the initial site of infection
2. neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction 3. severe arthritis that can last for years |
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what is epidemic relapsing fever
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caused by Borrelia recurrentis and is transmitted to humans by the human body louse.
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what is endemic relapsing fever
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caused by several borrelia species and is transmitted to hmans by soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros
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what is leptospira interrogans
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motile, obligately aerobic spirochete that is found in many wild and domestic animals including rodents and dogs. Causes leptospirosis by urine of animals
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What are vibrio
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genus of motile, comma-shaped gam-negative rods that are found in warm water environments worldwide. are typed by there O and H antigens
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what is vibrio cholerae
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most important cause of disease in humans. causes cholera, a severe diarrhea that is rapidly fatal without fluid and electrolyte replacement
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What is vibrio parahaemolyticus
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causes a cholera-like gastroenteritis. caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked contaminated shellfish
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What is vibro vulnificus
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causes life-threatening septicemia following its consumption in raw or undercooked contaminated shellfish. Deadly to hosts with liver problems
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What is campylobacter jejuni
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curved gram-negative rod found in the intestine of many animals. infected b consuming contaminated meat, milk or water. causes gastroenteritis.
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What is helicobacter pylori
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a helical motile bacterium that colonizes the stomach of humans and other animals and causes most peptic ulcers.
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what are mycoses
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fungal diseases
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what is mycology
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the stud of fungal diseases
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what are dermatophytes
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fungi that causes superficial infections of skin, hair and nails and are only fungi to spread from person to person
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how are fungi usually spread
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inhalation of fungal spores, direct deposition of fungi under skin by trauma and ingestion of food contaminated with fungi
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what are the four fungi that are true pathogens
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blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, and paracoccidioides brasiliensis
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what is dimorphism
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the ability to grow in two different morphological forms. Grow as mold and yeasts
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wwhat are fungal infections
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most common way fungi cause disease in humans and is caused by the growth of true pathogens of opportunists in host tissue
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What is toxicosis
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caused by ingestion of fungal toxins in food or eating poisonous mushrooms
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what is systemic mycoses
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affect internal tissues are and caused by true fungal pathogens
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what are Opportunistic mycoses
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fungi that affect internal tissues are are caused by fungi that cause life-threatening disease only in hosts with compromised defense mechanisms
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what are subcutaneous mycoses
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affect skin, subcutaneous tissue and lymphatic tissue
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what are cutaneous mycoses
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affect skin, hair and nails
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what are superficial mycoses
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affect only the outermost dead layers of skin and hair shafts
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what agar is used to diagnose fungi
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sabouraud dextrose agar which inhibits most bacteria growth
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what is the most effective antifungal drug for treating systemic fungal infections
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Amphoterecin B
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What fungal pathogens causes systemic mycoses
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blastomyces dermatitidis causes blastomycosis
Coccidioides immitis causes coccidioidomycosis Histoplasma capsulatum causes histoplasmosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis |
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what does B. dermatitids cause
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usually asmymatic or mild flu-like illness or skin lesions can form. causes acute pulmonary infections in a small percentage of hosts
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What is coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)
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caused by coccidioides immitis. grows as spherules in host tissue that produce hundreds of endospores. Usually begins a pulmonary infection and can deveolp into arthralgias, skin nodules and skin rash, chronic pulmonary disease that cavitates and requires anti-fungal therapy or can develop disseminated coccidioidomycosis
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what is coccidioidomycosis
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skin, bone, joint and the meninges are the most common sites of disseminated infection.
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What is histoplasmosis
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a systemic mycosis caused by histoplasma capsulatum. Usually begins as a pulmonary infection following inhalation of H. capsulatum spores
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what are subcutaneous mycoses
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affect skin, subcutaneous tissue and lymphatic tissue
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what are cutaneous mycoses
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affect skin, hair and nails
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what are superficial mycoses
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affect only the outermost dead layers of skin and hair shafts
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what agar is used to diagnose fungi
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sabouraud dextrose agar which inhibits most bacteria growth
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what is the most effective antifungal drug for treating systemic fungal infections
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Amphoterecin B
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What fungal pathogens causes systemic mycoses
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blastomyces dermatitidis causes blastomycosis
Coccidioides immitis causes coccidioidomycosis Histoplasma capsulatum causes histoplasmosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis |
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what does B. dermatitids cause
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usually asmymatic or mild flu-like illness or skin lesions can form. causes acute pulmonary infections in a small percentage of hosts
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What is coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)
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caused by coccidioides immitis. grows as spherules in host tissue that produce hundreds of endospores. Usually begins a pulmonary infection and can deveolp into arthralgias, skin nodules and skin rash, chronic pulmonary disease that cavitates and requires anti-fungal therapy or can develop disseminated coccidioidomycosis
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what is coccidioidomycosis
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skin, bone, joint and the meninges are the most common sites of disseminated infection.
