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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotes
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No nucleus
Not wrapped around histones Bacteria- peptidoglycan No complex, membrane-bound organelles circular DNA |
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External Prokaryotic cell structures
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Appendages-Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae
Glycocalyx |
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Cell envelope Prokaryotic cell structures
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- (outer membrane)
Cell wall cell membrane |
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Internal Prokaryotic cell structures
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plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions, nucleoid/chromosome, actin cytoskeletion, endospore
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Appendages
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Motility (flagella and axial filaments)
Attachment and mating (pili and fimbriae) |
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Pili
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Used in conjugation
(Like a conjucal visit) |
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Fimbriae
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Small, bristlelike fibers
Most contain protein Help bacteria stick to one another |
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Biofilm
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a mixture of mircoorgansims growing together on the surface of a habitat (ie: teeth, heart plaque)
Glycocalyx helps with this |
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The Glycocalyx
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Develops as a coating of repeating polysaccharide units, protein, or both
Protects the cell Sometimes helps the cell adhere to the environment (Slim layer/Capsule) |
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Gram-positive cell wall
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A thick petidoglycan sheath
Penicillin attacks this and leaves the cell with little protection for lysis |
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Gram-Negative Cell Wall
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thin (1 to 3 nm) sheet of peptidoglycan
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Mycoplasmas-
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lack cell wall entirely
this causes atypical pnuemonia Mycoplasma cell membrane is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis Important medical species: Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm
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70%-80% water
chromatin body, ribosomes, granules, and actin strands |
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Aggregated in a dense area of the cell- the nucleoid
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Contains the gentic info for the cell, is NOT a neucleus
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Plasmids
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Nonessential, double-stranded circles of DNA, protective traits such as drug resistance
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Ribosomes
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Made of RNA and protein
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) the prokaryotic ribosome is 70S |
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Inclusions
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Storage areas in the cell
Serve as a storehouse when nutrients become depleted Some enclose condensed, energy-rich organic substances |
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The Actin Cytoskeleton
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Contribute to cell shape
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Endospores bacteria that produces them
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Dormant bodies produced by Bacillus and Clostridium
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Endospore: hardiest of all life forms
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Withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals
Heat resistance- high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid Some viable endospores have been found that were more than 250 million years old |
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Germination in Endospore
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Breaking of dormancy
Quite rapid (1 ½ hours) The cell can break out of endospore and start reproducing |
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Several bacterial pathogens
that use endospores |
Bacillus anthracis- anthrax
Clostridium tetani- tetnus Clostridium perfingens- gang green Clostridium botulinum- botchulsim |
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Coccus-
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roughly spherical
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Bacillus-
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rod-shaped
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Vibrios-
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gently curved (Cholora)
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Spirillum-
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curviform or spiral-shaped (Syphilis)
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Staph
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Looks like grapes of cocci
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Obligate Intracellular Parasites
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Requires Cell/Cannot live outside of host cell
Rickettsias-Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Chlamydias |
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A flagellum enables (in a eucaryotes cell)
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enables locomotion, and is composed of microtubules, arranged in a 9 + 2 fashion
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Nucleus
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Histones-proteins that associate with DNA during mitosis protect the nucleus, Linear DNA
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RER (in eucaryote cells)
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Coated with ribosomes
Site of proteins synthesis 80S Ribosomes |
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Golgi apparatus
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(in eucaryote cells)
Storage facility Closely associated with the ER Site for protein modification |
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Mitochondria
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(in eucaryote cells)
has its own DNA and ribasomes (70s) powerhouse of the cell, makes ATP |
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Microfilaments
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(in eucaryote cells)
allow movement of molecules in the cytoplasm, and microtubules maintain shape of the cell and enable movement of molecules within the cell |
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Dimorphic Fungi
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mold-like at low temperature, yeast like at 37 degrees C
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Superficial (not deeply invasive)
Fungi |
Malassezia furfur
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Lung Fungal infections
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Coccidiodes immitis
Blastomycesdermatidis Histoplasma capsulatum Crptococcus neoformans |
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Algae
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Photosynthetic
Pathogens produce toxins (ex. red tide) |
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Protozoa
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Trophozoite- the active feeding process
Trichomonas vaginalis causes Malaria |
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The kissing bug
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infects hosts with infective trypenosomes
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Ascaris lumbricoids
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Ascariasis, roundworms, Nematodes
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Enterobius vermicuaris
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Pinworms, roundworms, nematodes
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Trichinella spiralis
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Trichina worm, pigs required, roundworm, nematodes
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Taemia solium
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Pork tapeworm, Flatworm, Cestodes
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Fish tapeworm, flatworm, Cestodes
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Capsid
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Protective outer shell that surrounds viral nucleic acid
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Envelope
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Lipid and proteins
Envelope spikes During release of animal viruses, a part of the host membrane is taken |
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Function of the Capsid/Envelope
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Protect nucleic acid from the host’s acid- and protein-digesting enzymes
Assist in binding and penetrating host cell |
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Bacteriophage
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A virus that infection bacteria
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Nucleic acid
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Viruses contain either DNA or RNA
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Identity of a virus
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DNA or RNA
-coated with capsomers enveloped/nonenveloped bacteriaphage reverse transcriptase lysis or budding |
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Identity of a Prion
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Misshapen protien
mad cow creutzfield-jacob scraple spongiform encephalitits |
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Multiplication process of a virus
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Adsorption
Penetration Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release |
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Cytomegalovirus
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Can be identified by its inclusion body
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Transformation
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virus infects a cell and gives it DNA which may add resistancy
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Chronic laten state example of a virus
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herpes
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Lysogeny
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Lysogeny is when the bacteriophage can insert its DNA into the bacterial host genome, it is not like Lysis
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The Kuru Tribe
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Ate the brains of the dead in thier tribe which contained prions, gave them all spongiform encephalitis and killed them many years later
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Satillite viruses
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Dependent on other virus for replication, Ex you can only have Hep D if your are infected with Hep B
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Viroids
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Plant virus
RNA |
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Endosproes are for
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hybernation
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Oncogenic
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is cancer causing
Being infected with mono increases chance of developing epstein-barr which increases change of developing cancer |
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Gram + bacteria
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Stains Purple
2 layers peptidoglycan wall large |
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Gram - bacteria
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stains red/pink
septic shock/LPS 2 layers capsule |
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Orthomixaviruses
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The Flu: shapred with nucleic acids and segmented
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