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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ability to Infect a host
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pathogenicity
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ability to cause disease
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Virulence
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agressiveness of bacteria
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virulence
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3 antibiotics used to treat staph aureus, w/ resistance now
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penicillin, methicillin, vancomycin
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Chromosome of a prok is located where?
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in the Nucleoid
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What is different about the cytoplasmic membrane of a prok?
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No steroids
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Describe the cell wall of G- bacteria
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Thin, thin peptidoglycan
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Describe cell wall of G+ bacteria
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Thick peptidoglycan
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What links peptidoglycan?
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Teichoic acid
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What is used on a G+ wall for adherence, and antigenic properties?
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Lipoteichoic acid
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What are the O2 requirement subdivisons of bacteria?
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Anaerobes, aerobes, facultative anaerobes
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What are the C/Energy source divisions of bacteria?
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Autotroph, Heterotroph, Chemolithotroph, phototroph
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what is an autotroph?
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Uses CO2
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what is a hetertroph?
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Breaks down Organic compounds for C/energy
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What is a chemolithotroph?
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breaks inorganics for C/energy
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Phototrophs
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use light energy for C/energy
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What are the temperature preference breakdown of bacteria?
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Mesophile, thermophile, psychrophile
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When does a mesophile grow best?
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25-40 degrees
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When does a thermophile grow best?
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55 to 80 degrees
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When does a psychophile grow best?
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below 20 degrees
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relationship of Nt, No, and 2^n
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Nt = No +2^n
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relationship of n, 3.3, Nt and No
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n = 3.3 (logNt - log No)
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instantaneous growth rate, relationship to Generation time
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mu = .69/G
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What are the microbial organisms?
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APFBAV. algae, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, archaea, viruses
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What are the ways to classify bacteria microscopically?
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G property, shape
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What are the ways to classify bacteria macroscopically? (3)
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size shape of colongy, pigment, blood agar (hemolytic)
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What are the ways to classify bacteria serotypically?(why significant)
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detect Ag by Ab, for myco or other hard-to-grow/disease causing bacteria
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What are the ways to classify bacteria antibogram-ly?
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susceptibility to Antibiotics
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What are the ways to classify bacteria phage typically?
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susceptibility to phage
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What are the ways to classify bacteria genotypically? (6)
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G/C ratio, DNA hybrids (isolates) probes, plasmid analysis, sequencing
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what is "commensal"
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organism that neither helps nor harms the host
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do normal flora harm the host?
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yes - caries
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what does "photo" refer to?
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use of light energy
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what does "litho" refer to?
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inorganic as e souce, CO2 as C source
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what does chemo refer to?
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E from redox rxns
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what does Organo refer to?
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orgo C/e source
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Aaerobic respiration generates how many ATP?
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38
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Krebs generates how many ATP?
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24
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Glycolysis generates how many ATP?
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8, 6 from pyruvate to acetyl coa (14 total)
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What are the 2 faces of Krebs cycle?
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Entry point (catabolism) and production line (make precursurs of Nuc/AA/Protein/Phosplipid)
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Describe Viral genome: shape, type, strands
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linear OR circular, ds OR ss DNA OR RNA
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What is a virus particle that contains Genome and Protein Coat?
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Virion
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In what does Theta-replication occur? What is unique that this type requires?
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Chromosomes, Plasmids and Viruses. Requires Gyrase/topoisomerase to unlink daughter chromos
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In what does ROLLING circle replication occur? on what does the replication take place?
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Plasmids, Viruses, on both the circle and unwinding portion
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In what does SIGMA replication occur?
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Viruses and CONJUGATE plasmids, replicates on the circle only
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In what does END replication occur?
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Viruses
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Are plasmids ds or ss?
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DS
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what does it mean that plasmids are conjugative?
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they transfer to OTHER bacteria
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What are the 5 classes of plasmids?
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F, R, Degradative, Bacteriocin encoding, and Virulent
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What is a R plasmid?
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A plasmid that incurs RESISTANCE to the host
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What is a Degradative Plasmid?
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One that has a CATABOLIC function
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What is a bacterioicin?
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a compound that kills bacteria
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What is a virulent plasmids?
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one that allows host to be pathogenic
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What is an addiction plasmid?