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What is histoplasmosis
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a systemic mycosis caused by histoplasma capsulatum. Usually begins as a pulmonary infection following inhalation of H. capsulatum spores
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what does histolasmosis cause
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mild flu-like illness. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, acute disseminated histoplasmosis, and Chronic Disseminated histoplasmosis
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what is acute pulmonary histoplasmosis
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most common symptomatic form of histoplasmosis, characterized by fever, chills, dry cough, fatigue, anorexia and patchy pneumonitis on chest x-ray. severe pneumonia can occur
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what is chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis
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seen in host with underlying lung disease and is characterized by progressive expansion and spread of granulomatous lesions throughout the lungs, and mimics reactivation tuberculosis
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what is acute disseminated histoplasmosis
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spread of H. capsulatum from the lungs to reticuloendothelial tissues throughout the body. Destructive granulomas from in many organs, especially liver, speeln, lymph nodes and bone marrow. Characterized by fever, lymphoadenopathy, weight loss, enlarged liver and spleen, pulmonary insufficiency and a high mortality rate. Mucocutaneous ulcers can form
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what is chronic disseminated histoplasmosis
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occurs in older hosts who have no obvious immune deficiency but cannot control replication of H. capsulatum. yeasts spread to and destroy internal organs unless the host is treated.
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What is paracoccidioidomycosis
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caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Most hosts experience infection at an early age. Occur in acute and chronic forms.
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what is chronic paracoccidioidomycosis
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characterized by dissemination of P. brasiliensis to skin, mucus membranes and lymph nodes
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what are 5 fungi that are opportunistic that cause systemic mycoses
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Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis and Mucor
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What is Aspergillosis
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disease that has 3 different pulmonary forms. Hypersensitivity aspergillosis, noninvasive aspergillomas and acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
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what is hypersensitivity aspergillosis
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manifests as asthma or other allergic symptoms
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what does histolasmosis cause
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mild flu-like illness. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, acute disseminated histoplasmosis, and Chronic Disseminated histoplasmosis
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what is acute pulmonary histoplasmosis
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most common symptomatic form of histoplasmosis, characterized by fever, chills, dry cough, fatigue, anorexia and patchy pneumonitis on chest x-ray. severe pneumonia can occur
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what is chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis
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seen in host with underlying lung disease and is characterized by progressive expansion and spread of granulomatous lesions throughout the lungs, and mimics reactivation tuberculosis
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what is acute disseminated histoplasmosis
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spread of H. capsulatum from the lungs to reticuloendothelial tissues throughout the body. Destructive granulomas from in many organs, especially liver, speeln, lymph nodes and bone marrow. Characterized by fever, lymphoadenopathy, weight loss, enlarged liver and spleen, pulmonary insufficiency and a high mortality rate. Mucocutaneous ulcers can form
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what is chronic disseminated histoplasmosis
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occurs in older hosts who have no obvious immune deficiency but cannot control replication of H. capsulatum. yeasts spread to and destroy internal organs unless the host is treated.
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What is paracoccidioidomycosis
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caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Most hosts experience infection at an early age. Occur in acute and chronic forms.
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what is chronic paracoccidioidomycosis
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characterized by dissemination of P. brasiliensis to skin, mucus membranes and lymph nodes
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what are 5 fungi that are opportunistic that cause systemic mycoses
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Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis and Mucor
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What is Aspergillosis
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disease that has 3 different pulmonary forms. Hypersensitivity aspergillosis, noninvasive aspergillomas and acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
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what is hypersensitivity aspergillosis
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manifests as asthma or other allergic symptoms
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what is noninvasive aspergillomas
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the growth of masses of fungal hyphae in lung cavities formed by a previous disease
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what is acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
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characterized by fever, chest apin, dyspnea, hemorrhaic infarction, formation of necrotic nodules in the lungs.
