Micro-Test 1

Front 1

why do we study microbiology?

Back 1

disease, food products, food spoilage, nutrient cycles

Front 2

what food products can be made using microorganisms?

Back 2

cheeses, bread, wines, beer, distilled alcohol, yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk, acidophilus milk, sauerkraut, soy sauce, green olives, some pickles, some hard sausages, vinegar

Front 3

explain the carbon cycle

Back 3

carbon dioxide to sugass to carbohydrates to carbon and back.

Front 4

some animals that use microorganisms in nutrient cycling

Back 4

cows, horses, termites

Front 5

explain the nitrogen cycle

Back 5

N2 to ammonia, nitrate, nitrite to amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids to nitro compou D's and back.

Front 6

only---------------can biotically fix atmospheric nitrogen

Back 6

microorganisms

Front 7

food poisoning

Back 7

food intoxication

Front 8

food born illness

Back 8

ingested bacteria that now lives inside you

Front 9

azotobacteria spp.

Back 9

free living- not symbiotic relationship

Front 10

rhizobium spp.

Back 10

symbiotic with roots of legumes.

Front 11

genus

Back 11

the first word capitalized

Front 12

species

Back 12

second word lower case

Front 13

how names should always be written

Back 13

in italics or underlined

Front 14

saprophytes

Back 14

organisms which obtain their nutrients from the decomposition of dead plants and animals

Front 15

microorganisms are used in-----------treatment

Back 15

waste and sewage

Front 16

industrial level products made by microorganisms

Back 16

vitamins, solvents, alcohol, antibiotics, methane

Front 17

theory of spontaneous generation

Back 17

living things can arise from non living matter

Front 18

examples of false proof of spontaneous generation

Back 18

maggots from decaying meat, mice from soiled clothing and grains, snakes from horse hair in stagnant water

Front 19

Francesco redi

Back 19

partially disproved spontaneous generation. good example of scientific method

Front 20

Anton van leeuwenhoek

Back 20

first to observe microorganisms, made Hus own lenses, and used drops of pond water teeth scrapings, feces, infusions(peppercorn, hay, dried beans)

Front 21

Leeuwenhoek's contrtbutioins

Back 21

demonstrates existence of microscopic life, discovered microorganisms are different shapes and sizes, and Re virtually everywhere

Front 22

Robert hooke

Back 22

firs to observe cells

Front 23

Matthias schleiden and Theodor schwann

Back 23

credited with cell theory of biology-all living things are composted of cells

Front 24

Rudolf virchow

Back 24

theory of biogenesis-all living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

Front 25

Louis paster

Back 25

disproved theory of spontaneous generation. hypothesized that there were microbes in the air. swan neck flask.

Front 26

germ theory of disease

Back 26

germs can cause disease.

Front 27

people who helped develop germ theory of disease

Back 27

Agostini bassi- discovered fungus that caused disease in silkworms
Ignaz semmelweis- father of hand washing. childbed fever.

Front 28

john snow

Back 28

"discovered" what cause cholera outbreak. handle off water pump thought to be infected. was actually river water

Front 29

Joseph lister

Back 29

father of aseptic surgery. disinfection of instruments. use of phenol on dressings, wounds, and in air.

Front 30

Robert koch

Back 30

proved that bacillus anthracis caused anthrax

Front 31

koch's postulates

Back 31

a particular disease is caused by a particular microorganism

the suspected pathogen must be present in every case, suspected must be isolated from disease host and grown in pure culture, organisms in culture music cause the same disease in healthy test host, same organism must be consistently reisolated from host

Front 32

Koch's students

Back 32

Walter Hesse- found use of agar when other things were too poor in nutrents.
Richard petri- the petri dish

Front 33

Edward jenner

Back 33

vaccinations. developed smallpox vaccine from cowpox, based on variolation

Front 34

Louis Pasteur vaccines

Back 34

fowl cholera, anthrax, rabies

Front 35

chemotherapy

Back 35

use of chemicals for treatment; using chemical agents to kill infetion in the body

Front 36

Paul Ehrlich magic bullet

Back 36

chemotherapy- syphallis using salvarsan

Front 37

Gerhard Domagk

Back 37

chemotherapy- prontosil rubrum. in vivo- converts to sulfanilamide. in vitro- nothing

Front 38

Alexander flemming

Back 38

discovered effects of penecillium notatum and its extracts on the growth of bacteria

Front 39

Howard Florey and Ernst chain

Back 39

development of penicillin as an antibiotic

Front 40

virus

Back 40

obligate intracellular parasites

Front 41

What other structure, besides nucleic acid and protein coat, can a virus have?

