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263 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does salmonella dublin affect cattle? |
septicemia in calves, enteric form in older cattle , pregnant cows may abort |
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How does salmonella dublin affect pigs? |
septicemia and pneumonia in pigs |
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How does salmonella dublin affect canine and felines? |
acute enteritis following stress and acute septicemia and GI in overcrowded unsanitary puppies and kittens (I.e. dirty breeders, kennels, and pet stores) |
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What is the main affect of Salmonella abortisce equi in mares? |
late term abortions |
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What does Salmonela galliarum cause in poultry? |
greenish diarrhea in poultry, leads to dehydration |
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What is the shape of the pasteurella bacteria and what unique characteristic does it have? |
coccobacilli or rods. bipolar staining is a unique characteristic |
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What is Pasteurella hemolytica usually found in the animal? |
GI and respiratory tract (can also be found in the environment) |
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Is Pasteurella hemolytica pathogenic or non pathogenic? |
usually is nonpathogenic, but opportunistic |
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How can Pasteurella hemolytica infections be prevented? |
maintaining a clean environment. proper nutrition and vaccination. avoid overcrowding. colostrum may play an important role in prevention |
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Are Pasteurella hemolytica infections usually primary or secondary? |
secondary. |
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How does Pasteurella hemolytica affect cattle? What is the name of the disease that this causes? |
Respiratory diseases including: upper respiratory illnesses and pneumonia. - shipping fever |
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How does Pasteurella hemolytica affect sheep? |
Respiratory tract problems:fairly high mortality rate in young lambs. colostrum and good sanitation can control this bacteria |
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what are some causes of pasteurella hemolytica? |
dust, damp bedding, poor ventilation. direct contact with infected individual. contaminated food or water. compromised immune system |
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Where can Pasteurella multocida bacteria be found normally? |
Normal flora in the mouth of dogs and cats, and upper respiratory tract of other animals |
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How is Pasteurella multocida transmitted? |
transmitted through cat and dog bites. in rabbits it is generally transmitted through fomites |
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What are some clinical signs of Pasteurella multocida? |
Nasal discharge, respiratory secretions, ocular secretions |
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What shape are hemophilus? |
Rods or coccobacilli |
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Where can hemophilus be found normally? |
common on the MM of the respiratory tract and genital area |
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What is the main way hemophilus somnus can affect an animal? |
may infect the larynx by blocking blood supply. causes swelling which can lead to blockage of the trachea. difficulty swallowing. if left untreated this can cause pneumonia and eventually death |
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How is hemophilus somnus shed? |
Through the urinary tract. urine. |
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What are the ways to prevent hemophilus somnus? |
vaccination. cull. treat signs of H. Somnus early. - -signs can include stiffness, circling, and increased temperature |
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What is glassers disease? |
Bacterial infection affecting weaning pigs caused by Hemophilus suis and Hemophilus parasuis. may also affect adults. |
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How is Glassers disease spread? |
spreads between pigs by oral/nasal secretions |
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What are the causes of Glassers disease? |
unsanitary conditions, respiratory secretions becoming aerosolized, stress |
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What are some signs of Glassers disease? |
appetite loss and fever. followed by: swollen joints/ lame, labored breathing, purple extreme ties, meningitis, coughing, death. |
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How is Glassers disease treated and controlled? |
injectable antibiotics, water meds given to entire herd, vaccines can be given (even with infected herd), keep pigs stress free, clean conditions |
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What does Hemophilus gallinarum affect? |
fowl |
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What does Hemophilus gallinarum cause? |
fowl coryza |
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What are the clinical signs of fowl coryza? |
nasal discharge sneezing and facial swelling. highly contagious |
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What does Taylorella equigenitalis affect? |
equine |
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What does Taylorella equigenitalis cause? |
contagious equine metritis. profuse grayish-white mucopurulent vulvar discharge. decreases fertility |
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What is the STD stallions can carry and cause decreased fertility in equine? |
TAYLORELLA EQUIGENITALIS |
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What bacteria is known for its "fruity" smell? |
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA |
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What are the clinical signs for PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA in dogs? |
urinary and ear infections |
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What are the clinical signs for PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA in horses? |
eye and reproductive problems |
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What are the clinical signs for PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA in ruminants? |
mastitis, hardware disease and abortion has occurred. |
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What are the clinical signs for PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA in swine? |
necrotic rhinitis and pneumonia |
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Who is host for Brucella? |
cattle |
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How is brucella typically transmitter? |
orally, venereal and skin routes of infection may also occur |
