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271 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the etiology of syphilis?
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-traponema pallidum
-hypotroph -gram non reactive b/c it has a layer of lipids |
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What is a hypotroph?
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-an obligate parasite
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How is syphilis transmitted?
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-mainly an std (man is only host)
- a dental hygienist had lesions on her finfgers and transmited it to apatient - not lilly by formites cause dies quixckly when dried -if mother is infected, 50% chnace pass through placenta |
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What is the morbidity rate of syphilis?
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-150000 cases per year
-must be reported to CDC -80-90% never know they have it so 80-90% of cases go unreported -1 million people have it each year |
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What is the mortality rate of syphilis?
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-more than 100 cases per year due to increased AIDS infections in the US
-most fatalities are from the baby getting it from the mother |
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How does syphilis enter the body?
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-slight abrasion needed
-90% of cases in genital area -10% lips, tongue, etc. |
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What is the ID50 of syphilis?
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-57 organisms
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How does syphilis attach intself in the human body?
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-it uses its flagella to hook onto epithelial cells
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How invasive is syphilis?
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-very, goes to every tissue in the body
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What is the incubation time of syphilis?
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-3 weeks, then you see symptoms
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What is the primary phase of symptoms for syphilis?
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-get a lesion called a chancre
-hard nodule, then becomes an ulcur -pours exudate out loaded with bacteria -indolent (no pain) -easy to see in males, hard in females due to cervix |
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How are females healthy carriers of syphilis?
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-in 4-5 weeks, the chancre clears up on its own
- |
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what is the primary latent phase of syphilis?
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-after chancre
-hidden, but can see anitbodies in blood -no outward signs -cna last from 0-6 weeks -0 weeks= syphilis wins -6 weeks= I win b/c fighting |
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Why does antibodies remvoe syphilis completely?
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-syphilis is a teflon pathogen since the lipids it has protects it from your antibodies
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What is the secondary phase of syphilis?
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-see symptoms-flu like syndome, rash (indolent), organism can spread by rash
-get lymphadenopathy-swollen lymph node -lasts for a few weeks |
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What is the early latent phase of syphilis?
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-the 1st 4 years
-you can break out in secondary symptoms over and over |
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What is the late latent phase of syphilis?
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-if you had the disease greater than 4 years you aren'r generally infectious, except mother to fetus route
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What percent of syphilis cases are completly cured?
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-25 percent
-no more antibodies in 6-8 months |
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What percen of syphilis cases remain in late latent phase indefinatly?
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-25 percent
-test positive for antibodies, but no for syphilis |
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What percent of syphilis cases reach the tertiary stage?
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-50 percent
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What is the tertiary stage of syphilis?
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-a more rapid destruction occurs
-lesuions in this stage are called gummas -rubbery, indolent, and locally destructive -can't detect microscopically, but DNA test can detect it |
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What tissues can syphils attack in the tertiary stage?
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-any tissue
-most serious is heart damage due to dialtion of aorta (takes 10-30 years to see) -neurosyphilis (blindness, dementia) -if you have dementia, you can test for syphilis |
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Who had syphilis and was famous?
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-Al Capone
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What is neonatal syphilis? How is it transmitted?
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-"prenatal syphilis" or "congenital syphilis"
-transmitted through the placenta (STORCH) -it motehr has it, there is a 50% chnace that it will be passed throuhg the placenta? |
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What is the incidence rate of neonatal syphilis?
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25% of the cases, the baby dies in utera (still born)
-250,000 per year -25% baby dies after birth (pre term)- 250,000 a year -50% cases neonata syphilis occurs (500,000 cases/yr) |
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What are the symptoms of neonatal syphilis?
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-60% have it in latent phase
-40% get lesions within few weeks of birth, resemble rash of secondary syphilis, no chancres -late lesions -stigmata (signs, 3 of them) -hurchinson's incisors -interstitial keratitis -8th nerve blindness |
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What are late lesions in neonatal syphilis?
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-patient gets gummas 2 yrs later
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What is a hutchinsons's incisors as a sign in neonatal syphilis?
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-a notch (v shape) in the incisors, front teeth
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What is interstitiual keratitis as a sign of syphilis?
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-scarring of eye tissue (leads to blindness)
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What is 8th nerve deafness as a sign of syphilis?
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-8 CN deals with hearing, nerve gets damaged
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How do you diagnose syphilis?
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-take a chancre or rash sample and put it in slide
-look for spirochetes swimming under dark field microscope-can u8se flourescent microscopy -gummas will show on x-rays -use serological tests -use screening tests |
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What is the serological test for syphilis?
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-looks for antibodies in blood
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How do you do a screening test for syphilis?
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-use rapid plasmin reagin
-grow out organism in rabbit -use cariolipin as an antigen, released from our mitochondrial membrane -patient produces nonspecific antibodies |
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Why is a non-specific screening test for syphilis a problem?
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-can get a flase + b/c other diesease produce cardilipin (16-18%)
-cna get false negative in 10% of cases -should only use Rapid plasmin reagent when showing signs of dementia |
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How do you do a specific screening test for syphilis?
