Micro Test 3

Front 1

typically chemical agents that are applied to inanimate objects

Back 1

disinfectant

Front 2

typically chemical agents that are applied to living tissues

Back 2

antiseptics

Front 3

______: there are no living organisms in or on an object

Back 3

sterility

Front 4

Deinococcus radiodurans are able to survive:

Back 4

1000X the amount of radiation that would kill a human

Front 5

three types of radiation

Back 5

UV light, ionizing, microwave

Front 6

_______: water heated under pressure, boiling temp elevated so temp above 100C can be reached

Back 6

autoclaving

Front 7

pressure of autoclaving

Back 7

15 lbs per square inch

Front 8

temp and time of autoclaving

Back 8

15-20 min, 121 degrees

Front 9

Autoclaving DOES NOT kill _____ b/c they have to be sterilized longer and at a higher temp

Back 9

prions

Front 10

temp and time for killing prions

Back 10

134 degrees, 18 min

Front 11

process used to destroy microbes that caused wine to sour - does not achieve sterility

Back 11

pasteurization

Front 12

pasteurization kills _________

Back 12

pathogens

Front 13

ex. of pathogens killed by pasteurization

Back 13

salmonella
mycobacterium

Front 14

flash method for pasteurizing milk

Back 14

heating to 71.6 C for 15-30 seconds

Front 15

holding method for pasteurizing milk

Back 15

heat to 62.9 C for 30 minutes

Front 16

_______ radiation is lethal in destroying microbes

Back 16

ultraviolet

Front 17

UV radiation does NOT penetrate:

Back 17

glass, dirt films, or water

Front 18

_____: An excellent sterilizing agent due to its ability to penetrate deep into objects

Back 18

Ionizing Radiation

Front 19

_______ radiation will destroy bacterial endospores and both prokaryotic and eukaryotic vegetative cells

Back 19

endospores

Front 20

_____ A special group of chemotherapeutic agents used to treat diseases caused by microbes

Back 20

antimicrobial agents

Front 21

_______ literally means against life

Back 21

antibiosis

Front 22

______ A chemical substance produced by microbes which has the capacity to inhibit or destroy the growth of bacteria

Back 22

antibiotic

Front 23

______ drugs: purely made in the labs without microbes

Back 23

synthetic

Front 24

_______: made partially in the lab but also uses microbes or other organisms

Back 24

semi synthetic

Front 25

______ used Salvarsan to treat syphilis

Back 25

Ehrlich

Front 26

Ehrlich used Salvarsan to treat _____

Back 26

syphilis

Front 27

______ discovered prontosil, a red dye that inhibits growth of many gram-positive bacteria

Back 27

Domagk

Front 28

Domagk discovered protosil, a red dye that inhibits many ________

Back 28

gram-positive bacteria

Front 29

________ discovered that the sulfanilamide portion contained antimicrobial activity

Back 29

Fourneau

Front 30

Fourneau discovered that the ______ portion contained antimicrobial activity

Back 30

sulfanilamide

Front 31

______ toxicity: The antimicrobial agent must harm the microbes without causing significant damage to the host

Back 31

selective

Front 32

toxic dosage level causes

Back 32

host damage

Front 33

therapeutic dosage level:

Back 33

successfully eliminates the pathogenic organism if the level is maintained

Front 34

_________: The range of different microbes against which an antimicrobial agent acts

Back 34

spectrum of activity

Front 35

_____ spectrum: agents effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Back 35

broad

Front 36

_____ spectrum: agents effective against a small number of microbes

Back 36

narrow

Front 37

Name the 5 modes of action

Back 37

1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. disruption of cell-membrane function
3. inhibition of protein synthesis
4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
5. action as antimetabolites

Front 38

inhibiting a cell wall synthesis ________ damages bacterial and fungal cells

Back 38

selectively

Front 39

penicillin and cephalosporin contain a structure called a ________ ring

Back 39

beta-lactam

Front 40

the beta-lactam ring attaches to the enzymes that crosslink ______ and prevent ______

Back 40

peptidoglycans; cell wall synthesis

Front 41

example of polypeptide antibiotics that disrupt membrane function

Back 41

polymyxins

Front 42

_______ act as detergents that distort bacterial cell membranes

Back 42

polymyxins

Front 43

polymyxins bind to _____ in the cell membrane

Back 43

phospholipids

Front 44

polymyxins are especially effective against _______ which have an outer membrane

Back 44

gram-negative bacteria

Front 45

inhibition of protein synthesis is an example of _______

Back 45

selective toxicity

Front 46

inhibition of protein synthesis attacks _____ cells without significantly damaging ____ cells

Back 46

bacterial; animal

Front 47

Name the aminoglycoside antibiotics

Back 47

-tetracycline
-erythromycin
-streptomycin
-chloramphenicol

Front 48

antibiotics bind to the bacterial ______ ribosomal subunit and interfere with ______

Back 48

30S; translation of mRNA

Front 49

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis shows differences between the enzymes used by ______ and _____ cells to synthesize nucleic acids

Back 49

bacterial, animal

Front 50

antibiotics of the rifamycin family bind to a bacterial _______ and inhibit RNA synthesis

Back 50

RNA polymerase

Front 51

substances that affect the utilization of metabolites and prevent metabolic reactions are called ____

Back 51

enzymes

Front 52

a reaction to metronidazole causes:

Back 52

Black Harry Tongue coupled with mouth wash or alcohol

Front 53

a side effect of rifampin

Back 53

Red Man syndrome - causes orange/red urine

Front 54

side effects of antimicrobial agents fall into three categories:

Back 54

1. toxicity
2. allergy
3. disruption of normal microbiota

Front 55

microorganisms normally acquire antibiotic resistance by genetic changes: (3)

Back 55

1. natural selection
2. chromosomal muation
3. extrachromosomal resistance

Front 56

example of extrachromosomal resistance

Back 56

r plasmids/factors

Front 57

Name the mechanisms of resistance

Back 57

1. alteration of targets
2. alteration of membrane permeability
3. development of enzymes
4. Alteration of an enzyme
5. alteration of a metabolic pathway