Back 41

animal viruses can have an envelope

Front 42

minimum components of a virus

Back 42

nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA, but not both)
Protein coat (capsid)

Front 43

What is a characteristic of life?

Back 43

Having DNA or RNA

Front 44

Influenza

Back 44

acellular
Viral disease
Has three types (A,B,C), and each has various strains within each.
A respiratory illness
Symptoms: coughing, sneezing, congestion, fever, body aches

Front 45

Common Cold

Back 45

acellular
Viral infection
200 different viruses (Rhinoviruses, adenviruses, coronaviruses)
Symptoms: coughing, sneezing, congestion

Front 46

Rabies

Back 46

acellular
Viral infection
hydrophobia
An infection of the nerves
A bullet shaped virus

Front 47

AIDS

Back 47

acellular
viral infection
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HIV-human immunodeficiency virus)---transmitted through blood

Front 48

viroid

Back 48

acellular
plant pathogen
"naked" infectious RNA (no capsid)

Front 49

prions

Back 49

acellular
"naked" infectious protein
infect nervous tissue and damage brain

Front 50

transmissible spongioform encephalopathies

Back 50

acellular
prion
brain looks like a sponge
kuru, scrapie (goats and sheep), creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease(variant of mad cow), bovine spongiform encephalopathy(mad cow disease), chronic wasting disease

Front 51

Syphilis Stages

Back 51

primary: chancre-hard sore near infection
secondary: rash on skin and mucous membranes-fever, hair loss
latent: asymptomatic-transmitted from mom to baby, who is in tertiary)
tertiary: gummas (rubbery mass of tissue)

treatment can only be given during first three stages, last is death.

Front 52

Eukaryotes

Back 52

fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths(roundworms, flatworms, tapeworms, flukes)

Front 53

irregular shapes (morphology)

Back 53

pleomorphic rods: corynebacterium ditheria (chinese lettering, gray pseudomembrane)
highly pleomorphic: mycoplasmic pneumonia: no cell wall, causes primary atypical pneumonnia

Front 54

Prokaryotes

Back 54

bacteria

Front 55

cell morphologies and arrangements

Back 55

coccus (pl. cocci): staphylococci (clusters), streptococci (chains), diploccoci (pairs)
Bacillus (pl. bassili): Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. produce endospores(cannot be killed by disinfectant)

Front 56

Examples of coccus

Back 56

staphylococcus aureus: can cause URI, TSS, otitis media, MRSA,
staphylococcus epidermidis: can cause URI, sometimes boils, abcesses
Streptococcus pyogenes: can cause rheumatic fever which can cause rheumatic heart disease, and then scarlet fever
Enterococcus faecalis: normal flora of the colon
Streptococcus pneumonia: causes pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: pelvic inflammatory disease
Neisseria meningitidis: causes menigitis, URI, and pneumonia

Front 57

Examples of bacillus

Back 57

B. Anthracis: anthrax
Clostridium tetani: tantanus (lock jaw)
C. botulinum: botulism poisoning, infant botulism (floppy baby syndrome)
C. perfringens: perfringens food pooisoning, and gas gangrene (wound infection)
C. difficile: nosocomial infection (from hospital)
Escherichia coli: normal microbiota of colon/large intestine, can cause food borne infection #1 cause of UTI
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: nosocomial infection, noted for infecting burns. naturally resistant to antiseptics.
Shigella spp.: 4 species that cause shigellos-bacillary dissentery
Salmonella spp.: #1 food borne infection. causes salmonellosis. NOT salmonella poisoning.

Front 58

short rods (morphology)

Back 58

coccobacilli: Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)

Front 59

comma shaped (curved) rod bacteria

Back 59

Vibrio cholera (rice water stool)

Front 60

Spirillium examples

Back 60

Campylobacter jejuni: causes FBI
Helicibacter pylori: ulcers

Front 61

spirochetes examples

Back 61

Treponema pallidum: syphilis

Front 62

simple staining

Back 62

bacterial cell walls and cell membranes are negatively charged at neutral pH. A basic dye is used which has a positive charge

Front 63

Negative Stain

Back 63

color background, does not stain cell

Front 64

Differential stain

Back 64

Gram stain, acid-fast stain, structural stain

Front 65

Acid-fast stain

Back 65

acid-fast bacteria: mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, mycobacterium bovis, M. kansasii, M. snegmatis, M. avium-intracellulare complex, Norcardia spp.

Front 66

Structural stain

Back 66

endospore, capsule, flagella