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-grow syphilis in rabbit adn use actual organism as antigen
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What does flaurescent traponemal antibody absorption use for syphilis screening tests?
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Reiter strain
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What does hemagglutination traponema use for syphilis screening tests?
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-Nicol strain
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What is the advantage of useing the reiter or nicol strian while doing a screening test for syphilis?
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-almost 0 false positives and negatives
-ots more sensitive |
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What are the disadvantages of using Reiter or nicol strain for screenign tests?
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-expensive and difficult to perform
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How do you treat syphilis?
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-benzathine penicillin G is DOC
-1 does if infected for less than a year-multiple doses needed if infected for more than a year -tetracycline or erthromycin can be used if allergic to penicillin |
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What is the etiology of gonorrhea? How do you grow it out?
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-Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-G- diplococci -microaerophilic -use thayer-martin selective agar to grow out |
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What is microaerophilic?
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-org. needs decreased 02 content and grows better with high CO2 concentration
-Capneic incubation |
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How is gonorrhea transmitted?
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-mainly an STD
-opthalmia Neonatorum- baby gets it through birth canal, not passed through placenta |
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How long does gonorrhea last on formites?
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-18-24 hours
-difficult to transmit this way |
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What is the morbidity rate of gonorrhea?
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-reportable disease
-400,000-800,000 reported cases each year -millions of healthy carriers every year |
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What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in males?
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perulent discharge from urethra
-puss from urethra as a result of WBC tryign toe ngulf Neisseria= "drip" part of a urethritis -dysuria- part of a uretrhitis -increased frequency of urination -an convalescent carrier |
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What is dysuria?
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-painful urination due to release of endotoxin
-part of urethritis |
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What is convalescent carrier?
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-you had it, symptoms are being to clear up, but can still spread it (small drip)
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Whata re the complications of having gonorrhea as a male?
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-urethra stricture
-can cause sterility-efects the epididymus -chronic prostatitis |
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What is urethra stricture?
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-urethra closes up due to scar tissue (the endotox9in causes it and it occurs with several cases of gonorrhea)
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What percent of males are asymptomatic to gonorrhea?
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-10-20%
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What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in females?
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-(2/3-3/4) are healthy carriers
-perulent discharge from urethra -dysuria -increased frequency of urination -can cause cervicitis (E.coli can also cause this) -causes pelvic inflammatory disease -endometrius-inflamed uterus -salpingitis-inflamed and scarred fallopian tubes |
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What are the complications due to gonorrhea in females?
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-sterility due to scarrign of fallopian tubes
-about 40,000 women are sterile due to PID (1/2 from gonorrhea, 1/2 from E.coli) -may do a hysterectomy if the uterus is too inflamed |
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What are the other forms of gonorrhea?
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anal gonorrhea- in rectum
pharyngeal gonorrhea- in the throat gonococcal arthritis |
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What is gonococcal arthritis?
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-most common type of septic arthritis
-16-50 y/o group is common range -1% of arthritis cases is gonococcal -knee is most common joint infected |
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What are the different ways of diagnosing gonorrhea?
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-microscopically
-culturing -biochemical tests (oxidase and carbohydrate tests) -antigen-antibody reaction-mutates quickly so not good -PCR-expensive |
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How do you diagnose gonorrhea microscopically?
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-get a puss sample (good in acute cases)
-look for G- intracellular (inside WBC) diplococci -if lots of puss, 99% chance of a positive test in males ( a little less in females) |
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How do you culture gonorrhea?
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-use thayer martin selective agar
-incubate with Capneic -60% males, 40% females |
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Howdo you treat gonorrhea? DOC?
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most trains are super gonorrhea (PPNG-penicillinase producing Neisseria Gonorrhea)
-DOC- ceftriaxone or Cipro |
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How do you treat chlamydia? DOC?
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-tetracycline or azythromycin
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How do you prevent gonorrhea?
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-use erythromycin to prevent Opthalmia Neonatorum
-if STD, trace all contacts -education -screen all females of reproductive age |
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What is the etiology of meningitis? Mortality rate? DOC? Prevention?
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-Neisseria meningitides
-can kill within hours -1% infection rate (others develop natural immunity) -15% mortality rate even with treatment -DOC-penicillin G -use vaccine to prevent (Cipro for prophylaxis) |
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Why is G- bacilli so hard to identify?
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-non-fermentive
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What is the characteristics of Pseudomonas Aeroginosa?
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-very resistant
-ubiquitous -common saprophyte -opportunist (requires predisposing factors) -9% nosocomial -can cause super infections |
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What is Pseudomonas aeroginosa resistant to?
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triclosan
-will grow in antibacterial soaps |
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What is a super infection?
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-will grow with the presense of antibiotics
-will grow on top of anitibiotic |
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How do you get infected by an open wound? What percent die?