Front 58

Alteration of _____ = affects bacterial ribosomes 30S

Back 58

ribosomes

Front 59

alteration of ______: mutation that alters the DNA such that the protein produced or target is modified

Back 59

targets

Front 60

alteration of targets causes resistance to (3)

Back 60

erythromycin
rifamycin
antimetabolites

Front 61

alteration of targets meaning for binding

Back 61

they can no longer bind anymore

Front 62

enzymes catalyze the breaking of the _______ in penicillins and some cephalosporins

Back 62

b-lactam ring

Front 63

______: cells infected with viruses produce proteins collectively

Back 63

interferons

Front 64

interferon proteins induce neighboring cells to produce ______

Back 64

antiviral proteins

Front 65

antiviral proteins protect cells from becoming ___

Back 65

infected

Front 66

_____: A parasite capable of causing disease in a host

Back 66

Pathogen

Front 67

_____: Any organism that harbors another organism

Back 67

Host

Front 68

_____: An association between two (or more) species

Back 68

Symbiosis

Front 69

Symbiosis includes: (3)

Back 69

mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

Front 70

_______: both members of the association living together benefit from the relationship

Back 70

mutualism

Front 71

_____: One organism, the parasite, benefits from the relationship, the host is harmed

Back 71

parasitism

Front 72

examples of parasites

Back 72

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, helminths

Front 73

____: Two species live together in a relationship that one benefits and the other one neither benefits or is harmed

Back 73

commensalism

Front 74

_______: means that the microoranisms are present

Back 74

contamination

Front 75

_____: refers to the multiplication of any parasitic organisms within or on the hosts body

Back 75

infection

Front 76

_____: A disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all its normal functions

Back 76

disease

Front 77

______: the capacity to produce disease

Back 77

pathogenicity

Front 78

_____: refers to the intensity of the disease produced by pathogens, and it varies among different microbial species

Back 78

virulence

Front 79

the virulence of a pathogen can increase by _______

Back 79

animal passage

Front 80

_____; the weakening of the disease-producing ability of the pathogen

Back 80

attenuation

Front 81

______: organisms that live on or in the body but do not cause disease

Back 81

microflora

Front 82

two categories of microflora

Back 82

resident
transient

Front 83

________ microflora: comprise microbes that are always present on or in the human body

Back 83

resident

Front 84

________ microflora: microbes that can be present under certain conditions in any of the locations

Back 84

transient

Front 85

Human Diseases are caused by: (3)

Back 85

infectious agents
structural/functional genetic defects
environmental factors

Front 86

________ diseases: caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths

Back 86

infectious

Front 87

________ diseases: caused by factors other than infectious organisms

Back 87

noninfectious

Front 88

_________ diseases are caused by errors in genetic information

Back 88

inherited

Front 89

______ diseases are structural and functional defects present at birth

Back 89

congenital

Front 90

ex of congenital disease

Back 90

spina bifida

Front 91

______ diseases are disorders that develop in one or more body systems as aging occurs

Back 91

degenerative

Front 92

ex. of degenerative disease

Back 92

arthritis

Front 93

______ diseases lower resistance to infectious diseases and contribute to the severity of infections

Back 93

nutritional deficiency

Front 94

ex of nutritional deficiency diseases

Back 94

lack of vitamin B
scurvy

Front 95

____ diseases are due to excesses or deficiencies of hormones

Back 95

endocrine

Front 96

example of endocrine diseases

Back 96

diabetes
goiter

Front 97

______ diseases can be caused by a variety of factors such as emotional psychogenic or infection

Back 97

mental

Front 98

______ diseases such as allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies

Back 98

immunological

Front 99

_____ diseases involve abnormal cell growth that leads to harmless or cancerous tumors

Back 99

neoplastic

Front 100

_____ diseases are caused by medical procedures and/or treatments

Back 100

latrogenic

Front 101

ex. of latrogenic diseases

Back 101

leaving medical tools in patients

Front 102

______ diseases are those whos cause is unknown

Back 102

idiopathic

Front 103

_______: any substance that is poisonous to other organisms

Back 103

bacterial toxin

Front 104

______ are soluble substances secreted into host tissues

Back 104

exotoxins

Front 105

example of exotoxin that is also an enzyme

Back 105

hemolysin

Front 106

_______ are exotoxins that damage white blood cells

Back 106

leukocidins

Front 107

endotoxins are a part of the cell wall and are released into host tissues from _____

Back 107

gram negative bacteria

Front 108

_____; A critical point in the production of bacterial disease

Back 108

adherence

Front 109

________ are proteins that are found on attachment pilli

Back 109

adhesions

Front 110

______: the growth of microorganisms on epithelial surfaces, such as skin or mucous membranes or other host tissues

Back 110

colonization

Front 111

_______: the ability to invade and grow in host tissues

Back 111

invasiveness

Front 112

_______ enzyme that is a spreading factor for invasiveness

Back 112

hyaluronidase

Front 113

types of adherance

Back 113

colonization
invasiveness

Front 114

______: enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid

Back 114

hyaluronidase

Front 115

______ a gluelike substance that helps hold the cells of certain tissues together

Back 115

hyaluronidase

Front 116

_______: triggers blood plasma clotting, allowing bacteria protection from immune defenses

Back 116

coagulase

Front 117

______ dissolves blood clots

Back 117

streptokinase

Front 118

viruses can replicate only after they have: (2)

Back 118

attached to cells
penetrated specific host cells

Front 119

_________: in tissue culture systems, once inside a cell, viruses cause these observable changes

Back 119

cytopathic effect

Front 120

_________ infection: occurs when viruses enter a cell and produce infectious offspring

Back 120

productive viral

Front 121

______ infection occurs when viruses enter a cell but are unable to express all their genes to make infectious offspring

Back 121

abortive viral

Front 122

_______ infections - A weakened immune system allows the virus to multiply

Back 122

latent viral

Front 123

example of latent viral infection

Back 123

shingles

Front 124

latent viral infections are characteristic of the ______

Back 124

herpesviruses

Front 125

________ viral infections involve a continued production of viruses over many months or years

Back 125

persistent

Front 126

The ______ virus infects the liver in such a chronic fashion that there may be no outward sings of an infection