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What bacteria causes Bang's disease? |
Brucella Abortus |
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Whats another name for bangs disease? |
brucellosis |
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What does Bangs disease cause? |
causes abortion at 5-6 months of pregnancy . metritis and retained placenta may also occur with this infection |
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Is brucella abortus zoonotic? |
Highly zoonotic |
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What does brucellosis abortus cause in humans? |
causes undulant fever in infected people (fever will get really high, then drop, flu like symptoms) |
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What are some clinical signs of BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA in canines? |
tracheobronchitis, exercise intolerance, a honking nonproductive cough, Robitussin DM can assist with coughing, not bacteria |
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What are some clinical signs of BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA in swine? |
tropic rhinitis. upward or lateral deviation of the nose |
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Who is the host for Moraxella Bovis? |
bovine |
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What does Moraxella Bovis cause? |
bovine keratoconjunctivitis.. "PINK EYE" |
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How is Moraxella Bovis transmitted? |
flies carry around ocular discharge |
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Is Moraxella Bovis zoonotic? |
YES |
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Who is the host for ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS ? |
dogs |
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What does ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS cause? |
destroys healthy tissues in the body, accumulation of pleural and pericardial fluid |
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Who is the host for Actinomyces Bovis? |
bovine, equine, and swine |
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What bacteria causes lumpy jaw (bottle jaw) in cattle? |
Actinomyces Bovis |
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What bacteria causes fistulous withers in equine? |
Actinomyces Bovis |
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What is another name horse owners will call fistulous withers? |
poll evil |
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What does Actinomyces Bovis cause in sows? |
causes granulomas and mastitis in sows |
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What does Actinomyces suis cause in swine? |
mastitis. mammary duct become abscessed, pus filled cavities occur |
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How is Leptospira transmitted? |
urine |
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Most common cause of staph infections?
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Staph. Aureus
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A common gingival flora in dogs?
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Staph Intermedius
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What does staph intermedium cause?
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Cellulitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Pyoderma, Otitis externa/media
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What causes bumble foot in birds?
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Staph Aureus
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What bacteria is greasy pig disease?
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staph hyicus
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What genus uses Lance field groups?
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Strep
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What bacteria forms grey white large colonies?
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Bacillus antracis
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What causes black leg disease and who does it effect?
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Ruminants, Clostridium Chauveoi
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Define Scours
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diarrhea
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How do you treat e.coli?
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borad spectrum antibiotics and symptomatic supportive care
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What test can be done to differentiate between salmonella and e.coli?
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TSI. E.Coli ferments lactose and Salmonella does not.
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2 forms of Salmonella
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Septic, Enteric
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what is the difference between the two forms of salmonella?
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Enteric has diarrhea, septic does not
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What bacteria causes limberneck?
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Clostridium botulinum
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Common clinical sign for e. coli
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LOCK JAW
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Three forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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actue, chronic, cutaneous
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What does CMT measure?
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number of WBC in milk
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What is CMT?
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California mastitis test
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What is the most common cause of mastitis in cows?
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Strep Agalactae
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Two genus' that produce spores?
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bacillus and clostridium
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How is bacillus antracis transmitted?
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inhalation of spores, contaminated feed, contact with contaminated tissues
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What bacteria is normal flora on skin?
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staph epidermis
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most common opportunistic infection of horses?
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strep equi
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What is clostridium novyi's host?
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ruminants
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What bacteria is food poisoning in humans and gastroenteritis in dogs?