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-usally occurs in burn patients (pseudomonas, staph, proteus)
-can be septicemia -14% of burn patients die by pseudomonas -75% of burn patients die by any of 3 |
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What does a superficial skin infection cause?
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-athlete's foot, pseudomonas can grow even with ointment
-bed sores -eczema -green color, can cause a green pus w/ a grape like odor (pseudomonas pyoderma) -hot tub dermatitis |
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What is hot tub dermatitis?
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-self-limiting
-hot tub opens pores and pseudomonas penetrate and you get a rash |
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How do you get a UTI from pseudomonas?
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-nosocomial
-instrumentation-catheter |
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What does an infection by pseudomonas to the eye cause?
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-an ulceration which can lead to blindness
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How do you get meninggitis by pseudomonas?
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-operations
-burns |
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How do you get osteomyolitis from pseudomonas?
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-dogbites
-occurs in blood stream |
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What infection do you get in the ear from pseudomonas?
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-swimmers ear
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How do you diagnose pseudomonas?
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-they don't ferment
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How do you treat pseudomonas? For UTI?
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DOC- combination of ticarillin (cell wall synthesis) and Tgentomicin (protein synthesis))
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What is the etiology of Pertussis? Symptoms?
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-Bordetella Pertussis
-whoopign cough -occurs most in children <7 yrs of age -very hard spasmodic cough -rapid intake of air can cause lungs to collapse, leads to death |
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How does Pertussis spread?
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-through droplet
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How do you prevent Pertussis?
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-DPT
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How do you treat pertussis?
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DOC-Erthromycin
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what is the eitology of Legionaire's disease?
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-Legionella Pneumophila
-G- rod -1976 Stratford- 150 people came down with atypical pneumonia |
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What is the ID50 of Legionaire's?
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-1
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How do treat legionaire's?
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-azithromycin
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Where do you see leguionaire's most often?
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-on cruise ships b/c of the dirty air conditioning system adn cold water
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What is salmonellosis?
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infection caused by salmonella
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What is salmonella food poisoning?
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(gastrointestinal)
-will grow out in the small intestines -irritates the intestinal tract and causes diarrhea |
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What is the etiology of salmonella?
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-salmonella typhimurium
-salmonella enterica (can affect warm blooded host) -salmonella enteridita (PA adn NJ, found in eggs, cna affect egg before shell is formed) |
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What lower animals are infected with salmonella?
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-dog and cats
-birds-turkey and chikens (1 out of 3 packages bought has salmonella) -reptiles |
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What is the ID 50 of salmonella?
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-100,000 to 1 Billion
-has to pass through acid in stomach |
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What are the symptoms of salmonella?
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will feel side effects within 72 hours
-includes abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and headache -capabel of settign up septicemia -symptoms disappear after 24-48 hours -self-limiting |
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How do you treat salmonella?
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-no antibiotics needed due to short life
-release salmonella in feces for a longer period of time if antibiotics are given -reduce severity of symptoms -replace fluid and electolytes lost |
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What is the etiology of typhpid fever?
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-salmonella typhi
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how is typhoid fever transmitted?
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-humans are the only host, get it from ingesting human feces
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What is the ID50 of typhoid?
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-1,000-10,000
-most restistat to acid in stomach |
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What are the symptoms of typhoid?
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-cause fever, abdmonial cramps, diarrhea and ulceration
-can cause perforations in intestinal tract -cna last a month -10-15% mortality rate if left untreated |
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How do you treat typhoid?
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-ciprofloxacin
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What is shigellosis?
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-bacillary dysentry
-diarrhea with larger volumes of fluid, more water that is blood tinged |
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What is the etiology of shigellosis?
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-shigella sonnei- Northern USA
-shigella flexneri- southern USA shigella dysenteriae-asia? Most serious b/c of shiga toxin, exotoxin that is an enterotoxin that irritates the intestinal tract |
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How is shigella transmitted?
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-human to human
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What is the ID50 of shigella?
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-200 rods
-not affected by acid in stomach -affects large intestine |
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What is the incubation period of shigella?
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-1-14 days
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What are the symptoms of shigella?
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-similar to salmonella but more fluid and more bleeding
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How do you treat shigella?
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self-limiting for many individuals
-may require hosptiatlization for some -1/3 of hosptialixzation cases for diarrhea are due to shigellosis -replace fluids and electrolytes and give antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) |
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What is a coliform?
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G- rods that ferment lactose to produce gas (carbond dioxide)
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What is enteric?
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-in G.I. tract comes from feces
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what is a Stool tool?
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test for E. coli from feces
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What are the different types of strains for E.Coli?
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-most are infectous (totoal 15-0 strains)
-sme are opportunitistic (24% nosocomial. infections) -some pathogenic due to fimbriae |
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What is enterotoxigenic? Type of E.coli?
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-produce toxins by conjugation
LT= heat labile ST-heat stable LT and ST are both simialr cholera |
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What is enteroinvasive?
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-produice shigella by conjugation in large intestine
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What is enterpathogenic? What type of E.coli strains?