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what is Candidia albicans
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found in small numbers in the normal flora on skin. can infect virtually every tissue in the human body in hosts with compromised defenses.
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what is mucocutaneous candidiasis
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a Candida infection of skin or a mucous membrane.
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what is thrush
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candidiasis of the oral cavity. it is characterized by the formation of white plaques of candida growth on the tongue and oral mucosa which are readily removed by rubbing revealing a bright red mucosa
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what is vulvovaginal candidiasis
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a candida infection of the vagina. characterized by white plaques on the vagina walls, inflammation, burning, itching and a watery discharge that contains white curdlike particles
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waht is cutaneous candidiasis
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characterized by a macular rash on skin fold in adults and as diaper rash in infants
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what is denture stomatitis
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characterized by dry red mucosa and tongue with little or no candida membrane, perleche and angular cheilitis
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what is onychomycosis
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candida infection of the nails
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what is ocular candidiasis
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candida infection of the eye seen in 50% of hosts with systemic disease
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what is noninvasive aspergillomas
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the growth of masses of fungal hyphae in lung cavities formed by a previous disease
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what is acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
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characterized by fever, chest apin, dyspnea, hemorrhaic infarction, formation of necrotic nodules in the lungs.
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what is Candidia albicans
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found in small numbers in the normal flora on skin. can infect virtually every tissue in the human body in hosts with compromised defenses.
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what is mucocutaneous candidiasis
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a Candida infection of skin or a mucous membrane.
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what is thrush
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candidiasis of the oral cavity. it is characterized by the formation of white plaques of candida growth on the tongue and oral mucosa which are readily removed by rubbing revealing a bright red mucosa
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what is vulvovaginal candidiasis
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a candida infection of the vagina. characterized by white plaques on the vagina walls, inflammation, burning, itching and a watery discharge that contains white curdlike particles
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waht is cutaneous candidiasis
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characterized by a macular rash on skin fold in adults and as diaper rash in infants
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what is denture stomatitis
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characterized by dry red mucosa and tongue with little or no candida membrane, perleche and angular cheilitis
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what is onychomycosis
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candida infection of the nails
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what is ocular candidiasis
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candida infection of the eye seen in 50% of hosts with systemic disease
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what marks the start of AIDS
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esophageal candidiasis
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what are the virulence factors of C neoforms
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forms a large capsule, has a predilection for the central nervous system so meningitis is its most common disease manifestation
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What is primary pulmonary cryptococcus
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an asypmtomatic or mild pneumonia that occurs in normal hosts but results in a chronic invasive pulmonary infection in a small number of hosts
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what is cryptococcal meningitis
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the most common clinical form of crytococcal infection. caused by the dissemination of the fungus from the lungs to the CNS via the bloodstream
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what is cryptococcoma
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a rare condition in which solid fungal masses form in the brain
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what is cutaneous cryptococcosis
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characterized by the formation of ulcerated skin lesions or inflammation of subcutaneous tissue. caused by dissemination of crypotococcus form the lungs
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what is pneumocystis jiroveci
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AIDS signature disease. Lungs become filled with the organism which grows asexually as a trophozoite and sexually as a large cyst that contains 8 intracystic bodies.
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What causes zygomycoses
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Rhizopus and Mucor
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what is rhinocerebral zygomycosis
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begins as an infection of the nose and paranasal sinuses, but spreads to the orbit, cavernous sinus and brain
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what is pulmonary zygomycosis
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an infection of the lungs caused by inhalation of zygomycota spores
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what is gastrointestinal zygomycosis
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caused by ingestion of spores and cause necrotic ulcers in the intestinal tract
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what is cutaneous zygomycosis
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caused by introduction of fungal spores or hyphae into a wound or under skin by trauma
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what are 3 emerging fungal opportunists that are troublesome for AIDS patients
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Fusarium, Penicillium marneffei, Trichosporon beigelii
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what are black piedra and white piedra
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fungal infections of hair shafts. superficial mycoses
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what is Malassezia furfur
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member of the normal flora of skin that if it overgrows it can cause a variety of superficial skin infections such as pityriasis, folliculitis, psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis
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how are M. furfur infection diagnosed.