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clostridium perfringes
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What bacteria causes shaker foal syndrome?
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clostridium botulinum
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Clinical signs of clostridium tetani?
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lock jaw, seahorse stance, hyperesthesia, death from respiratory failure
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what bacteria causes pulpy kidney disease due to enterotoxemia in sheep?
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clostridium perfringes
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What bacteria causes "black liver" dz? (infectious necrotic hepatitis)
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Clostridium Novyi
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Clinical signs of strep agalactiae?
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heat, pain, swelling of mammory area, yellow clots in milk, blood clots in milk
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Is strep hyicus zoonotic?
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Yes, very!
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What does staph aureus cause?
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bumble foot in birds, mastitis in ruminants, infection in castration incision in horses, canine otitis externa
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What bacteria can be used at an anti tumor therapy in humans?
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Clostridium novyi
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How do you control strep agalactiae?
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Intra mammary antibiotic therapy, cull, treat promptly, good sanitation
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What bacteria is often a contaminate in clinical samples?
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Staph epidermis
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Which bacteria often gives a double hemolysis zone on blood agar?
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Staph intermedius
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Is staph intermedius pathogenic?
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Yes. opportunistic bacteria
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Is staph epidermis pathogenic?
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No. usually non–pathogenic
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What bacteria causes black markings on the head, which ultimately may cover the entire body of a pig?
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Staph Hyicus – "greasy pig disease"
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What genus is classified based on their hemolytic properties on blood agar?
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Strep
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How is strep agalactiae transmitted?
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fomites, towels, hands, cross suckling calves, milking machines
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What reagents are used in CMT test?
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sodium hydroxide and milk
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What bacteria causes mastitis and polyarthritis?
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Strep DYSGALACTIAE
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Who is host for ZOOEPIDEMICUS?
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equine
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What is an endospores function?
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way for bacteria to protect themselves
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What are the three forms of bacillus antracis?
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3 forms exist: cutaneous, pulmonary, GI
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Clinical signs of clostridium chauveio
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fever, lameness, swelling (over heavily muscled areas), crepitation (crackling sounds)
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What organ does black disease effect?
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Liver. infectious necrotic hepatitis
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What bacteria causes hemorrhagic enterotoxemia (difficult to control bleeding) in calves, lambs, and piglets?
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clostridium perfringens
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What bacteria appears like a tennis racket?
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Clostridium tetani
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What small pleomorphic rod bacteria uses glucose for growth?
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LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
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What bacteria causes meningoencephalitis known as "circling disease"?
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listeria monocytogenes
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How can humans contract listeria monocytogenes?
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unpasteurized cheese, fruits, vegetables, deli meat
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Is listeria monocytegenes motile or non motile?
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motile
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What does corynebactrum cause?
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pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidneys especially seen in females around parturition only ferments glucoseTSI test
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Is corynebacterium motile or non motile?
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non motile
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What bacteria is usually clubbed at one or both ends ?
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corynebactrum
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What bacteria causes lymphadenitis in sheep?
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CORYNEBACTERIUM PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS
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What does RHODOCOSSUS EQUI cause?
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infectious pneumonia in foalslesions in the cervical lymph nodesstrangles appearance (same clinical signs)
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What does CORYNEBACTERIUM BOVIS ferment?
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glucose and maltose
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What disease causes diamond disease?
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ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE– cutaneous form
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How do you treat and prevent ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE?
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can be treated with antibiotics penicillin. prevent through vaccine and good sanitation
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Is ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE zoonotic?
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yes
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What is the leading cause of pyogenic (purulent) processes in hooved stock?
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ACTINOMYCES PYOGENES
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What bacteria produces an enzyme called indole?
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E. Coli
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how is ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE transmitted?
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contaminated food and water
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What is a clinical sign for the acute form of ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE?