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-produce shiga toxin
-had to some sort of conjugation with shigella to get the plasmid -an causxe hemorrhagic bleeding -E.coli O157: H7= very dangerous -alot of diarrhea with blood |
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What is cystitis? What is ti caused by?
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-UTI that involves the bladder
-uncomplicated (no predisposing factors) more common in females -E.coli-85%-uncomplicated -proteus- uncomlicate and complicated |
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What is epidemic diarrhea? What is it caused by?
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-summer of infantile diarrhea
-caused by enteropathogenic strain of e.coli |
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What is traveler's diarrhea caused by?
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-caused by enterotoigenic strains
-"tousirtsa montezuma;'s revenge" |
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What is peritonis?
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-E.coli gets into peritoneum
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What infections can E.Coli cause?
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-Cystitis
-epidemic diarrhea -traveler's diarrhea -peritonis -appendicitis -others-can get in anywhere |
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How do you diagnose E.coli?
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-fermentor
-serology |
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How do you treat E.coli?
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-ceftriaxone/ceftoaxime (cephalosporins cna penetrate BBB)
-sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (uncomplicated UTI/Dr. doesn't id organism) |
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What is the etiology of Klebisiella?
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- Klebsiella pneumoniae
-coliform-ferment lactose (very slow) and produce gas -G-rod -Enteric: found in GI tract (cvomes out feces, (big capsules) |
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What diseases does Klebisiella cause?
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account for 10% of all cases of nosocomial pneumonia
-opportunistyic: cause septicemia in pediatric wards imn compromise patients |
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How do you treat klebisiella?
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-use cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
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What are proteus bacteria?
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-G-rods
-causes 12% of nosocomial infections |
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What is Proteus mirabilis?
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-isolated in complicated cystitis (#1 cause)
-2nd most common cause of uncomplicated cystitis -involved in burn infections -known to be very resistant to antibodies, as are all proteus species |
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What is Proteus Vulgaris?
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-causes the same problems as mirabilis does
-but less frequently isolated (more rare than mirabilis) |
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What is Morganella Morganii?
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-previously called proteus morganii
-involved in infantile diarrhea |
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What is providencia Stuartii?
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-previously proteus inconstans)
-causes burn infections |
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How do you treat proteus mirabilis?
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-DOC of Proteus mirabilis is ampicillin
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How do you treat proteus vulgaris, moranii, and stuartii?
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-ceftriaxone or cefoaxime
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What is the etiology of Haemophilus?
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-Haemophilus influenze (not flu)
-G- rod -has capsule -fastidious-requires chocolate agar to grow -requires capneic incubation (high CO2 environment) -grows in common part of oral cavity, nasopharynx, and respiratory tract |
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What diseases does Haemophiis cause?
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-meningitis
-otitis media -acute bacteria epiglottis -pneumonia |
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What is significant about haemophilus caused meningitis?
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-3rd most common cause
-b/f 1990, children under 1.5 were at risk -due to vaccination, only elderly are at risk |
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What is significant about haemophilis caused otitis media?
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-2nd most common cause
-hearing loss can result -child can get this after having a cold (immune system is weaker) |
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What is acute bacteria eipglottis?
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-epiglottis can swell and cause suffocation within 24 hrs
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How you treat haemophilis infections?
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-If life threatening- ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
-for meningitis por actue bacterial epiglottis if not life threatening- sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim |
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What is Haemophilus aegyptius? Treated with?
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-causes pink eye, form of conjunctivitis
-highly contagious -treated with tetracycline or sulfononide |
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What is Haemophilus Duncreyi? Treated with?
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-STD in tropical areas (not common in USA)
-known as chancroid or soft chancres treatment=cetriaxone |
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What is Vibrio cholerae?
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-one curved spiral
-G- -causes cholera |
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What is cholera?
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-severe type of diarrhea
-used to be a pandemic in 19th century -now an endemic due to imporper sanitation -isolated in parts of asia and india (ganges river) -likes soil and water |
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How is the cholera diarrhea caused?
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-due to cholera toxin (enterotoxin)
-with a high mucuous content as your body tried tio get rid of the toxin -called rice water stools -50% mortality rate withotu fluid support |
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How is cholera treated?
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-give patients fluids and electroluyte replacement
-also give tetracycline |
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What is Yersinia Pestis?
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-causes the black plaque
-100 million died in the 14th century (1/3 of worlds pop. -carried by fleas on rodents |
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What are the two types of plaques caused by Yersinia pestis?
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-Bubonic plaque
Pneuobonic plague |
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What is the bubonic plague?
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-lumph nodes swololin (more systemic)
-70-90% mortality rate |
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What is the pneuobonic plague?
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-digests away the lungs
-patients become cyanotic turn blue -100% mortality if left untreated |
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How do you treat Yersinia Pestis?
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-streptomycin and/or tetracycline
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What are Rickettsial infections?
How transmitted? |
0hypertyrophs
-obligate parasites requirijg living culture media -trasnmitted by anthropod vector such as fleas, ticks, and lice |
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What are general clinical features of Rickettsiaes? Diagnosis? Treatment?