Back 126

HBV

Front 127

HBV viruses leads to: (2)

Back 127

cirrhosis of liver
liver cancer

Front 128

most fungal diseases result from fungal spores that are _______ or entered through _____

Back 128

inhaled
cuts/wounds

Front 129

certain ______ produce mycotoxins

Back 129

fungi

Front 130

some ______ invade and reproduce in red blood cells

Back 130

protozoans

Front 131

Giardia intestinalis attaches to ______ and ingests _____

Back 131

tissues
cells and tissue fluid

Front 132

__________: adhesive disk

Back 132

virulence factor

Front 133

_______ are extracellular parasites that inhabit intestines or other body tissues

Back 133

helminths

Front 134

many helminths release toxic waste products, ________ in their excretions

Back 134

andantigens

Front 135

_______: a characteristic of a disease that can be observed by examining the patient

Back 135

sign

Front 136

examples of a sign

Back 136

swelling, redness, rashes, coughing, pus, runny nose, vomiting

Front 137

______: a characteristic of a disease that can be observed or felt only by the patient

Back 137

symptom

Front 138

example of symptoms

Back 138

pain, shortness of breath, nausea, sore throat, headache

Front 139

______: a combination of signs and symptoms that occur together and are indicative of a particular disease or abnormal condition

Back 139

syndrome

Front 140

_______: even after recovery, some diseases leave after-effects

Back 140

sequelae

Front 141

______: time between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms

Back 141

incubation period

Front 142

________ phase: a short period during which nonspecific, mild symptoms

Back 142

prodromal

Front 143

examples of symptoms during prodromal phase

Back 143

malaise and headache

Front 144

______ phase: is a period during which the individual experiences the typical signs and symptoms of disease

Back 144

invasive

Front 145

_______ a symptom indicating the onset of a disease

Back 145

prodrome

Front 146

_____ phase: period of illness during which host defenses and effects of treatment overcome the pathogen

Back 146

decline

Front 147

______ period: tissues are repaired, healing takes place, and body regains strength and recovers

Back 147

convalescent

Front 148

host defenses that produce resistance against infection can be ____ or _____

Back 148

adaptive or innate

Front 149

______ defenses: respond to particular agents called antigens

Back 149

adaptive

Front 150

example of adaptive defenses (2)

Back 150

viruses, pathogenic bacteria

Front 151

____ defenses: those that act against any type of invading agent

Back 151

innate

Front 152

when ____ fails, we become susceptible to infection by pathogens

Back 152

resistance

Front 153

Adaptive defenses respond to antigens by producing _____

Back 153

protein antibodies

Front 154

______ involve the activation of lymphocytes

Back 154

adaptive defenses

Front 155

_______: specific cells of the bodies immune system

Back 155

lymphocytes

Front 156

_____ and _____ responses are more effective against succeeding invasions by the same pathogen

Back 156

antibody and cellular

Front 157

_______ barriers: skin and mucous membranes and chemicals they secrete

Back 157

physical

Front 158

______ barriers: antimicrobial substances in body fluids

Back 158

chemical

Front 159

example of chemical barriers

Back 159

saliva, mucus, gastric juices, iron limitation mechanism

Front 160

_________ defenses: certain cells that engulf invading microorganisms

Back 160

cellular

Front 161

_______: reddening, swelling, and temperature increases in tissues at sites of infection

Back 161

inflammation

Front 162

______: elevation of body temperature to kill invading agents and/or inactivate their toxic products

Back 162

fever

Front 163

_______ defenses: destroy or impede invading microorganisms

Back 163

molecular

Front 164

examples of molecular defenses

Back 164

inteferon and complement

Front 165

name the innate defenses

Back 165

physical barriers
chemical barriers
cellular defenses
inflammation
fever
molecular defenses

Front 166

example of chemical barriers

Back 166

high salt content
sweat/sebum
acid in stomach
lysozyme

Front 167

name things that inhibit growth of bacteria

Back 167

high salt content
sweat and sebum

Front 168

acidic pH of stomach is a defense against:

Back 168

intestinal pathogens

Front 169

______: cleaves peptidoglycan linkage in bacterial cell wall

Back 169

lysozyme

Front 170

lysozymes are present in:

Back 170

tears, saliva and mucus

Front 171

blood is a _____ defense

Back 171

cellular

Front 172

blood consists of 60% _____ and 40% _____

Back 172

plasma
cells

Front 173

name the formed elements of blood

Back 173

erthyrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes

Front 174

________ are defensive cells important to adaptive and innate host defenses

Back 174

leukocytes

Front 175

______: cells that eat/engulf materials

Back 175

phagocytes

Front 176

______ patrol/circulate through the body and destroy cells and cellular debris

Back 176

phagocytes

Front 177

phagocytes guard the _____ against invasion by microorganisms

Back 177

skin/mucous membrane

Front 178

________: "big eaters" that destroy not only microorganisms but also larger particles

Back 178

macrophages

Front 179

phagocytes digest and destroy invading microbes and foreign particles by a process called ______

Back 179

phagocytosis

Front 180

phagocytic cells must: (4)

Back 180

find
adhere to
ingest
digest

Front 181

_______: phagocytes in tissues recognize invading microorganisms

Back 181

chemotaxis

Front 182

_______ on the phagocytic cells recognize molecular patterns

Back 182

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Front 183

phagocytes release _____ that have specific roles in host defenses

Back 183

cytokines

Front 184

_______: a class of cytokines that attract additional phagocytes to a site of infection

Back 184

chemokines

Front 185

_______: a non-random movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical

Back 185

chemotaxis

Front 186

_______: the ability of a phagocyte cell membrane to bind to specific molecules on the surface of microbe

Back 186

adherance

Front 187

_________: most common means by which bacteria avoid phagocytosis

Back 187

antiphagocytic capsule

Front 188

________: coats microbes with antibodies to aid phagocyte in adherence

Back 188

complement system

Front 189

_______: pseudopodia fuse and enclose microorganism within this cytoplasmic vacuole

Back 189

phagosome

Front 190

________" lysosomes with digestive enzymes fuse with phgosome membrane

Back 190

phagolysosome

Front 191

macrophages use metabolic products to kill ingested microbes (5):