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they are placed under florescent light and the fluoresce pale green under UV light
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what are cutaneous mycoses
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fungal infections that affect skin, hair and nails and are caused by dermatophytes that used the protein keratin as a nutrient source
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what are dermatophytoses
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mycoses caused by dermatophytes. they remain localized in dead layers of skin, nails and hair. Caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton floccosum. Also known as ringworm
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What is Tinea Pedis
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ringworm of the foot, athletes foot
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what is tinea cruris
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ringworm of the groin, jock itch
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what is tinea corporis
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ringworm of the body
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what is tinea unguium
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ringworm of the nails
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what is Tinea capitis
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ringworm of the scalp
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what is tinea barbae
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ringworm of the beard
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what are subcutaneous mycoses
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infections that affect the living layer of skin and the subcutaneous tissue just below it. usually caused by solid fungi. Include chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, mycetomas and sporotrichosis
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what are chromoblastomycosis
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occurs in primarily inindibiduals who work in soil with bare feet. Causes scaly lesions in the skin that progressively become large, thick and wart-like. Lesions eventually become tumor-like and spread extensively
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what are mycetomas
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tumor-like infections of skin and connective tissue that are caused by soil fungi in the division Ascomycota. Subsurface nodule forms at entry site which slowly enlarges
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what is Sprotrichosis
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a subcutaneous infectoin caused by sporothrix schenckii. Comes in fixed and lympho cutaneous sporotrichosis
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what is fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis
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produced fixed nodular lesions around the infection site
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what is lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis
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characterized by the formation of secondary s. schenckii skin lesions along the path of the draining lymphatic vessel for the infected tissue
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what are mycotoxicosis
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caused by eating food that is contaminated with a fungal toxin. Causes St. Anthony's fire
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what are mycetismus
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caused by eating a poisonous mushroom
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what is the definitive host
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the organism that harbors the sexually mature adult form of a parasite
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what is an intermediate
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an organism that harbors a larval or immature asexual form of a parasite
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what is a trophozoite
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a protozoa that is a feeding a reproductive form that lives within the host
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what is a cyst form protozoa
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protozoa that is resistant dormant form that can survive in the environment and is infective to new hosts
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what is excystment
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when protozoan cysts develop into trophozoites ingested by a host
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what are ciliates
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protozoa that are motile by the means of cilia. the only kind is Balantidium coli.
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what is balantidiasis
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caused by balantidium coli and is characterized by persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss. Dysentery and ulceration of intestinal mucosa can occur in severe infections
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what are amoebae
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protozoa that are motile by pseudopods. Have no shape.
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what are flagellates
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protozoa that are motile by means of flagella
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what are apicomplexans
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protozoa which are not motile in most of their stages
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what are Entamoeba histolytica
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amoebae that cause amoebiasis
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What are Luminal E. histolytica amoebiasis
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the most common and least sever amoebiasis. usually asymptomatic in healthy hosts.
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What are invasive E. histolytica amoebic dysentery
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the most common symptomatic form of E. histolytica infection. characterized by bloody, mucus-containing stools, pain and the formation of intestinal ulcers
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what is invasive E. histolytica extraintestinal amoebiasis
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E. histolytica trophozoites spread throughout the body via the bloodstream and cause abscesses in internal organs, especially the liver
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what are acanthamoeba
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amoebiasis that are a rare cause of Keratits and fatal brain infections
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what is Naegleria flowleri
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an amoebae that is a rare cause of fatal brain infections. cause amoebic meningoencephalitis
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what is trypanosoma brucei
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a flagellated protozoan that causes afican sleeping sickness. transmitted by tsetse fly
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what are the 3 stages of african sleeping sickness
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1. the owund form the tsetse fly bite becomes a necrotic chancre.