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pigs walking on tippy toes
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What is microbiology? |
Microbiology refers to the study of all living things that are microscopic in size. |
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All microbes cause dz. T/F |
F |
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What is counter stain? |
Safranin |
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Why do endospores exist? |
protection |
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First person to demonstrate the powers of microscopy. "The father of microbiology" |
Anton J. van Leeuwenhoek |
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Among the first to help disprove spontaneous generation.. Used Meat and maggots. |
Francesco Redi |
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Developed cowpox vaccine which gave cross-immunity to smallpox. |
Edward Jenner |
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Pasteurization. He also developed the anthrax vaccine and rabies vaccines. |
Louis Pasteur |
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Proved that following boiling and isolating food from air, no microbes would grow in it. |
Lazzaro Spallanzani |
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First to prove that bacteria causes disease and First to stain bacteria with dyes |
Robert Koch |
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What are host physical defense mechanisms? |
Physical barriers: Hair, Mucous membranes, Skin |
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What are host chemical defense mechanisms? |
Chemical barriers: Saliva , Sebum, Tears, Hydrochloric acid in the stomach, Sweat, Blood |
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What are host biological defense mechanisms? |
Biological barriers: Normal flora; Phagocytosis: Monocytes; Inflammatory response: Brings heat, blood, histamines, etc.; Immunity: T and B cells |
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Lab samples obtained by: conjunctival or corneal scrapings should be stored at? |
room temp |
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Lab samples of milk should be stored at? |
refrigerated |
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ENRICHED MEDIA |
a basic nutrient media along with some extra nutrients, which may include: ex. blood, serum, or egg |
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SELECTIVE MEDIA |
Contains antibacterials (salts or antibiotics) so only select bacteria will grow |
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DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA |
it can grow more than one microorganism at a time to differentiate the twoused to distinguish between 2 types of microorganismsboth should grow but they will have different reactions to the media |
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ENRICHMENT MEDIA: |
contains nutrients that encourage some bacteria to grow OR contains an inhibitors that suppresses other bacteria in competition. |
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Enriched media is the same as enrichment media. T/F |
F |
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ALPHA HEMOLYSIS: |
partial with a narrow band of greenish or slimy discoloration |
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BETA HEMOLYSIS: |
complete clear zone |
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GAMMA HEMOLYSIS: |
no change in hemolysis |
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What kind of media is a blood agar? |
an enriched media and a differential media |
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What kind of media is MACCONKEY AGAR? |
a selective media and a differential media. contains crystal violet: suppresses the growth of gram positive bacteria. contains bile salts: supports some gram negative bacteria. |
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T/F: lactose fermenting organism growth pinkish red colonies on Macconkey agars. |
T |
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What kind of media is a CHOCOLATE AGAR |
an enriched media |
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REAGENTS USED IN GRAMS STAINING PROCESS: |
1. crystal violet stain - 1 min 2. iodine solution (also known as a "mordant") - 1min 3. decolorizer (AKA 95% alcohol) - 10 s 4. Safranin (counterstain) - 1 min |
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Gram- positive: bacteria are those that are stained |
dark blue or "purple" |
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gram-negative: bacteria are those that take up the counterstain and are stained |
pink or red |
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Psychrophiles |
Temperature requirements of bacteria: Psychrophiles (cold lovers) 0 to 30 degrees C |
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Mesophiles |
Mesophiles 20 to 40 degrees C acceptable, optimal is 35 to 37 degrees C Mesophiles are the most common type of bacteria growing in the 35 - 37 temp range. Psychrophiles and mesophiles can be eliminated with pasteurization |
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Thermophiles |
40 - 80 degrees C Many may survive pasteurization |
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Capnophilic |
can survive with both Oxygen AND Carbon Dioxide |
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Microaerophilic |
they thrive in an environment with lower oxygen concentrations Think high-elevation, for example. |
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Binary fission |
Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. |
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Mycology |
study of fungus |
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__________ are smaller than RBC & WBC but small that ________ |
bacteria, viruses |
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When obtaining a dermatophyte sample where should you sample from? |
Obtain sample from the periphery of the lesion |
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Sabouraud’s agar is commonly used for |
fungus samples |
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You should Incubate fungus at _____ temperature for 21 to 30 days |