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one that makes killer/antidote, the antidote decays, killer kills cell
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What are the 3 modes of genetic material exchange in bacteria?
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Conjugation, Transformation and Transduction
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what is transfomation?
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uptake of NAKED DNA
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What is more common, natural competence or artificial competence? to what does this refer?
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Artificial..ability to uptake naked DNA (transformation)
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What is conjugation?
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Bacterial Sex (thru pilus)
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What is a partial Diploid? What does it often result from?
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Interuppted Conjugation, it is a Merodiploid
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What is Transduction?
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transfer via PHAGE
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What is Lysogenic Conversion?
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when a phage confers some property to the host
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definition of ASEPSIS
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Free of microorganisms
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definition of Disinfectant?
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something that kills MOST microorganisms, NOT spores
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definition of sterilization
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eliminate all organisms (incl. spores)
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definition of Sanitization
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Reduce pathogens to health level
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definition of Germicide
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Kills VEGITATIVE bacteria and some spores
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definition of antiseptic
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inhibits multiplication of bacteria is bact-static, but can be -cidal.
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Diff between antiseptic and Bact-cidal?
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antiseptic is applied to living tissue
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definition of ASEPSIS
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Free of microorganisms
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definition of Disinfectant?
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something that kills MOST microorganisms, NOT spores
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definition of sterilization
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eliminate all organisms (incl. spores)
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definition of Sanitization
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Reduce pathogens to health level
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definition of Germicide
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Kills VEGITATIVE bacteria and some spores
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definition of antiseptic
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inhibits multiplication of bacteria is bact-static, but can be -cidal.
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Diff between antiseptic and Bact-cidal?
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antiseptic is applied to living tissue
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What method would be best to sterilize a disposable object?
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Incineration
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What method does not sterilize, but works thru Cavitation?
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Ultrasonification
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What are the 2 types of radiation, subdivisions?
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UV- causes thymine dimers, Ionizing - Beta, Gamma, X rays, breaks down backbone of DNA
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What are the temp/time paramters of dry heat?
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160 deg for 1-4 hours
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Steam/hot water uses what to clean?
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Sodium carbonate and detergeant
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Autoclave parameters?
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120 degrees for 15-20 min
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Indicator used in Autoclaves
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KILIT AMPULE - spores+ferementable sugar+ph indicator
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Ethylene Oxide
(a) - Mode of Action? (b) Procedure? |
a - Alylating agent
b - Hermetic Oven |
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Components of Hermetic Oven
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Gas, 20-50% moisture, and temp at 30to60 degrees
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What are the 2 aldehydes used in cleaning? which is more effective? What is a disadvantage to the more effective?
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Formaldehyde and Gluteraldehyde. Glut ismore popular because it is less toxic, and efective against spores (10x more effective) Require a long exposure time
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Mode of action for Formaldehyde? (on 4 things)
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Alkylation of Carbox/hydrox/sulfhydryl groups, and ring N's of purine
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Alcohols - mode of action? effective against?
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Disrupts membranes, solubizes lipids, and denatures proteins.
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What are the 2 halogens used in disinfection?
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Iodine and Chlorine
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What is the mode of action for halogens?
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oxidizes proteins
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Heavy metals act in what 2 ways? What 2 are used
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S-H groups, or on enzymes, Mercury,Silver
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How is silver used in disinfecting?
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Silver nitrate used to prevent gonococcal eye infections in newborns
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Phenolics mode of action? What is their advantage?
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Membrane disruption. More effective vs. other disinfectants w/ organics present
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Ionizing sterilant mode of action?
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Inactivates energy providing enzymes, proteins and membranes.
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Uses of ionizing sterilants
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in water baths/incubators, not fore spores or myco or viruses
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a - 5 methods of sterilization
b - 4 methods of disinfection |
a - Autoclave, dry heat, eth oxide, ionizing radiation, fomal+Aldehyde+H2O2 and peracetic acids for long time
b- peracetic+H2O2+formal+aldehyde for short times, halogens, phenolics |
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what disinfectant is effective against herpes simplex viruses but not rhinoviruses
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isopropyl alcohol
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What are the 4 vaccinations for dental professionals?
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HBV, VZV, influenza, MMR
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When must sterile gloves be worn?
