Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mitosis |
Individual cells, short time |
|
Binary Fission |
Cell elongates for DNA replication using invagination for cell separation |
|
4 Phases of Microbial Growth |
Lag, Exponential growth, Stationary growth, Death |
|
Lag Exponential growth |
-Preparing, adjusting -maximum growth rate, best time to treat as metabolizing |
|
Stationary growth Death |
-plateau; some living, some dying because of lack of Oxygen and nutrients -some cells still survive and grow spores |
|
Endospore |
Grow in extremes (moisture and nutrients), lots of dipicolinic acid for durability, need autoclave or boiling water to kill, Gram +, quorum sensing. Central, terminal, lateral. |
|
4 Trophs |
Auto, Hetero, Chemo, Photo |
|
4 Temperature "Philes" |
Psycho -5 to 15 Celcius and unsat. fatty acids, Meso 20-40 C and pathogenic in the body from 10-45 C, Thermo 60 C and sat. fatty acids in cell membrane, Hyperthermo 70-110 C and optimal is above 80 C. |
|
Oxygen requirements |
obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, aerotolerants |
|
Facultative vs Aerotolerant vs Microaerophiles |
optional Ox, no need but tolerate Ox, low Ox |
|
|
|
|
Formula for exponential growth |
Nt = No X 2n(exponent) Number of cells X 2 to the exponent of how many times it multiplied. |
|
Toxic Oxygen |
singlet, superoxide, peroxide anion |
|
Antioxidants |
Vit C and E |
|
Elements needed |
H, N, C, O, and P = 95% |
|
pH classification"philes" |
neutro 5-8 pH acido below 5.5 pH alkali above 8.5 pH |
|
Water |
Moisture-aquatics, fungi, algae Hydrostatic pressure-barophiles |
|
Salt classifications |
Halophile- up to 30% NaCl Halo/Osmo tolerant- up to 10% of NaCl Nonhalophile- less than 1% NaCl |
|
Gas |
Capnophile - High Carbon Dioxide Sulfur and reducing bacteria |
|
Which bacteria needs Nitrogen as a source for proteins and nucleic acids? |
Cyanobacteria |
|
P and Trace elements needed for? |
Cell membrane, ATP, nucleic acids, proteins |
|
3 Physical Statuses of Media |
Liquid, semisolid, solid |
|
Reasons for all three physical statuses? |
Liquid-massive growth Semisolid- motility, physiological characteristics solid- motility, growth, colony isolation |
|
Two types of solid media |
Liquefiable, non-liquefiable |
|
What is solid liquefiable media made of? |
1-5% agar or 10-15% gelatin, no nutrients |
|
Solid non-liquefiable media made of? |
Rice, potato, meat; for nutrients |
|
2 Chemical content medias |
Synthetic, complex |
|
What's in synthetic and what are its uses? |
pure compounds, known in composition and amount for physiological research |
|
What's in complex and what are its uses? |
extracts from plants, animals, yeast, for growth, unknown individual components |
|
What are the 4 Purpose Media? |
General purpose, Enriched, Selective, Differential |
|
Contents/Purpose of General Media |
mixture of nutrients, for general bacteria |
|
Contents/Purpose of Enriched media |
complex organic substances such as blood and chocolate, culture for oil-digesting microbes and for vibrio culture |
|
Contents/Purpose of Selective Media |
Salt- Staph Bile salt-Gram - bacillus Crystal violet- Gram - bacteria Only certain type of bacteria can grow. |
|
Contents/Purpose of Differential Media |
Blood, salt, MaConkey, EMB For visible differences such as colony color, size, shape, elevation, gas emission, media color change, precipitation |
|
5 Types of Miscellaneous Media and what they are for |
Reducing-reducing Oxygen for anaerobes Carbohydrate fermentation-pH change Transport-preservation, "Stuart's and Amies" Assay- products attacking microorganisms Enumeration- counting |
|
Uniqueness of samples (3) |
1) Isolate one organism 2) Culture to get magnified results 3) Control contamination |
|
"Five I's" for Culturing |
Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification |
|
*Inoculation |
Transferring to a nutrient medium for growth. |
|
Inoculation Points (3) |
Samples can be obtained from various sources Pure culture Production of individual colonies |
|
What are pure culture cells called? |
Colony Forming Unit (CFU) |
|
4 Ways to Produce Individual Colonies |
Streak plate, serial dilution, loop dilution, spread plate |
|
Streak plate |
spread sample over plate, gradually thinning |
|
Serial dilution |
diluting as you go, then pouring diluted samples into plates. Dilution factor usually 1000x. |
|
|
serial dilution example |
|
Loop dilution |
Loop into broth, then into plates. Can not calculate dilution factor. |
|
Spread plate |
Small volume of same spread onto medium surface. |
|
*Incubation |
Controls temperature, gas, and moisture |
|
*Isolation |
Small number of cells into a large area of medium. Streak plate or loop dilution. |
|
*Inspection |
Macroscopic or microscopic characteristics |
|
*Identification (analyses) |
physiological (growth, temp, gas, nutrients needed), serological (antibody reaction), chemical (proteins and fatty acids), genetic (sequence, composition, homology test), staining.
|
|
2 Types of cell counting methods |
direct (requiring culturing) and indirect (culturing not required) |
|
(Direct) Serial dilution and viable plate counts |
500,000 at top 50,000 and so on when transferred to bottom plates. |
|
(Direct) Membrane filtration |
Testing small samples to gain information about larger samples. Example: water supply |
|
(Direct) Most Probable Number (MPN) |
|
|
Direct Methods NOT requiring incubation (2) |
Microscopic cell counts (counting chamber) Electronic counters (like at the bank) |
|
Indirect methods which are less accurate |
Metabolic activity Dry weight Turbidity (haziness, shine light through tube) Genetic methods |
|
3 ways to preserve cultured microbes |
refrigeration deep freezing (-50 to -95 C) lyophilization- freeze drying |