Back 191

oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide
nitric oxide
superoxide ions
hypochlorite ion

Front 192

______: the bodys defensive response to tissue damage from microbial infection

Back 192

inflammation

Front 193

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 193

1. calor
2. rubor
3. tumor
4. dolor

Front 194

_____: an increase in temperature

Back 194

calor

Front 195

______: redness

Back 195

rubor

Front 196

______: swelling

Back 196

tumor

Front 197

______: pain at infected or injured site

Back 197

dolor

Front 198

______: refers to a set of more than 20 large regulatory proteins that play a role in host defense

Back 198

complement

Front 199

general functions of complement system

Back 199

1. opsonization
2. membrane attack complexes
3. generate peptide fragments that regular inflammation and immune responses

Front 200

______: enhances phagocytosis

Back 200

opsonization

Front 201

_________: lyse pathogens directly

Back 201

membrane attack complexes

Front 202

_______: by releasing histamine during compliment system

Back 202

inflammation

Front 203

________: coat bacterial surfaces which enhances phagocytosis during complement system

Back 203

opsonization

Front 204

__________: forms and stabilizes hole in the cell during compliment system

Back 204

membrane attack complexes

Front 205

molecular defenses involve the action of _____ and complement

Back 205

interferon and complement

Front 206

_______: interferes with viral replication in other cells

Back 206

interferon

Front 207

three groups of interferons in humans

Back 207

alpha, beta, gamma

Front 208

_________ refers to the ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against infectious agents

Back 208

immunity

Front 209

__________: the vulnerability of the host to harm by infectious agents

Back 209

susceptibility

Front 210

________ system: consists of various cells, and organs such as the thymus gland, that help provide the host with specific immunity to infectious agents

Back 210

immune

Front 211

_____ the study of adaptive immunity an how the immune system responds to specific infectious agents and toxins

Back 211

immunology

Front 212

name the types of immunity

Back 212

-innate
-adaptive

Front 213

______ immunity: exists because of genetically determined characteristics

Back 213

innate

Front 214

_____: immunity obtained in some manner other than heredity

Back 214

adaptive

Front 215

_______ acquired adaptive immunity is most often obtained by having a specific disease

Back 215

naturally

Front 216

_______ acquired adaptive immunity is obtained by receiving an antigen by injection of vaccine or immune serum

Back 216

artificially

Front 217

_______: a substance the body identifies as foreign and toward which it mounts an immune response

Back 217

antigen

Front 218

large, complex proteins can have several ________ or _______ (areas on the molecule to which antibodies can bind)

Back 218

epitopes
antigenic determinants

Front 219

______: a small molecule can act as an antigen if it binds to a larger protein molecule

Back 219

hapten

Front 220

________: a protein produced in response to an antigen that is capable of binding specifically to the antigen

Back 220

antibody

Front 221

_____: the quantity of a substance needed to produce a given reaction

Back 221

titer

Front 222

specific immune responses are carried out by ______, which develop from stem cells

Back 222

lymphocytes

Front 223

___ lymphocytes: lymphocytes which develop from stem cells as do other which blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

Back 223

B

Front 224

___ lymphocytes: stem cells migrate to the thymus, where they undergo differentiation into thymus-derived cells

Back 224

T

Front 225

_____ killer cells: found in tissues and circulating in blood and nonspecifically kill cancer cells and viral-infected cells

Back 225

Natural Killer

Front 226

lymphocytes give rise to 2 major types of immune responses:

Back 226

1. humoral immunity
2. cell mediated immunity

Front 227

______ immunity: carried out by antibodies circulating in the blood

Back 227

humoral

Front 228

____ immunity: carried out by T cells and occurs at the cellular level

Back 228

cell mediated

Front 229

______ regions: determines the particular class that an immunoglobulin belongs to

Back 229

constant

Front 230

______ regions: each chain has a particular shape and charge that enable the molecule to bind a particular antigen

Back 230

variable

Front 231

what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins

Back 231

1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgM
4. IgE
5. IgD

Front 232

_______: the main class of antibodies found in the blood accounts for as much as 20% of all plasma proteins

Back 232

IgG

Front 233

_____: occurs in small amounts in blood and in larger amounts in body secretions (tears, milk, saliva, and mucus)

Back 233

IgA

Front 234

_____ found as a monomer on the surface of B cells and is secreted as a pentamer by plasma cells (J chain)

Back 234

IgM

Front 235

_____ has a special affinity for receptors on the plasma membranes of basophils in blood or mast cells in tissues

Back 235

IgE

Front 236

______: found mainly on B-cell membranes and is rarely secreted

Back 236

IgD

Front 237

in humoral immunity, the primary response to an antigen occurs when the antigen is first recognized by ______

Back 237

host B cells

Front 238

__________ response: when an antigen (same) recognized by memory cells enters the blood

Back 238

secondary response

Front 239

antibodies produced by humoral immune responses eliminate foreign agents in 3 ways:

Back 239

1. neutralization
2. opsoniation
3. immune complexes

Front 240

cell mediated immunity involves the direct actions of _______ cells

Back 240

T cytotoxic

Front 241

________ cells interact directly with other cells that display foreign antigens

Back 241

T cytotoxic

Front 242

cell-mediated immunity involves the differentiation and actions of different types of ______ and production of ______

Back 242

t cells
cytokines

Front 243

types of cytokines

Back 243

lymphokines
interleukins

Front 244

T cells cannot be activated directly by _______

Back 244

antigens

Front 245

macrophages that have processed an antigen, secrete the ________ which activates ______

Back 245

lymphokine
T helper cells

Front 246

T helper cells secrete ______

Back 246

interleukin-2
(IL2)

Front 247

IL2 activates ______

Back 247

cytotoxic killer cells

Front 248

cytotoxic killer cells act on IL1 and IL2 ?

