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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microbe |
living organism that requires a microscope to be seen (there ARE exceptions)
range from mm to 0.2 micrometers
contains in its genome the capacity to reproduce its own kind |
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example of a microbial community |
biofilm |
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microbes include members of |
bacteria (PROkaryotes) archaea (PROkaryotes) eukarya (EUkaryotes - algae/plants fungi/animals, protists) |
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who developed the first method of DNA sequencing fast enough to sequence large genomes? |
Fred Sanger (shared 1980 Nobel Peace prize in chemistry) |
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first genome sequenced? |
virus, bacteriophage X174 |
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examples of mass microbial diseases |
14th cent - Bubonic plague 19th cent - TB Today - AIDS caused by HIV |
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who first recognized the significance of disease in warfare? |
Florence Nightingale
founded medical statistics - polar area chart |
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who build first compound microscope? |
Robert Hooke
coined term cell
observed mold filaments
"Rob Hooked the moly cell with a microscope" |
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who was first to observe single-celled microbes with single-lens microscope |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632) |
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who made connection between microbes and disease? |
Agostino Bassi de Lodi (1773) |
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who showed that maggots in meat were the offspring of flies? (disproved spontaneous generation) |
Francesco Redi (1660s)
"Redi to see some fly babies?" |
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who showed that sterilized flask of meat didn't grow maggots? |
Lazzaro Spallanzani
"All the zz's but no maggots" |
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who discovered the microbial basis of fermentation |
Louis Pasteur (1860's)
sugars --> alcohol
"Pasteur of beer"
discovered that fermentation is caused by yeast |
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who made the "swan neck flask" |
Louis Pasteur
tested theory of spontaneous generation |
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who got opposite results in the Pasteur experiment? |
John Tyndall |
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Who founded the scientific method of microbiology? |
Robert Koch (1843)
studies of anthrax
demonstrated chain of infection |
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who demonstrated the chain of infection and pure culture? |
Robert Koch |
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who made the covered version of Koch's glass dish? |
Julius Petri |
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who developed the first vaccines? |
Louis Pasteur - first to recognize attenuation |
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what is attenuation? |
varies among pathogens
heat treatment aging combinations of heat treatments and repeated inoculations |
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antiseptics came from _____ |
childbirth studies
Ignaz Semmelweis
antiseptic = chemical that kills microbes |
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when was aseptic surgery developed? |
20th century |
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the first commercial antibiotic to save lives? |
penicillum
Alexander Fleming, Howard FLorey |
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discovery of viruses came from ____ |
tobacco mosaic disease |
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less than ____ of all microbial species can be altered in the lab |
0.1%
(remainder = majority of Earth's biosphere) |
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Winogradsky discovered _____ and developed ____ |
chemolithotrophs (or lithographs) enrichment cultures- support growth of certain microbes while excluding others |
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what are chemolithotrophs? |
microbes that derive energy from inorganic electron donors |
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geochemical cycling |
global interconversion of inorganic and organic forms of N, S, P, C and other minerals
(Winogradsky showed its importance) |
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Endosymbionts |
organisms living symbiotically inside a larger organism
rhizoba humans (colonic bacteria) sponges (endosymb. provide antibiotics) |
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microbes have ____% similarity of DNA sequence |
95% |
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3rd kind of life |
Monera
divided into Eukaryotic protists (protozoa and algae) Prokaryotes |
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Eukaryotic protists |
contain nucleus/nuclear membrane |
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Robert Whittaker added ___ as a fifth kingdom of eukaryotic microbes |
fungi |
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Endosymbiosis theory - Lynn Margulis |
polyphyletic ancestry of living species
controversial
DNA of mitochondria/chloroplasts show homology to those of bacteria |
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Archaea |
resemble bacteria in cellular structure - lack of nucleus, ability to grow in many environments
but different genetically from bacteria |
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3 current domains (replaced 5 kingdoms)
due to _____'s discovery |
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Carl Woese |
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electron microscope |
focused electron beam to magnify specimens |
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ultracentrifuge |
separation of cell components, such as proteins
protein characterization, measuring enzyme activity, etc. |
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who discovered transformation in bacteria? |
Frederick Griffitrath - 1928 |
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transformation in bacteria
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- internalization of free DNA from the environment into bacterial cells
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who showed that the genetic material is DNA? |
Oswald Avery - 1944 |
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who used x-ray crystallography to determine that DNA is a double helix? |
Rosalind Franklin -1953 |
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DNA revolution began with _______________ |
bacteria
(small genomes, fast generation rates) |
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restriction endonucleases led to _________ |
recombinant DNA |
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restriction endonucleases |
enzymes that cut DNA at specific locations |
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first to isolate stem cells?
(use of recombinant DNA) |
James Thomopson |
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the smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguished |
resolution
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eukaryotic microbes (protozoa, algae, fungi) anre ____ than prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) |
bigger than |
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bacilli = _____ cocci = _____ spirilla = ____ (spirillum s.) vibrio = ____ |
rods spheres spiral forms comma-shaped |
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fundamental traits of prokaryotes |
-thick, complex outer envelope -compact genome -tightly coordinated cell functions (enables high reproduction rates)
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bacterial cells parts fit together in a structure that is _________ |
ordered, though flexible |
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what covers the cell membrane? |
cell wall - composed of polysaccharides linked covalently by peptides (peptidoglycan)
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what is peptidoglycan? |
polysaccharides linked covalently by peptides (cell wall) |
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how many layers of peptidoglycan in gram (-) bacteria? gram (+) bacteria? |
gram (-) = 1-2 layers gram (+) = 3-20 layers |
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gram-negative bacteria |
- 1-2 layers peptidoglycan - call wall extends into periplasm (aqueous layer w/ proteins) - outer membrane of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharies surrounds cell wall\
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envelope = ____ + ____ |
cell wall + outer membrane |
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cell wall = |
peptidoglycan |
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nucleoid |
non-membrane-bound area of the cytoplasm containing the chromosome in the form of looped cells |
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some bacterial cells have flagellum |
external helical filament whose rotary motor propels the cell
(response to stimuli) (facilitate biofilm formation) |
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all cells share these components: |
water essential ions small organic molecules (lipids, sugars) macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins) |
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top weight percentages of a bacterial cell |
water = 70% proteins = 16% |
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study of cell parts isolation of cell parts = reveals the form of a cell component = |
subcellular fractionation structural analysis
and then genetic analysis |
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types of sub cellular fractionation techniques
(lysing cells) |
mild detergent analysis sonication enzymes mechanical disruption |
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subcellular fractionation tool = |
ultracentrifuge |
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Svedberg coefficient |
the contribution of particle mass and shape |
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what shows the 3D form of cell components at the atomic level? |
x-ray crystallography |
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the structure that defines the existence of a cell is the __________ |
cell membrane |
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membranes have equal parts of ____ and _____ |
phospholipids and proteins |
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phospholipid = |
glycerol with ester links to two fatty acids and a phosphoric head group* |
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function so membrane proteins |
structural support detection of environmental signals secretion of virulence factors and communication signals ion transport and energy storage
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selective transport - what easily permeates? |
small uncharged molecules )O2, CO2)
energy-independent process (down its gradient) |
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osmosis |
diffusion of water from high water concentration to low water concentration (low solute to high solute)
into the cell! |