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1-2 weeks incubation period
-followed by fever, chills, and a rash -circulatory system colassp cna occur resulting in death -serology -tetracycline |
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What are the various diseases of Rickettsiaes?
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-Louse-borne
-flea-borne -tick borne -mite borne -droplet infection |
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What is the louse-borne disease of rickettisae?
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-epidemic typhus
-common in the gomeless, during war, prisons -has 40-60% mortalitry rtae epsicially in peope over the age of 50 |
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What is the flea born disease of rickettisas?
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-endemic typhus
-common in Atlantic and pacific coasts -casues a mild, easily treated disease |
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What is the tick borne disease of rickettisae?
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-rocky moutnain spotted fever
-rash on wrists and ankles -20% mortality rate untreated -5-10% mortality rate treated |
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What is the mite borne disease of rickettsiae?
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-scrub tphus
-chiggers live in fields where there are field mice, feeding off of the mice eggs -chiggers spread disease -50% mortality rate |
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What is the droplet infection of Rickettsiae?
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-Q-fever
-casued from unpasteurized milk -main symptom is pneumonia -caused by coxiella burnettii |
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What does Chalmydia Trachtomatis cause?
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-non-gonococcal urethritis (STG)
-ocular trachoma -inclusion conjuctivitis |
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What is ocular trachoma?
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-adult pink eye tjay ca lead to blundness
-leading cause of blindness buy infectous agent worldwide |
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What is inclusion conjunctivitis?
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-infection in babies
-opthalmic neonatorum (can also be caused by gonaorrhea |
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What is Chlamydia Psittaci?
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-aka psittocosis, ornithosis, parrot fever
-causes atypical pneumonia -commonly gotten from pet birds when their feces aerosols |
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How do you treat chlamydia?
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Tetracycline, erythromycin and
zithromycin is used for urethritis -erythromycin is used for eye infection tetracycline is used for psittaci |
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What are mycoplasmas? What do they cause? How are they treated?
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-tenericutes
-G- -mycoplasma pneumonia -causes walking pmnaumonia -atypical pneumonia -treated with tetracycline,erythromycin, z-pak |
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What are the characteristics of viruses?
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-not consideredm to be a lviing organism becuase it's not composed of cells
-viruses are infectious agents |
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What are the different structures of viruses?
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-nucleic acid core
-protein coat-capsid -envelope |
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What is the nucleic acid core of viruses?
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-consists of either DNA otr RNA, never both
-can be single strand or a double strand -4 possiblilties for athe nucleic acid core |
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What is the protein coat/ capsid of viruses?
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-consistis of capsomers (building blocks) (2 forms)
-provides protection of the DNA or RNA nucleic acid core -some viruses have a capsid in order to achieve host cell recognition |
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What is a nucleocapid of viruses?
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-capsid and nucleic acid core together
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What is the envelope of the virus?
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-consists of lipids, protiens, and carbohydrates
-act very similarly to our membranes by providing some extra protection -usually viruses with enevelopes infect animals, thsoe without infect plants |
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What are the different shapes of virues?
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-helical
-icosahedral -complex |
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Whata re helical shaped viruses?
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-shaped like a sylinder or a tube
-has to be mad up of rod-shaped capsomers -characteristic of viruses such as rabies and the flu' |
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What is icosahedral (polygon) shaped viruses?
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-made up of triaangular capsomers
-charateristic of viruses such as AIDS and Herpes |
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Whatis the complex shape of viruses?
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-also called baceriophages becuase birues of this shape commonly infect bacteria
- |
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What are the sizes of virues?
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-filterable
-pass through .2 micrometer filter paper b/c typical size of virus is anywhere from 20-450nm |
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How are viruses classified?
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-by nucleic acid (single strand, double, RNA, or DNA)
-classified by lack or presense of an envelope -shape -size |
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What is the herpes virus? How many types are there?
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DNA virus
-cell fast (will enter nerve cells and incorporate their DNA into human;'s DNA) or grows latent (can be reactivied like unnder stress) -6 types |
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What is the Human herpes virus type I?
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-aka herpes sumples 1 and HHV-1
-casues fever blisters (aka cold sores, herpes labialis) |
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How is herpes simplex 1 transmitted?
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-humans=only host
-can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with blister -usualyl transmitted when child is 1-5 years old -70% of humans haev been exposed to it |
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What are the symptoms of Herpes simplex 1?
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-milder form
-itching/tingling sensation at corners of mouth -Blisters=1-2 days -Crust=3 weeks |
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What sit he reactiviation of herpes simplex 1?
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-can be reactived for a variety fo reasons?
-stress, fever, cold, sunlight -immune system=weaking due to syress |
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How do you treat herpes simples 1?
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-acyclovir
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What are the complications of herpes simplex 1?
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Herpetic gingivostomatitis
-herpatic keratis |
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What is herpetic ginviostomatitis?