Back 248

causes undifferentiated cells to become natural killer cells

Front 249

Three vaccines that immunize against sever diseases that are recommended in US

Back 249

1. DTaP
2. Poliomyelitis
3. MMR

Front 250

vaccine that prevents against whooping cough and tetanus

Back 250

DTap

Front 251

______ vaccine prevents against rubella, measles and mumps

Back 251

MMR

Front 252

ready-made antibodies are introduced into an unprotected individual is called ______

Back 252

acquired passive artificial immunity

Front 253

because antibodies are found in serum, these products are often called ______

Back 253

antisera

Front 254

passive immunization is established by administering a preparation such as _______, or ________

Back 254

gamma gobulin, or hyperimmune serum

Front 255

__________ disorder: A condition that results from an inappropriate or inadequate immune response

Back 255

immunological

Front 256

_________: the immune system reacts in an exaggerated or inappropriate way to a foreign substance

Back 256

hypersensitivity

Front 257

four types of hypersensitivity:

Back 257

-immediate
-cytotoxic
-immune complex
-cell mediated

Front 258

________ hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis results from a prior exposure to a foreign substance called an allergen

Back 258

immediate

Front 259

______ hypersensitivity: elicited by antigens on cells, that an immune system recognizes as foreign

Back 259

cytotoxic

Front 260

_______ hypersensitivity: elicited by antigens in vaccines, on microbes, or on a persons own cells

Back 260

immune complex

Front 261

_______ hypersensitivity: triggered by exposure to foreign substances from the environment, infectious disease agents, transplanted tissues, and bodys own tissues and cells

Back 261

cell-mediated

Front 262

_______ disorders represent a form of hypersensitivity in which the body's immune system responds to its own tissues as if they were foreign

Back 262

autoimmune

Front 263

ex. of localized anaphylaxis

Back 263

hay fever

Front 264

______: means "out of place" refers to localized allergic reactions

Back 264

atopy

Front 265

______ immune reactions occur first at the site where the allergen enters the body

Back 265

atopic

Front 266

if the allergen enters the skin, it causes a ________ reaction, characterized by redness, swelling, and itching

Back 266

wheal and flare

Front 267

________: seasonal alleric rhinitis, common type of atopy

Back 267

hay fever

Front 268

hay fever can be distinguished from the common cold by the increased numbers of ________ in nasal secretions

Back 268

eosinophils

Front 269

______ anaphylaxis is life threatening

Back 269

generalized

Front 270

generalized anaphylaxis needs immediate treatment with ______

Back 270

epinephrine

Front 271

________ anaphylaxis: airways become severely constricted and filled with mucus secretions

Back 271

respiratory

Front 272

ex. of respiratory anaphylaxis

Back 272

asthma

Front 273

________: blood vessles suddenly dilate and become more permeable, causing an abrupt and life-threatening drop in blood pressure

Back 273

anaphylactic shock

Front 274

cytotoxic hypersensitivity - specific antibodies react with cell surface antigens interpreted as ______ by the immune system

Back 274

foreign

Front 275

cytotoxic hypersensitivity leads to: (3)

Back 275

phagocytosis
natural killer cell activity
complement-mediated lysis

Front 276

Normal human red blood cells have genetically determined ________ that form the basis for different blood types

Back 276

surface antigens

Front 277

________ can occur when matching antigens and antibodies are present int he patients blood at the same time

Back 277

transfusion reaction

Front 278

A and B antigens determine the _____ group system

Back 278

ABO

Front 279

______ disease of newborn: red blood cells can have Rh antigens in addition to the ABO blood group

Back 279

hemolytic

Front 280

Rh positive =

Back 280

blood with Rh antigens

Front 281

Rh negative =

Back 281

blood without Rh antigens

Front 282

Hemolytic disease occurs when:

Back 282

Rh-negative women caries an Rh-positive fetes and produces anti-Rh antibodies

Front 283

treatment for hemolytic disease

Back 283

Rhogam = anti-Rh antibodies (IgG)

Front 284

Immune complex hypersesitivity results from the formation of _______ complexes that persist or are continuously formed

Back 284

antigen-antibody

Front 285

Immune Complex Hyper: ____ antibodies combine with antigen in the blood to form an immune complex and activate complement

Back 285

IgG

Front 286

result of immune complex hypersensitivity

Back 286

basophils and mast cells release histamine

Front 287

________: large doses of antitoxin sera were used to immunize people pasively against infectious diseases such as diptheria

Back 287

serum sickness

Front 288

_______ reaction: local reaction seen in the skin after subcutaneous or intradermal injection of an antigenic substance

Back 288

arthus reaction

Front 289

ex of arthus reaction

Back 289

rheumatoid arthritis
lupus erythematosus

Front 290

________ hypersensitivty: reactions take more than 12 hours to develop

Back 290

cell mediated

Front 291

_____ cells release various cytokines which cause inflammatory reactions that attract macrophages to the site

Back 291

TH1

Front 292

_____ cells are used in cell mediated hypersensitivity

Back 292

TH1

Front 293

result of cell mediated hypersensitivity:

Back 293

patches of raw, reddened skin in eczema, swelling and granulomatous lesions

Front 294

example of cell mediated disorders (3)

Back 294

-contact dermatitis
-tuberculin hypersensitivity
-granulomatous hypersensitivity

Front 295

________: occurs in sensitized individuals on second or subsequent exposure to allergens such as oils from poison ivy, rubber, certain metals, dyes and soaps

Back 295

contact dermatitis

Front 296

_______ hypersensitivity: occurs in sensitized individuals exposed to tuberculin in a tuberculin skin test

Back 296

tuberculin

Front 297

_______ hypersensitivity: most serious and usually occurs when macrophages have engulfed pathogens but have failed to kill them

Back 297

granulomatous

Front 298

example of granulomatous hypersensitivity

Back 298

allergy to metals

Front 299

________: the killing or removal of all microorganisms in a material or on an object

Back 299

sterilization

Front 300

______: the reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms to the point where they pose no danger of disease

Back 300

disinfection

Front 301

______: a chemical agent that can safely by used externally on living tissue to destroy microorganisms or to inhibit their growth