2. the parasites invade blood, multiply and cause fever lymph node swelling and headaches 3. the parasites invade the central nervous system and cause meningoencephalitis |
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What is trypanosoma cruzi
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flagellia protozoa that causes chagas' disease, a debilitating disease
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What are the stages of Chagas' disease
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1. formation of a chagomas (swollen lesion) at bite site
2. trypomastigotes invade blood, the lymphatic system, macrophages and heart and smooth muscle cells. 3. chronic stage that can be asmymatic for years 4. heat enlargement and congestive heart failure. large clusters of amastigotes in heart muscle which damage and weaken it |
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what are leishmania
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a genus of flagellated protozoa that cause a parasitic disease in humans called Leishmaniasis. transmitted by sand flies
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What are the two stages of Leishmania life cycle
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amastigotes- which multipl yin monocytes and macrophages in a mammalian host
Promastigotes- which multiply in the gut of sand flies |
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what is cutaneous leishmaniasis
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characterized by formation of large painless skin ulcers that form at the bite site. commonly caused by L. tropica
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what is Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
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characterized by skin and mucosmembranes lesions that slowly destroy the mouth, nos and soft palate. L. braziliensis
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what is visceral Leishmaniasis
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characterized by the spread of Leishmania to the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes by infected macrophages. L. donovani
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What is Giardia interstinalis
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flagellated protozoan that causes a common gastrointestinal disease in the US called giardiasis. similar life cycle to entamoeba histolytica
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what is trichomonas vaginalis
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a flagellated protozoan that causes an STD called trichomoniasis
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what is apicomplexans
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protozoa whose infective forms are characterized by an ornate complex of organelles at their apical end. parasites to animals
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how do apicomplexans reproduce
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by schizogony
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what are plasmodium
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a genus of protozoan parasites that cause malaria. 4 species including P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae
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how is malaria transmitted to humans
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by anopheles mosquitoes
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what are the 3 stags of plasmodium
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an exoerythrocyte stage in the liver caused by sporozoites and erythrocyte stage caused by asexual merizoites and a sexual sporogonic cycle in mosquitoes
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what are some traits that are resistance to malaria
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sickle-cell trait, hemoglobin C, Glucose-6 phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, lack of duffy antigens on erythrocyes
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what causes blackwater fever
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Plasmodium falciparum
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What is toxoplasma gondii
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a protozoan parasite that causes a disease called toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. cats are hosts.
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what is toxoplasmosis
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a severe a life threatening disease in immunodeficient hosts and developing fetuses
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what is cryptosporidium parvum
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a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of cattle, poultry and many other animals that also infect humans. causes severe diarrhea
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what is cyclospora cayetanensis
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is a water and food-borne protozoan parasite that has been linked especially to raspberries imported from central and south america
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what are the symptoms of cyclospora
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cramps, watery diarrhea, myalgia and fever.
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what are parvociridae
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a family of non-enveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA viruses
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What is adenoviridae
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a family of non-enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses
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what is papillomaviridae and polyomaviridae
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families of non-enveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses
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what is poxviridae and Herspesviridae
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families of enveloped linear, double-stranded DNA viruses
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what are hepadnaviridae
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a family of enveloped circular double-starnded DNA viruses that have both dsDNA and ssDNA regions in their genome
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what are simplexviruses
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viruses of this genus are commonly known as herpes simplex virus or HSV. Cause painful, inflamed, fluid filled vesicular lesions in skin and mucous membranes that rupture and ooze fluid and form crusts
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what are the two species of HSV
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HSV-1- the primary cause of gingivostomatitis, cold sores and skin lesions and can also cause genital lesions
HSV-2- primary cause of genital lesions but can also cause oral and skin lesions |
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what is the varicella-zoster virus
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also HHV 3 or VZV. genus varicellovirus
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what are the two diseases that VZV causes
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Varicella-chicken pox
Herpes zoster-shingles |
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what is the Epstein Barr Virus
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the genus Lymphocrytovirus. Also known as EBV HHV-4
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what diseases does the espstein barr virus create
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oral hairy leukopenia in AIDS patients, burkitts lymphoma chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with malaria, nasopharyngeal cancer
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what is cytomegalovirus
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also CMV and HHV 5. cells infected become enlarged and develop characteristic inclusion bodies in their nucleus that resemble owl's eyes
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what is HH 6
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in the genus roseolovirus and characterized by a pink rash on the face, neck ,truck and thighs.
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what is HH 6
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associated with kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer of skin and blood vessels common in AIDS pateints characterized by the formation of purple lesions in skin
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what are Poxviridae
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a family of double stranded DNA viruses with complex capsids and lipid envelopes. Largest diameter virus
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what are the two main human poxvirus
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small pox and molluscus contagiosum. transmitted by sheep or goat, cowpox or moneypox.