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-on gums, tongue, throat
-more painful |
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What is herpetic keratis?
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-vision loss
-causes 30% of neonatal encephalitis (STORCH) -placenta to fetus -H refers to 30% of herpes virus -some brain damage in babies |
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What is Herpes virus Type II?
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-aka Herpes simples 2
-more painful blisters -genital Herpes |
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Where is the occurance of genital herpes?
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-1in 6 people which is about 40 million people in US
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What are the symptoms of genital herpes?
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-pain and malaise (feel sick) followed by blisters
-blisters start in genitals, move to buttocks, then down tjhe back of legs (painfukl to sit down) -can occur every 2-4 weeks if you're not treated |
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What are the complications of genital herpes?
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-associated with cervical cancer
-causes 70% of neonatal encephalitis (STORCH) |
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What if mother is breaking out with genital herpes during birth?
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- a cesarean section is performed
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What is the reactiviation of genital herpes?
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-caused by any sort of stress such as menstruation in women
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How do you treat geneital herpes?
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-acyclovir
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What si the human herpes virus type 3?
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-causes chicken pox and shingles
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What is chickenpox? Symptoms?
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-from first exposuyre to human herpes virus type 3
-have long ter immunity after you catch it -can get vaccine-for lon-term immunity -lesions all over body |
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Whata re shingles?
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-reaccurance of humans herpes virus type 3
-some never get this -0-20% of peope, who had chickenpox get this -triggered by stress (decreases immunity/weakens immune system) |
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What is the difference b/t shingles and chickenpox?
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-form shinglespyou get infectious blisters
-can transmit shingles to toehr people and give chickenpox -shingles more common voer 50 years, hides in nerves -blisters last 2 weeks adn painful lieka cigarrete burn |
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What are the complications of human herpes virus type 3?
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-blisters leave after 2 weeks, pain stays
-called post-herpetic myaligia -feel pain after you put clothes on |
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How do you treat human herpes virus type 3?
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-go to doctor
-take acyclovir |
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What is the human herpes virus type 4? What does it cause? How is ti transmitted?
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-Epstein-Barr virus
-causes infectious mononucleosis -transmitted by saliva |
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Whata re the symptoms of human herpes virus type 4?
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-severe sore throat
-lyphadenopathy- swollen lymph nodes-in neck -lymphocytosis-inc in lymphocyte count -some get cancer called Burkett's Lymphoma-B-cell malignancy |
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What are the symptoms of Burkett's Lymphoma?
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-sewollen abdomen, swollen cheeks
-common in Africa |
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What is human herpes virus type 5?
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-cytomeaglovirus
-everyone is exposed to this -most=asymptomatic=never even know -some get CMV mononucleosis |
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Whata re the symptoms of human herpes virus type 5?
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-sore throat
-cervical lymphdenopathy -lymphocytosis |
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What are the more dfangerous forms of human herpes virus type 5?
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-congenital CMV
-perinatal CMV -disseminated CMV |
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What is congential CMV of human herpes virus type 5?
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pass from mom-> child, through placenta (STORCH)
-can lead to death |
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What is perinatal CMV of human herpes virus type 5?
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-child picks it up during birth,, as move through birth canal
-bigger child, not as serious, but nasty |
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What is diseminated CMV of human herpes virus type 5?
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-for most-no problem
-problem for immno-compromises patients (AIDS patients) -If AISs patients get it, no defense_> death |
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What is the human herpes virus type 6?
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-human T-lymphotropic virus
-causes Roseola -affects babies less than one year old -Rash and Fever -may be related to MS (multiple sclerosis) |
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What is hepatitis? What are the symptoms? What causes it?
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-liver damage
-fever, jaundice, brown urine -damages liver-releases bile-causes discoloration-skin becomes yellow (jaundice)-urine becomes bornw color (feces mixed) -Hepatitis A and B C D |
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What kind of virues are Hepstitis A C,D, and E?
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-RNA virus
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What type fo virus are heaptitis B?
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DNA virus
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What is hepatitis A? Transmission? Acute or chronic?
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-infectious hepatitis
-RNA virus -trasmitts through feces -acute-not as damaging |
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What is hepatitis B? Transmission? Acute or chronic? Mortality rate? How you prevent?
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-serum hepatitis
-DNA virus -transmits through blood -blood transfuion, needles, dry blood -STORCH -chronic-causes more lvier damage -mortaltiy rate os 2% -causes cancer called hepatoma -prevent with vaccine |
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What is hepatitis C? How is it transmitted? significance?
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-RNA virus
-transmitts through blood -20-30 years ago, no way to test for it, -now can after 70-80 days after infection -#1 cause of transusion virus -fire-fighters-exposed to blood during rescues -can stay dormant for 20-30 years causing alot of lvier dmaage and death |
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What is hepatitis B? significance?
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-RNA virus
-not infectious alone -when transmitted with hepatitis B, gains envelope, can cause damage -causes more damage than hepatits B -vaccine for hepatits B protects you from D |
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What is hepatitis E? transmission? symptoms?