Back 301

antiseptic

Front 302

_______: a chemical agent used on inanimate objects to destroy microorganisms

Back 302

disinfectant

Front 303

most ______ and _____ do NOT kill spores

Back 303

disinfectants
bactericides

Front 304

____________: an agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria

Back 304

bacteriostatic agent

Front 305

_______ an agent that kills bacteria, but do not kill spores

Back 305

bactericide

Front 306

_______ an agent that inactivates viruses

Back 306

viricide

Front 307

______ an agent that kills fungi

Back 307

fungicide

Front 308

_______ an agent that kills bacterial endospores or fungal spores

Back 308

sporocide

Front 309

__________: uses = hand washing, laundering, sanitizing kitchen and dairy equipment

Back 309

soaps and detergents

Front 310

_______ dissolve lipids, disrupt membranes, denature proteins, and inactivate enzymes in high concentrations

Back 310

surfactants

Front 311

_______ act as wetting agents in low concentrations

Back 311

surfactants

Front 312

_________ are cationic and anionic detergents used to sanitize utensils and launder clothes

Back 312

surfactants

Front 313

_______ are used for food preservation

Back 313

acids

Front 314

_______ are found in soaps

Back 314

alkalis

Front 315

_______ are used to prevent gonococcal infections, disinfect skin and inanimate objects, and inhibit algal growth

Back 315

heavy metals

Front 316

_____ detergents are used to sanitize utensils

Back 316

cationic

Front 317

_____ detergents are used to launder clothes and clean household objects

Back 317

anionic

Front 318

ammonium compounds are sometimes used as antiseptics on ______

Back 318

skin

Front 319

_______ is used to prevent gonococcal infections

Back 319

silver nitrate

Front 320

______ compounds are used to disinfect skin and inanimate objects

Back 320

mercury

Front 321

________ is used to inhibit algal growth

Back 321

copper

Front 322

______ is used to inhibit fungal growth

Back 322

selenium

Front 323

______ alcohol is used to disinfect skin

Back 323

isopropyl

Front 324

name oxidizing agents used as antimicrobial agents

Back 324

hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate

Front 325

______ is used to clean puncture wounds

Back 325

hydrogen peroxide

Front 326

_____ is used to disinfect instruments

Back 326

potassium permanganate

Front 327

dye that is used to clean wounds

Back 327

acridine

Front 328

dye that is used to treat protozoan and fungal infections

Back 328

crystal violet

Front 329

_____ heat is used to sterilize glassware and metal objects; open flame is used to incinerate microorganisms

Back 329

dry

Front 330

____ heat is used for autoclaving sterilizes media, bandages, and many kinds of hospital and laboratory equip not damaged by heat and moisture

Back 330

moist

Front 331

_______ kills pathogens in milk, dairy products and beer

Back 331

pasteurization

Front 332

_______ used to keep fresh foods for a few days, does not kill most microorganisms

Back 332

refridgeration

Front 333

_______ used to keep food fresh for several months - doesnt kill microorganisms

Back 333

freezing

Front 334

_____ light used to reduce the number of microorganisms in air in operating rooms, and animal rooms

Back 334

UV

Front 335

_____ radiation used to sterilize plastics and pharmaceutical products to preserve food

Back 335

ionizing

Front 336

______ radiation cannot be used reliably to destroy microbes except in special media-sterilizing equipment

Back 336

microwave

Front 337

name the three general types of radiation

Back 337

UV light
microwave
ionizing

Front 338

cephalosporins are the _____ spectrum agents of _______

Back 338

broad
bacteroides

Front 339

lincomycin, and clinamycin are ______ spectrum agents of ______

Back 339

narrow
bacteroides

Front 340

chloramphenicol are ______ spectrum agents of _____

Back 340

broad
yeasts

Front 341

nystatin are ________ spectrum agents of ________

Back 341

narrow
yeasts

Front 342

gentamicin and ampicillin are ____ spectrum agents of ______

Back 342

broad
gram + bacteria

Front 343

penicillin and erythromycin are ______ spectrum agents of _____

Back 343

narrow
gram + bacteria

Front 344

karamycin are ____ spectrum agents of _____

Back 344

broad
gram - bacteria

Front 345

polymyxins are _____ spectrum agents of _____

Back 345

narrow
gram - bacteria

Front 346

tetracyclines are _____ spectrum agents of _____ and ____

Back 346

broad
streptococci, staphyloccoci

Front 347

streptomycin are ____ spectrum agents of _____

Back 347

narrow streptococci

Front 348

vancomycin are _____ spectrum agents of _____

Back 348

narrow
staphyloccoi

Front 349

spectrum of tobramycin

Back 349

mycobacteria, gram -

Front 350

spectrum of streptomycin

Back 350

mycobacteria
gram -

Front 351

spectrom of isoniazid

Back 351

mycobacteria

Front 352

spectrum of polymyxins

Back 352

gram -

Front 353

spectrim of penicillins

Back 353

gram -
gram +
chlamydias

Front 354

spectrum of sulfonamides

Back 354

gram -
gram +

Front 355

spectrum of tetracyclines

Back 355

gram -
gram+
chlamydias
rickettsias

Front 356

side effect of tetracyclines

Back 356

discolored teeth

Front 357

spectrum of cephalosporins

Back 357

gram -
gram +

Front 358

the ________ ring inhibits peptidoglycan

Back 358

b-lactamase

Front 359

the b=lactamase ring inhibits peptidoglycan in _____ organisms

Back 359

gram +

Front 360

name the agents the inhibit cell wall synthesis

Back 360

penicillin
cephalosporins
carbapenems
bacitracin
imipenem

Front 361

agents that interfere with cell membrane function

Back 361

polymyxins
tyrocidins

Front 362

name the antimetabolites

Back 362

sulfonamides
isoniazid
ethambutol
nitrofurantoin

Front 363

name the agents that inhibit protein synthesis

Back 363

streptomycin
gentamicin
tetracyclines
chloramphenicol
erythromycin

Front 364

name the agents that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Back 364