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Surgical procedures
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What is the standard for masks?
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95% filtration for 3-5 micron particles
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T or F - a face shield is sufficient eye wear
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T
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Describe a Routine handwash (duration, w/ what?)
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15 sec w/ soap and water
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Describe an antiseptic handwash (duration, w/ what)
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water & antimicrobial soap for 15 secs
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When is antiseptic Rub used?
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after removing torn gloves or before re-gloving
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Describe a surgical asepsis hand wash (duration, w/ what)
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5 minutes w/ water/antimicrobial soap.
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What are the 3 levels of dental surface/equipment in regars to asepsis?
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Critical - penetrates tissue
Semi-critical: non-intact skin, mucous, Non-critical - intact skin |
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Mode of action for Formaldehyde? (on 4 things)
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Alkylation of Carbox/hydrox/sulfhydryl groups, and ring N's of purine
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Alcohols - mode of action? effective against?
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Disrupts membranes, solubizes lipids, and denatures proteins.
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What are the 2 halogens used in disinfection?
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Iodine and Chlorine
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What is the mode of action for halogens?
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oxidizes proteins
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Heavy metals act in what 2 ways? What 2 are used
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S-H groups, or on enzymes, Mercury,Silver
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How is silver used in disinfecting?
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Silver nitrate used to prevent gonococcal eye infections in newborns
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Phenolics mode of action? What is their advantage?
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Membrane disruption. More effective vs. other disinfectants w/ organics present
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Ionizing sterilant mode of action?
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Inactivates energy providing enzymes, proteins and membranes.
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Uses of ionizing sterilants
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in water baths/incubators, not fore spores or myco or viruses
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a - 5 methods of sterilization
b - 4 methods of disinfection |
a - Autoclave, dry heat, eth oxide, ionizing radiation, fomal+Aldehyde+H2O2 and peracetic acids for long time
b- peracetic+H2O2+formal+aldehyde for short times, halogens, phenolics |
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What are the 3 levels of of disinfectants? what are they used on?
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High - semicritical equipment
Intermediate - non-critical w/ blood Low - Non-critical w/ no blood |
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What causes Creutzfeldt Jakob disease? what is unique about CJD as it relates to asepsis?
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a prion from CSF, it survives autoclaving
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What type of bacterial habitat is present in a Dental Unit Waterline?
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a biofilm - G-, heterotrophic, mesophilic bacteria
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What is the chance of acquiring (1) HBV and (2) HIV?
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1 - 27-37%, 2 - .3-.4%
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What are LD50 and ID50?
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Ld = dosage that kills 50% of population, ID = dosage that infects 50% of population
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What type of secretion often regulates virulence factors? what are it's two sub-types?
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Type 3 secretion: From w/out or from w/in
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Falkow's 3 postulates
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1 - gene encodes phenotype in pathogenic strain 2 - inactivating gene reduces virulence 3- reactivating gene re-establishes virulence
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What aids the Adherence VF? what is the barrier?
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The barrier is electrostatic repulsion, Adhesins aid in this.
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Two types of Invasion virulence factor?
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Tissue invasin and cell invasin
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What are 2 examples of Tissue invasin?
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Internalin (cell-cell lysteria) and Membrane ruffling of salmonella
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What are the 2 types of Toxins? What type of toxins are each?
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LPS (endotoxin) and Protein (exotoxin)
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What are the two methods by which a LPS can be released as a Toxin?
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Either thru Cell lysis or "blebbing"
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What are the 3 components of the LPS endotoxin?
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Lipid A, Core polysacc and O antigen
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What is the term for an endotoxin in blood?
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endotoxemia
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What are Petechiae? what is it an example of?
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Purple lesions caused by microhemmoraging, a Circulatory effect of LPS endotoxin
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What are Leukopenia and Leukocytosis an example of? what is the difference between the 2?
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Circulatory effects of LPS endotoxin, -penia is reduction to <5000 WBC/cc, -cytosis is >12,000 WBC/cc
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What is perfusion? what's it an example of?
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decreased blood flow to major organs. Circ effect of LPS endotoxin
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What are the 3 blood coagulation problems of LPS endotoxins?
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Thrombosis, and Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
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Anthrax toxin, how does it work?