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-infectious non A-non-B hepatitis
-RNA virus -transmitts through feces -symptoms similar to hepatitis A, but higher mortality rate in pregnant women |
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What is hepatitis F?
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variant of hepatitis C
-doesn;t exist anymore |
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What is hepatitis G?
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-blood borne
-symptoms vary form flu-like to death -coinfection wth other Hep. viruses doers not increase liver damage |
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What is HIV? What are are the different forms of HIV?
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HIV-1=more common and more virulent
HIV-2= common in Africa and les virulent (longer incubation period) -RNA retro-virus |
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What is a retro-virus and how does it do it?
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-a virus that repliocates within your cell
-takes double stranded viral RNA and makes it inyo biral double stranded DNA (reverse of every other molecule) |
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What is the structure of HIV? What does it attach to?
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-2 single strands of RNA surrounde by a capsid (protein coat, surrounded by envelope)
-envelope has spikes on it and allows virus to attach to cells -attaches to CD-4 cells (T-helper cells(lymphocytes) -gets in and makes copies of itself |
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What is the morbidity rate of HIV?
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-world wide= 44 million
32 million adults 11 million children (can cross placenta) |
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What is the mortality rate of HIV?
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-if no meciation= no chance
-5% don't die for unexplained reasons with treatment= decreased death rate -considered a chronic disease -can live years with treatment |
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How is HIV transmitted?
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-outside body
-unprotected sex (~10-50 virus particles per genital secretion) -sharing of needles (~1000-10,000 viruses per mL) (major way of transmission) -placenta (STORCH) (30 % transmission) -breast milk |
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How is HIV transmitted outside body? Why?
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-blood in saliva (after mouth surgery)
-can survive in macrophages for 24 hrs |
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What is the incubation period of HIV? Old? New?
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old=2-15 years (averrage 9.8)
new= 8 years |
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What is the intial stage of infection of HIV?
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-gets vague mononucleosis-like infection
-lasts 2 weeks |
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What is the catagory A infection of HIV?
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-first 3 years
-intial infection is asymptomatic at most lyphadenpathy -infects CD-4 cells (T-helper cells) -easily spreads 500-1000 per micro liter -gradually decreases voer time |
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What is the category B infection of HIV?
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-3-8 years
-mildly symptomatic -candida albicans infections frequently -causes yeast infections -causes Thrush (cottage cheese at back of throat) |
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What is the category C infection of HIV?
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-CD-4 count drps to 200 per micro liter
-immune system is weak -get diarrhea 8-20 time s day -get bacterial, viral, protozoic, and fungal infections -can get kaposi's sarcoma |
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What are the bacterial infections of AIDS?
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-Tuberculosis (mybacterium avium intracellulare)
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What are the viral infections of AIDS?
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-Zoster (shingles)-may get over and over
-Herpes simplex (cold sores, gential herpes, CMV) |
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What are the protozoic infections of AIDS?
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-toxoplasmosis-doesn;t mean you have AIS though
-can get from cats, feces, litter box, in hale dust -80% of us are exposed to this -can cause encephalitis in brain (common) |
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Whata re the fungal infections of AIDS?
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-candida albicans (only indicator)
-PCP (pnewmocystis Jeroveci Pneumoniae) -used to be common cause of death -now treated |
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What is Kaposi's sarcoma from AIDS?
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-looks like purple blotches on skin
-looks like patients on worng doese of anti-coagulant coumadin -not as common today b/c of treatment |
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Whata re the 5 life cycle stages of HIV?
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-absorption (spikes on virus attach tom receptors on CD-4 cells)
-penetration (through cell membrane) -replication (getting cell to mke viral parts) maturation (assemples new virus) -release (by process of budding) |
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What are the different drugs for AIDS treatment?
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CD-4 analogs
-reverse transcriptase inhibitors -prtease inhibitors -interferons HAART (highly active anti retro-virus therapy) |
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What are CD-4 analogs for AIDS treatment?
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-still under research
-too toxic for patient -blocks first step of HIV life cycle (adhesion) -some flu drugs work for this |
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Whata re reverse transcriptase inhibitors of AIDS?
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-block third step of HIV life cycle (replication)
-AZT (azidothymidine, zidovudine)-nucleoside analog ddl (dideooxyinosine)nucleoside analog ddC (dideoxycytosine)-nucleoside analog -Nevirapine (non-competive inhibitor, fits into enzyme)-non-nucleoside analog |
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What are the protease inhibitors for treating AIDS?
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-Indinavir
-blocks maturation step |
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What are interferons for treatment of AIDS?
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-blocks budding (last step)
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What is HAART (highly active anti Retro-viral therapy)
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-indiviualized for each patient
-cost 1000's of dollars -gives 3 drugs -usually 2 analogs and 1 protease inhibitor ex: AZT,ddl(orddC) and Indinavir |
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What is the etiology of lyme disease, How is is transmitted? Morbidity rate? early treatment? Late treatment?