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what are the stages of a poxvirus lesion
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macule, papule, vesicle, pustule, crust, scar
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what is small pox
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a life threatning disease known as variola. existed in Variola major and minor forms.
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what is molluscum contagiosum
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a skin disease characterized by the formation of smooth, waxy, tumorlike nodules on the face, trunk and limbs. caused by molluscipoxvirus
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what is papillomavirus
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causes papillomas, commonly known as warts genital included
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what are polyomaviruses
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common viruses of humans that cause tumors and other diseases in immunodeficient hosts such as AIDS patients. BK and JC viruses are the most common causes of human disease
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what does the BK virus do
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urinary tract infections
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what does the JC virus
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can cause a rare disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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what are adenoviridae
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have a single, linear dsDNA genome in a naked polyhedral capsid with spikes. agent of the common cold
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what are hepadnaviridae
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a family of enveloped DNA viruses with icosahedral capsids that replicate in liver ells. Genome is composed of both single and double stranded DNA. includes hepatitis B virus and genus orthohepadennavirus
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what does Hepatitis B (HBV) do
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causes an inflammatory disease of the live called hepatitis B. symptoms included fever, anorexia, weight loss, janudice, enlargement of the liver, abdominal distress and bleeding into the skin and internal organs. Liver damage.
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what is parvoviridae
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a family of small single stranded DNA viruses that have icosahedral capsids. Only ssDNA virus to causes disease. B19 is the primary parvovirus
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What does parvovirus B19 cause
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It causes erythema infectiosum, a common exanthemas skin disease of children that is commonly called fifth disease
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What is Erythema infectiosum
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characterized by development of a facial rash with a slapped face look.
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what is Rhinovirus
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Rna virus that is the most common cause of the common cold
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What is enterovirus
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a genus of viruses so named because they are transmitted via the fecal-oral route
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what are the 3 major enterovirus species
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polioviruses, coxsackieviruses and echoviruses
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What are polioviruses
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cause a highly contagious viral disease capable of causing paralysis
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how is the poliovirus obtained
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by drinking water or eating food contaminated with polio viruses via human feces
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what are the four possible outcomes of a polio virus infection
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asymptomatic infection, minor polio, nonparalytic polio and paralytic polio
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what is ostpoliomyelitis syndrome
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a crippling deterioration in the function of polio-affected muscles that occurs year after polio infection
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what are type A coxsackieviruses
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primarily cause herpangina and hand-foot-and mouth disease in humans
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what is herpangina
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a febrile contagious caused by type A coxsackieviruses and is characterized by fever, severe pharyngitis and formation of small white papule on a red base at the junction of the hard and soft palates
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what is hand-foot and mouth disease
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a mild contagious disease characterized by the formation of vesicular lesions on the hands and feet and in the mouth
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what are type B coxsackievirus
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infections that are usually subclinical or mild, but some hosts develop myocarditis and or pericardial infection. may be cause of type one diabetes
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what is hepatovirus
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a genus with 1 species, the hepatitis A virus, which causes hepatitis A, a common infectious hepatitis that is transmitted by the oral fecal-route
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what are caliciridae and astroviridae
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common causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Oral-fecal route. common causes of epidemic diarrhea in daycare centers, schools, cruise ships and hospitals.
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what are caliciviruses
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cause diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
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what is noroviruses
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the best known caliciviruses. They are the major cause of epidemic diarrhea in the US.
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what is hepeviridae
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a viral family that includes the Hepatitis E virus. causes hepatitis E which is also known as enteric hepatitis
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what are the enveloped, ss+RNA viruses
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Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Coronaviridae
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what are arboviruses
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viruses that are transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors are commonly called arboviruses. Associated with toga and flavi viruses
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what tranmit arbovirses form animals to humans
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mosquitoes, ticks and other arthropods
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what are the symptoms of an arbovirus
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mild flu-like symptoms and resolve quickly in healthy hosts. Encephalitis occurs in a small percentage of hosts. a few invade human cells and cause life threatening disease
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what is encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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what are the major togavirus encephalitis diseases that occur in the US
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Western equine encephalitis and Eastern equine encephalitis
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what are the major flavivirus encephalitis diseases that occur inthe US
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St. louis encephalitis and West nile encephalitis
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what is dengue fever
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a febrile disease caused by flavivirus that is endemic. infects endothelial cells, casing vasculitis, edema and varying degrees of damage to small blood vessels. Bright red skin rash. Breakbone fever, severe pain.