room |
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Fungal assay dermatophyte test medium causes what color change for a positive reaction? |
red |
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T/F: Woods lamp test is always 100% accurate |
F |
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T/F: Bacteria do not posses a nucleus, while fungus are eukaryotic organisms with a well defined nucleus |
T |
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Fungi are heterotrophs, what does that mean? |
rely on outside sources for food |
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A mass of hyphae (generally tangled) is called __________ |
mycelium |
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In the structure of mold, the filaments that may be divided are called: |
septate |
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Do molds contain chlorophyll |
no |
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T/F: ALL molds require less moisture than bacteria |
T |
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T/F: ALL molds are strict aerobes |
T |
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lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) is usually used to stain what? |
mold |
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T/F: ALL molds are gram negative |
F- positive |
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T/F: Yeasts contain granules for storage of energy unlike molds. |
true |
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Yeasts require vitamin___ for growth |
B |
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saprophytes |
- fungus that lives on dead or dying tissue |
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How do fungus cause Exogenous infections |
contact with infected animals, fomites, or lesions |
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T/F: Molds and yeasts are generally larger than bacteria |
T |
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Endothrix refers to |
dermatophyte infections of the hair that invade the hair shaft and internalize into the hair cell. |
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Common cause of ringworm |
Microsporum canis |
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a form of ringworm that does not fluoresce |
Microsporum gypseum |
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This bacteria Affects pigs and sheep and Causes chronic lesions |
Microsporum nanum |
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who does Trichophyton mentagrophytes affect? |
Affects ALL |
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Most common dermatophyte of horses. "horse ringworm" |
Trichophyton equinum |
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where is Trichophyton equinum found? |
Seen in the saddle area |
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The most common dermatophyte of cattle. AKA: Cattle ringworm fungus |
Trichophyton verrucosum |
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what does Sporothrix schenckii cause? |
Causes nodules in the lymphatics The nodules then ulcerate and release pus |
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who does Sporothrix schenckii affect? |
all |
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This is the most common systemic mycosis of dogs |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
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how do you dx Histoplasma capsulatum? |
examine monocytes |
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How is Histoplasma capsulatum tx? |
sulfur bath |
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Candida albicans causes what in humans? |
thrush |
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What does Blastomyces dermatitidis cause? |
Primarily affects the lungs May also cause weight loss and ocular and nasal discharge |
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where is Coccidioides immitis |
desert of americas |
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Aspergillus fumigatus causes what in horses and dogs? |
horses: Upper respiratory disease dogs: Local form localizes in the sinuses |
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Virology |
study of viruses |
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PROTEIN COAT OF VIRUS is AKA |
capsid |
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Biogenesis |
LIVING ORGANISMS CAN ONLY COME FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS |
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Germ Theory |
SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY TINY MICROORGANISMS INVADING THE HOST |
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Facultative Anaerobes |
CAN TOLERATE WITH OR WITHOUT OXYGEN |
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Microaerophilic |
O2 AT LOWER CONCENTRATIONS |
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cell membrane does what? |
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANECONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE CELL |
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cell wall does what? |
maintains shape |
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Cytoplasm does what? |
REGULATES THE FLOW OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE CELLA BARRIER THAT ALLOWS THEM TO SELECTIVELY INTERACT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT |
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Endogenous infection |
INFECT TISSUE, PROBLEM WITH IMMUNE COMPROMISE |
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what are conidia |
spores |
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What is Endocytosis |
CELL TAKES IN MATERILASFROM THE OUTSIDE BY ENGULFING AND FUSING THEM WITH ITS PLASMA MEMBRANE |
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Urea tubes color change means: Pink= ? No color change=? |
pink= hydrolyze no color change= negative |
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When is Mueller - Hinton used? |
GENERAL PURPOSE, USED PRIMARILY FOR AGAR DIFFUSION ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST |
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What do you use in a Catalase Test |
H2O2 |