rifampin
quinolones

Front 365

black hairy tongue is caused by a reaction to the drug _____

Back 365

metronidazole

Front 366

which antibiotic do we receive from penicillium notatum

Back 366

penicillin

Front 367

which antibiotic do we receive from streptomyces venezuelae

Back 367

chloramphenicol

Front 368

which antibiotic do we receive from streptomyces griseus

Back 368

streptomycin

Front 369

which antibiotic do we receive from streptomyces mediterranei

Back 369

rifampsin

Front 370

which antibiotic do we receive from streptomyces aureofaciens

Back 370

tetracycline

Front 371

which antibiotic do we receive from streptomyces orientalis

Back 371

vancomycin

Front 372

which antibiotic do we receive from streptomyces antibioticus

Back 372

vidarabine

Front 373

which antibiotic do we receive from streptomyces antibioticus

Back 373

vidarabine

Front 374

which antibiotic do we receive from micromonospora

Back 374

gentamicin

Front 375

which antibiotic do we receive from bacillus licheniformis

Back 375

bacitracin

Front 376

which antibiotic do we receive from bacillus brevis

Back 376

tyrocidin

Front 377

name the first generation penicillins

Back 377

cephalothin
cefazolin
cephalexin

Front 378

name the 2nd generation penicillins

Back 378

cefuroxime
cefaclor

Front 379

name the third generation penicillins

Back 379

cephtazidime
ceftriaxone

Front 380

name the 4th generation penicillins

Back 380

cefepime

Front 381

name the skin microflora

Back 381

staphylococcus epidermidis
staphylococcus aureus
lactobacillus species
propionibacterium acnes
pityrosporon ovale

Front 382

name the mouth microflora

Back 382

streptococcus salivarius
streptococcus pneumoniae
streptococcus mitis
streptococcus sanguis
streptococcus mutans
streptococcus epidermidis
streptococcus aureus

Front 383

name the upper respiratory tract microflora

Back 383

staphylococcus epidermidis
staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus mitis
streptococcus pnemonia
moraxella catarrhalis
lactobacillus
haemophilus influenzae

Front 384

name the intestine microflora

Back 384

staphylococcus epidermidis
staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus mitis
enterococcus species
lactobacillus species
clostridium species
eubacterium limosum

Front 385

name the internal tissues and organs that are normal microbe-free

Back 385

middle and inner ear
sinuses
internal eye
bone marrow
muscles
brain and spinal cord
ovaries and testes

Front 386

name the body fluids that are usually microbe free

Back 386

blood
cerebrospinal fluid
saliva prior to secretion
urine in kidneys and bladder
semen prior to urethra

Front 387

_____ disease: in which symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly

Back 387

acute disease

Front 388

______ disease: disease in which symptoms develop slowly and disease is slow to disappear

Back 388

chronic

Front 389

_____ disease: disease in which symptoms appear and or reappear long after infection

Back 389

latent

Front 390

______ infection: infection confined to a small region of the body

Back 390

local

Front 391

______ infection: infection is confined region from which pathogens travel to other regions of the body

Back 391

focal infection

Front 392

_______ infection: infection in which the pathogen is spread throughout the body - usually by blood or lymph

Back 392

systemic

Front 393

_______: presence and multiplication of pathogens in the blood

Back 393

septicemia

Front 394

______: presence but not multiplication of bacteria in blood

Back 394

bacteremia

Front 395

________: presence but not multiplication of viruses in blood

Back 395

viremia

Front 396

_______: presences of toxins in blood

Back 396

toxemia

Front 397

the ______ is the peak of disease

Back 397

acme

Front 398

______ period: no signs or symptoms

Back 398

incubation

Front 399

______ phase: vague symptoms

Back 399

prodromal

Front 400

_______ phase: most severe signs and symptoms

Back 400

invasive

Front 401

_______ phase: declining signs and symptoms

Back 401

decline

Front 402

what are the three formed elements of the blood

Back 402

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

Front 403

_______ are known as red blood cells

Back 403

erythrocytes

Front 404

________ are known as white blood cells

Back 404

leukocytes

Front 405

name the types of white blood cells (5)

Back 405

basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil
monocyte
lymphocyte

Front 406

name the steps of phagocytosis

Back 406

1. Adherence
2. Ingestion
3. Digestion
4. Exocytosis

Front 407

name the parts of the lymphatic system

Back 407

palatine tonsil
right lymphatic duct
thymus
thoracic duct
appendix
jugular vein
spleen
aggregated lymphatic follicle

Front 408

all areas of the body are drained by the _____ and ______ ducts

Back 408

lymphatic
thoracic

Front 409

the _______ duct drains 70% of lymphatic system

Back 409

thoracic

Front 410

name the cells of the medulla

Back 410

B cells
plasma cells
macrophages

Front 411

name the cells of the inner cortex

Back 411

t cells
dendritic cells

Front 412

name the cells of the outer cortex

Back 412

B cells
follicular dendritic cells
macrophages

Front 413

name the pathway of lymph flow through a lymph node

Back 413

1. afferent lymphatic vessel
2. subcapsular sinus
3. trabecular sinus
4. medullary sinus
5. effert lymphatic vessel

Front 414

name the steps of inflammation and healing (11)

Back 414

1. cut allows bacteria under skin
2. damaged cells release histamine and badykinin
3. capillaries dilate and bring more blood, skin becomes red and warm
4. capillaries become more permeable, allowing swelling
5. blood clotting occurs, scab forms
6. bacteria multiply in cut
7. phagocytes enter tissue by moving through blood vessels
8. phagocytic cells engulf tissue debris and bacteria
9. larger blood vessels dilate, increasing blood supply
10. dead cells and debris removed, epithelial cells begin to grow underneath scab
11. scar tissue replaces cells

Front 415

when skin is penetrated, damaged cells release ______ and ______

Back 415

histamine and badykinin

Front 416

scar tissue is a type of _____ tissue

Back 416

connective

Front 417

_______ is a process when phagocytes move through the walls of blood vessels

Back 417

dilapedisis

Front 418

what is the cell source of alpha interfereon

Back 418

leukocytes

Front 419

what is the cell source of beta-interferon

Back 419

fibroblasts

Front 420

what is the cell source of gamma interferon

Back 420

t lymphocytes and natural killer cells

Front 421

name the steps by which interferons act

Back 421

1. virus infects cell
2. signal sent to host cell nucleus
3. viral replication activates host cell gene for interferon
4. interferon is synthesized and released
5. interferon binds to surface of neighboring cell
6. cell is stimulated to produce antiviral protein
7. antiviral proteins block viral replication