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what is yellow fever
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a life-threatening flavivirus disease that are transmitted by mosquitoes and cause fever, chills, headache and then nausea, vomiting, hemorrhages and janudice
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what is jaundice
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the yellowing of skin and mucus membranes due to the accumulation of bilirubin in blood. caused by damage to the liver
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what is rubella
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a mild exanthemas disease caused by a togavirus called the rubella virus. causes skin rash
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what are the symptoms of rubella
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the viremia is followed by mild fever, malaise and a rash of small flat pink red spots
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what is congenital rubella syndrome
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abnormalities caused by in utero rubella infection
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what is hepatitis C
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a chronic liver disease caused by a flavavirus called the hepatitis C virus
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what is coronaviridae
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a family of viruses named for the corona-like halo that their lipid envelopes form around their capsids. second most common cause of the common cold and can cause SARS
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What are paramyxoviridae
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have the ability to cause infected cells to fuse with neighboring cells and form giant, muticnucleated cells called syncytia
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what are the 4 paramyxoviridae species that infect humans
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morbillivirus, paramyxovirus, rubulavirus, pneumovirus
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what is Rhabdoviridae
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a family of viruses that have bullet-shaped envelopes. Rabies virus
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what is filoviridae
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family of enveloped, helical viruses. causes ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers
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What is measles
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severe exanthemas disease caused by morbillivirus. also called rubeola. forms lesions called Koplik's spots and then red lesions appear on the head and spread over the body and then they turn brown
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what are Koplik's spots
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in measles virus they are lesions that look like grains of salt on a red base appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth
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what is the parainfluenza virus
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cause respiratory tract disease, especially in young children
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what is mumps
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a highly contagious viral infection characterized by fever, painful swallowing, inflammation and swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands. caused by rubulavirus
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what is respiratory syncytial virus
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the genus Pneumovirus which causes infections of the lower respiratory tract, primarily in young children. causes dyspnea
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What is rabies
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an acute encephalitis that is fatal unless treated.
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what are hemorrhagic fevers
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life-threatening zoonotic diseases caused by ebola virus and marburg virus. results in uncontrolled bleeding under the skin and from every body opening
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what are orthomyxoviridae
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influenza viruses
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what is influenza
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a common infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by two species in the viral family Orthomyxoviridae called influenza virus types A and B
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what are hemagglutinin and neuraminadase
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genes that code for 2 proteins in the lipid envelope in influenza virus
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what do the surface antigens on influenza constantly change
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the virus mutes rapidly and it undergoes periodic genetic recombination due to its ability to cross species barriers
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what is antigenic drift
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when mutation causes minor antigenic changes
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what is antigenic shift
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when genetic recombination produces large antigenic changes
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what is bunyaviridae
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have 3 seperate RNA molecules in their genome. usually arboviruses and cause mild symptoms but can causes viremia, encephalitis, skin rash, hemorrhagic fever or California encephalitis
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what are hantviruses
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rodent viruses that are transmitted to humans by inhalation of virions in dried rodent urine or feces. caused by bunyaviridae
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what do hantaviruses do
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flu-like illness that can rapidly progress to a severe and often fatal pneumonia called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
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what are arenaviridae
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2 separate RNA molecules in their genome . cause zoonotic diseases and hepatitis D. Can cause several hemorrhagic fevers such as lassa fever
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what is lassa fever
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arenavirus hemorrhagic fever characterized by severe bleeding under the skin and into internal organs
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what is lymphocytic choriomeningitis
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endemic disease of rodents. human infections cause flu-like symptoms
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what is hepatitis D virus
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an arenavirus that causes hepatitis D. Requires hepatitis B to become infective. triggers liver cancer
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What are reoviruses
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only microbe with genomes composed of double stranded RNA
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what are Rotaviruses
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cause gastroenteritis in young children
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what is coltiviruses
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arboviruses that causes Colorado tick fever which results in fever, chills and can cause hemorrhaging
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