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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Mitosis

Individual cells, short time

Binary Fission

Cell elongates for DNA replication using invagination for cell separation



4 Phases of Microbial Growth

Lag, Exponential growth, Stationary growth, Death

Lag


Exponential growth

-Preparing, adjusting


-maximum growth rate, best time to treat as metabolizing

Stationary growth


Death

-plateau; some living, some dying because of lack of Oxygen and nutrients


-some cells still survive and grow spores

Endospore

Grow in extremes (moisture and nutrients), lots of dipicolinic acid for durability, need autoclave or boiling water to kill, Gram +, quorum sensing.


Central, terminal, lateral.

4 Trophs

Auto, Hetero, Chemo, Photo

4 Temperature "Philes"

Psycho -5 to 15 Celcius and unsat. fatty acids, Meso 20-40 C and pathogenic in the body from 10-45 C, Thermo 60 C and sat. fatty acids in cell membrane, Hyperthermo 70-110 C and optimal is above 80 C.

Oxygen requirements

obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, aerotolerants

Facultative vs Aerotolerant vs Microaerophiles

optional Ox, no need but tolerate Ox, low Ox



Formula for exponential growth

Nt = No X 2n(exponent)


Number of cells X 2 to the exponent of how many times it multiplied.

Toxic Oxygen

singlet, superoxide, peroxide anion

Antioxidants

Vit C and E

Elements needed

H, N, C, O, and P = 95%

pH classification"philes"

neutro 5-8 pH


acido below 5.5 pH


alkali above 8.5 pH



Water

Moisture-aquatics, fungi, algae


Hydrostatic pressure-barophiles

Salt classifications

Halophile- up to 30% NaCl


Halo/Osmo tolerant- up to 10% of NaCl


Nonhalophile- less than 1% NaCl

Gas

Capnophile - High Carbon Dioxide


Sulfur and reducing bacteria

Which bacteria needs Nitrogen as a source for proteins and nucleic acids?

Cyanobacteria

P and Trace elements needed for?

Cell membrane, ATP, nucleic acids, proteins

3 Physical Statuses of Media

Liquid, semisolid, solid



Reasons for all three physical statuses?

Liquid-massive growth


Semisolid- motility, physiological characteristics


solid- motility, growth, colony isolation

Two types of solid media

Liquefiable, non-liquefiable

What is solid liquefiable media made of?

1-5% agar or 10-15% gelatin, no nutrients

Solid non-liquefiable media made of?

Rice, potato, meat; for nutrients

2 Chemical content medias

Synthetic, complex

What's in synthetic and what are its uses?

pure compounds, known in composition and amount for physiological research

What's in complex and what are its uses?

extracts from plants, animals, yeast, for growth, unknown individual components

What are the 4 Purpose Media?

General purpose, Enriched, Selective, Differential

Contents/Purpose of General Media

mixture of nutrients, for general bacteria

Contents/Purpose of Enriched media

complex organic substances such as blood and chocolate, culture for oil-digesting microbes and for vibrio culture

Contents/Purpose of Selective Media

Salt- Staph


Bile salt-Gram - bacillus


Crystal violet- Gram - bacteria


Only certain type of bacteria can grow.

Contents/Purpose of Differential Media

Blood, salt, MaConkey, EMB


For visible differences such as colony color, size, shape, elevation, gas emission, media color change, precipitation

5 Types of Miscellaneous Media and what they are for

Reducing-reducing Oxygen for anaerobes


Carbohydrate fermentation-pH change


Transport-preservation, "Stuart's and Amies"


Assay- products attacking microorganisms


Enumeration- counting

Uniqueness of samples (3)

1) Isolate one organism


2) Culture to get magnified results


3) Control contamination

"Five I's" for Culturing

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification

*Inoculation

Transferring to a nutrient medium for growth.

Inoculation Points (3)

Samples can be obtained from various sources


Pure culture


Production of individual colonies

What are pure culture cells called?

Colony Forming Unit (CFU)

4 Ways to Produce Individual Colonies

Streak plate, serial dilution, loop dilution, spread plate

Streak plate

spread sample over plate, gradually thinning

Serial dilution

diluting as you go, then pouring diluted samples into plates. Dilution factor usually 1000x.

serial dilution example

Loop dilution

Loop into broth, then into plates. Can not calculate dilution factor.

Spread plate

Small volume of same spread onto medium surface.

*Incubation

Controls temperature, gas, and moisture

*Isolation

Small number of cells into a large area of medium. Streak plate or loop dilution.

*Inspection

Macroscopic or microscopic characteristics

*Identification (analyses)

physiological (growth, temp, gas, nutrients needed), serological (antibody reaction), chemical (proteins and fatty acids), genetic (sequence, composition, homology test), staining.

2 Types of cell counting methods

direct (requiring culturing) and indirect (culturing not required)

(Direct) Serial dilution and viable plate counts

500,000 at top

50,000 and so on when transferred to bottom plates.  

500,000 at top




50,000 and so on when transferred to bottom plates.

(Direct) Membrane filtration

Testing small samples to gain information about larger samples. Example: water supply

(Direct) Most Probable Number (MPN)

Direct Methods NOT requiring incubation (2)

Microscopic cell counts (counting chamber)


Electronic counters (like at the bank)

Indirect methods which are less accurate

Metabolic activity


Dry weight


Turbidity (haziness, shine light through tube)


Genetic methods

3 ways to preserve cultured microbes

refrigeration


deep freezing (-50 to -95 C)


lyophilization- freeze drying