Front 422

name the physical barriers

Back 422

hair
secretions
epithlium

Front 423

name the phagocytes

Back 423

fixed macrophage
neutrophil
free macrophage
eosinophil
monocyte

Front 424

name the inflammatory responses

Back 424

1. blood flow increased
2. phagocytes activated
3. capillary permeability increased
4. complement activated
5. clotting reaction walls off region
6. regional temperature increased
7. specific defenses activated

Front 425

how does a fever happen

Back 425

when body temperature rises about 37 degrees celcius in response to pyrogens

Front 426

interferons are released and activated by ______ and ________

Back 426

lymphocytes and marcophages

Front 427

Peyers patches and nodules in digestive trace contains ______% B cells, and ____% T cells

Back 427

60; 25

Front 428

spleen contains ______% B cells and ______% T cells

Back 428

45; 45

Front 429

the lymph nodes contain _____%B cells and _____% T cells

Back 429

20, 70

Front 430

the thymus is _____% B cells and ______% T cells

Back 430

1; 99

Front 431

Stem cells --> thymus ---> ______ cell ---> lymph node

Back 431

T

Front 432

two types of T cells in bone marrow

Back 432

Th - CD4
Th - CD8

Front 433

stem cells --> adult bone marrow --> ____ cell ---> lymph node

Back 433

B

Front 434

the _______ is where the B cells develop in chicken

Back 434

bursa of fabricius

Front 435

number of units, activation of complement, and percentage of total blood for IgG

Back 435

1 unit
Yes
75-85

Front 436

number of units, activation of complement, and percentage of total blood for IgM

Back 436

5
Yes
5-10

Front 437

number of units, activation of complement, and percentage of total blood for IgA

Back 437

1 or 2
yes by alternative pathway
10

Front 438

number of units, activation of complement, and percentage of total blood for IgE

Back 438

1, no, 0.005

Front 439

number of units, activation of complement, and percentage of total blood for IgD

Back 439

1
No
0.2

Front 440

describe the structure of an antibody

Back 440

4 polypeptide chains
two identical light chains (200 AA)
two identical heavy chains (400 AA)

Front 441

cytotoxic T cells releases destructive enzymes called ______

Back 441

perforin

Front 442

name the types of T cells

Back 442

helper
cytotoxic
memory

Front 443

blood type A has ____ antigens on erythrocytes, and ______ antibodies in serum

Back 443

A, Anti-B

Front 444

blood type B has ____ antigens on erythrocytes, and ______ antibodies in serum

Back 444

B, Anti-A

Front 445

blood type AB has ____ antigens on erythrocytes, and ______ antibodies in serum

Back 445

A and B; Neither anti-A nor anti-B

Front 446

blood type O has ____ antigens on erythrocytes, and ______ antibodies in serum

Back 446

neither A nor B; AntiA and AntiB

Front 447

describe the cause and effect of hemolytic disease in newborns

Back 447

Rh-negative mother, Rh-positive fetus - breaks in placental membrane at delivery allow Rh antigens to enter maternal circulation - Anti-Rh antibodies enter fetal circulation and the fetal red blood cells are destroyed

Front 448

A positive tuberculin skin test will show:

Back 448

measure 5mm or more raised skin

Front 449

type I hypersensitivity =

Back 449

immediate

Front 450

main mediator of immediate hypersensitivity

Back 450

IgE

Front 451

reaction time of immediate hypersensitivity

Back 451

seconds to 30 minutes

Front 452

nature of reaction for immediate hypersensitivity

Back 452

local wheal and flare, airway restriction, anaphylactic shock

Front 453

therapy for immediate hypersensitivity

Back 453

desensitization, antihistamines, steroids

Front 454

type II hypersensitivity =

Back 454

cytotoxic

Front 455

main mediators of cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Back 455

IgG, IgM

Front 456

reaction time for cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Back 456

variable, usually hours

Front 457

nature of reaction for cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Back 457

clumping of erythrocytes, cell destruction

Front 458

therapy for cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Back 458

steroids

Front 459

type III hypersensitivity =

Back 459

immune complex

Front 460

main mediators for immune complex hypersensitivity

Back 460

IgG, IgM

Front 461

reaction time for immune complex hypersensitivity

Back 461

3 to 8 hours

Front 462

nature of reaction for immune complex hypersensitivity

Back 462

acute inflammation effects

Front 463

therapy for immune complex hypersensitivty

Back 463

steroids

Front 464

Type IV hypersensitivity =

Back 464

cell-mediated

Front 465

main mediators for cell-mediated hypersensitivity

Back 465

t cells

Front 466

reaction time for cell mediated hypersensitivity

Back 466

24 hours to 4 or more weeks

Front 467

nature of reaction for cell mediated hypersensitivity

Back 467

cell-mediated cell destruction

Front 468

therapy for cell-mediated hypersensitivity

Back 468

steroids

Front 469

streptococcus pyogenes causes the disease ____ and ____

Back 469

scarlet fever, erysipelas

Front 470

propionibacterium acnes caused the disease ___

Back 470

acne

Front 471

rubella virus causes ____

Back 471

rubella

Front 472

rubeola virus causes _____

Back 472

measles

Front 473

varicella-zoster virus causes ____ & ____

Back 473

chickenpox; shingles

Front 474

small pox virus causes ____

Back 474

small pox

Front 475

HPV causes ___

Back 475

warts

Front 476

mucor and rhizopus species causes _____

Back 476

zygomycosis

Front 477

cercariae of schistosomes causes ____

Back 477

swimmers itch

Front 478

neisseria gonorrhoeae causes _____

Back 478

ophthalmia neonatorum

Front 479

adenovirus causes _____

Back 479

epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

Front 480

enterovirus causes ____

Back 480

acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Front 481

loa loa causes ____

Back 481

loaiasis

Front 482

clostridium perfringens causes ___

Back 482

gas gangrene

Front 483

afipia felis and bartonella causes ____

Back 483

cat scratch fever

Front 484

streptobacillus moniliformis causes ___

Back 484

rat bite fever

Front 485

sarcoptes scabiei causes ____

Back 485

scabies

Front 486

fly larvae causes _____

Back 486

myiasis