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-Borrelia burgdorferi
-transmitted by ticks -morbid rate from 10000 in 1990 to 20000 in 2004 -early treatment with tetracycline and amoxiciliin -late treatment with ceftriaxome amd azithromycin |
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What si the vector and primary reservoir of epidemic typhus? treatment?
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-humans are sole hosts and reservoirs
-treat with tetracycline or clhoramohenicol |
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What si teh vector and reservoir of endemic typhus? Treatment?
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--rats and mice
-tetracycline and chloramphenicol |
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What is the vecotr and reservioir of rocky mountain spotted fever? treatment?
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-ticks are vector
-small mammals are reservoir -tetracycline for one week -clhroamphenical as alternative |
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What si the vector and reservoir for scrub typhus? treatment?
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-immature mite is vector
-rodents are reservoir -tetracylcine and clhoramphenicol |
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What si the vector and reservoir of Q fever?
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--environmental contaiminationa dn airborne spread is vector
-vertebrates adn ticks are reservoirs -treat with tetracycline |
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What si teh vector and reserviouir of cat-scratch disease? treatment?
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-cats are vectors and reservoirs
-get form cat scratch -treat with tetracyckline, erythromycin, and rifampin |
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What is the etiology of ocular trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, and nonogoccal urethrititis? Treatment?
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-Chamydia trachomatis
-erythromycin and tetracycline for non-STD -tetracycline and azithromycin for STD |
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What si the size range of rviruses?
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-20nm to 450nm
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What is the basic structure of influenza virus? transmission? treatment? prevention?
|
-RNA single standed
-ghas enevelope with hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (spikes) -transission ocurs through poor ventilation in late fall adn winter -treat with amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir and oseltamivir -fluid and rest too- prevent with vaccine |
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What is epidemic parotitis? com;lications? treatment?
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-mumps virus that typically targets the parotid salivary glands
-syndomre of orchitis and epidymitis -use normal treatment of relieving fever, pain, adn dehydration |
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What is rubola? Koplik's spots? transmission? prevention?
|
Rubola is the most infectious virus
-unusual ioral lesions -sue vaccine to prevent |
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What is the incubation time fo rabies? Contrast furious versus dumb forms of rabies. What is the use of HRIG? HDCV?
|
-1-2 months or more
-furious=agitation, disorientation, aseizures,a dn twitching -dumb= npot hyperactive, paralysed, disoriented, and stuporous -HRIG impede's spread of virus -HDVC -potyent inactivated vaccine for preventing rabies |
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What kind of mold is Histoplasma capsulatum? What is the treatment?
|
-dimorphic
-treat with amphotericin B |
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What is the causative agent of tinea pedis?
|
-fungal invasion of scalp and hair of head, eye brows and eye lashes
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What is Vulvovaginal candidiasis?
|
-yeast infection of matured women
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Wghat is Thrush?
|
whiote adherant, patchy infection affecting membranes of oral cavity
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What is Onychomycosis?
|
-candidal attack of keratinized structures such as skin and nails
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What is Cutaneous candidiasis?
|
--fungal infection that complicates burns and prooduces a scaldlike rash on skin of neonates
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hat is the importance of Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci?
|
Most frequent opportunisticv infection of AIDS
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What is Aspergillosis?
|
fungal infection of the lungs
-more invasive form casues necrotic pneumonia and dissemijnates into the brain, heart, skin, and a wide range of other organs |
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What is Zygomycosis?
|
-fungal infection of the nasal passages
-then grows in blood vessels and then to the eyes and brain |
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What are the etiologic agents of Amebiasis?
|
-Entamoeba histolytica
-human/water and food are reservoirs |
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What are the etiologic agents of Balantidiosis?
|
-Balantidium coli
-zoonotic in pigs |
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What are the etiologic agents of Giardiasis?
|
-Giardia lamblia
-zoonotic/water and food |
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What is the etiology of Trichomoniasis?
|
Trichomonas vaginalis
-human is reservoir -flagellated |
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What sit eh etiology of malaria?
|
-Plasmodium vivax
-plasmodium falciparum -plasmodium malariae -apicomplexan |
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What is the etiology of Toxoplasmosis?
|
-Toxoplasma gondii
-aplicomplexan |
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What is the difference between the intermediate and definitive hosts of helminths?
|
intermediate= larval development occurs in host
definitive= adult and mating in host |
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hat are the etiology of Ascariasis?
|
-Ascaris lumbricoides
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hat are the etiologic agents for Schistosomiasis (blood fluke)?
|
-Schistosoma japanicum
-S. mansoni -S. haematobium -trematodes |
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What si the etiology of Beef tapeworm?
|
Taenia saginata
-cestodes |
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Which leukocytes are most effective against helminths?
|
-eosinophils
-T cells |
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What helminth infections are mebendazole used for?
|
-Trichuriasis (whipworm)
-ascariasis -hook worm -trichinosis |
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What helminth infections are praziquantel used for?
|
-Schistosomiasis
-other flukes -tapeworm |