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What is a positive rxn for the catalase test? |
bubbles |
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What reagent do you use for a coagulase test? |
rabbit plasma |
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what is a positive rxn for the coagulase test? |
clumping |
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What is a positive rxn for the oxidase test? |
deep purple within 60 s |
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CAUSES MILD DIARRHEA WITH WHITE FECES IN POULTRY |
Salmonella Pullorum |
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How is Eubacterium Sui transmitted? |
sexually transmitted |
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How is borrelia anserine transmitted? |
ticks |
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infectious canine hepatitis is caused by |
Adenovirus 1 |
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Infectious tracheobronchitis is caused by |
adenovirus 2 |
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What does PAILLOMAVIRUSES cause? |
warts on lips and muzzle of dogs |
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Is PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS and DNA or RNA virus? |
DNA |
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What causes FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA (feline distemper) ? |
Parvovirus (DNA virus) |
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Aujeszky's disease (Au-jesz-kees) AKA "mad itch" |
PSEUDORABIES: |
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INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS is caused by |
herpes virus |
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2 forms of INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS? |
Respiratory form- aerosolized Genital form- STD |
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What causes FELINE RHINOTRACHEITIS |
herpesvirus |
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What virus causes MAREKS DISEASE |
herpes virus |
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Who does MAREKS DISEASE affect? |
poultry |
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What are the signs of EQUINE RHINOPNEUMONITIS |
SIGNS: usually mild but can progress fever serous nasal discharge, malaise, pharyngitis, cough virus can lead to abortions |
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What virus causes "raised neck" and URI symptoms in birds? |
AVIAN INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS |
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What kind of virus causes cowpox? |
a poxvirus |
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A poxvirus of sheep and goats |
CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA |
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Rabies is a DNA or RNA virus? |
RNA |
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Incubation period of up to______ for rabies |
6 months |
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FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE is a highly contagious _______virus |
A picornavirus |
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who does foot and mouth dz affect? |
hooved animals Cattle, goats, sheep |
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A reovirus that is transmitted by flies |
BLUE TONGUE |
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A coronavirus ssually seen in farrowing piglets |
transmissible gastroenteritis |
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This virus causes GI disturbances, anorexia, V/D, fever, conjunctivitis, and "hard pad" in dogs |
canine distemper |
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What does equine influenza cause? |
URI symptoms. Fever, hacking cough, watery nasal discharge |
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3 strains of EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELTITIS |
EEE, WEE, Venezuean |
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How is EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELTITIS transmitted? |
mosquitos |
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What clinical signs does bovine viral diarrhea cause? |
Depression, anorexia, bloat, fever, increased heart rate and respiration, and profuse foul smelling diarrhea (with mucus and blood) |
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How is coccidia transmitted? |
TRANS: passed in feces of infected animalsingestion of feces or of intermediate host |
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How is giardiasis transmitted? |
TRANS: fecal - oral directly or indirectly via contaminated water or food |
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What kind of parasite are oxacara canis (dogs), Toxacara cati (cats), Toxascaris leonina (dogs & cats)? |
roundworms |
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Ancyclostoma spp. is what kind of worm? |
hook worm |
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What does anclystoma cause? |
SIGNS: black tarry diarrhea, anemia |
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What kind of worm is Trichuris vulpis |
whipworm |
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Dipylidium caninum is what kind of worm? |
tapeworm |
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How is Dipylidium caninum transmitted? |
eggs are passed and eaten by a flea, mouse, or other animal. Consumption of intermediate host |
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Dirofilaria immitis is |
heart worm |
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How is Dirofilaria immitis transmitted? |
mosquitos |
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Ctenocephalides felis is what? |
fleas |
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Fleas transmit __________, the tapeworm |
Dipylidium canimun |
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Dermacentor spp. and Rhipicephalus are both geniuses of what? |
ticks |
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burrowing mite |
Sarcoptes scabei |
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With Otodectes cynotis you may see what clinical signs? |
head shaking and scratching/ aural hematoma |