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Through 3 proteins: Lethal, Edema, and Protective antigen. L + P = death of cells/host. E+P = EDEMA thru inc. cAMP
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Shiga Toxin how does it work?
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B binds GB3, A prevents aminoacyl tRNA binding, Cleaves 28S from 60S
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Cholera Toxin, B? A? result?
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B binds GM1 ganglioside in S. I. A activates adenylate cyclase. increases cAMP, loss of electrolytes = diarrhea
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Tetanus toxin, B? A? result?
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B binds neuro gangliosides. A goes into CNS presynapse nerves, acculmulates, blocks neurotrans release
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Botulinum toxins: B? A? result
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B binds neurogangliosides, A inhibts Acetyl choline at myo-neural junct = Paralysis/death
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what are the 2 Bordiella toxins?
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Adenylate Cyclase, pertussis toxin
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Adenylate Cyclase - what activates it? what does it do?what is the effect?
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Calmodulin activates, it makes ATP-->cAMP and inhibits WBCs
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Pertussis Toxin. B? A? Result?
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Both B's bind GLYCOLIPIDS on either phagocytes or celiated. A inhibits SIGNAL TRANS via ADP. ribosylates GTP hydroxyl - results in mucous cough, inhibits WBC
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Diptheria toxin & Exotoxin A. What do they do? How?
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Inhibit protein synthesis via transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to EF-2
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What is Materia Alba?
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Outermost layer of plaque, composed of epith cells, food debris
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How does dental plaque achieve cell-cell communication?
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thru Quorom Sensing
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Describe the 3 layers of Non-pathenogenic plaque
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strep layer - veillonella/acntinomyces layer - Obligate Anaerobes layer (fuso/G-/Spirochete/prevo)
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Rank the following in order of Most common places of caries: cervical area, Pit/Fissure, Interporximal area
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Pit/Fiss, Interproximal, Cervical
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What type of bacteria dominates gingivitis? describe the gums in gingivitis
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Gums are ulcerated, spriochetes dominate
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What is another name for the papillae being ulcerated in gingivitis?
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Neurotizing ulcerated gingivitis
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What distinguishes periodontitis from gingivitis?
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loss of gingival attachments
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What are the 3 pathogens in Periodontitis?
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PG - TF - TD
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In agressive, local periodontitis, what is the infection associated w?
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Aa
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What is reversible pulpitis?
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Dentin invasion, type of pulpal infection, results in mild pain
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What is Irreversible pulpitis?
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Pulpal invasion THROUGH teh dentin, results in severe pain
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What GROUP of bacteria dominates pulpal infection?
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Anaerobes (90%)
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What type of bacteria are dominate in primary teeth pulp infections?
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Eubacteria
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What type of bacteria are dominant in permanent teeth pulp infections?
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Fusobacteria
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What bacteria are dominant in Failed endodontics root pulp infections?
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Enterococcus faecalis
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How to Pili/Fimbrae help pathogens evade host defense?
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They assist in adhering to the cell or making Biofilm
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How is the outer membrane of a Gram- cell a defense against host defense?
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It is impermeable to bile salts
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What does mycobacteria possess to evade host defense?
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Waxy wall
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How are LPS and LOS a method of host defense evasion?
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have enzymes that modify the O-antifgen for phasy variation
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What is Streptolysin?
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Something secreted to inhibit phage chemotaxis
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What are agressins?
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Secretions that kill phagocytes
exotoxins anthrax EF Adenylate cyclase Leukociding Strep O |
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What is the common use of Capsule, Protein A, K/Vi antigen, Slime layer, M-protein, Fimbriae, O-antigen
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Inhibit phagocytosis
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What are the 2 pathways of Antibody avoidance?
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Mimicing host Ag's, or Antigenic variation
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Describe the phase variations of Group B strep
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It has an Opaque varation, which binds other GBS, and a Transparent Variation, that is multigene/reversible and inheritable
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Are fungi Euk's or Proks?
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Euks
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What are Fungi's 2 forms?
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Yeasts (pathogenic) and Mycelial/Hyphal = saprobes
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What are CONIDIA (of Fungi)
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Infectious bodies of exogeneous fungi
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What are the 2 types of Conidia?
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Spores - stalk like and Arthroconidia - mold fragments, become reproductive
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What is the term for a fungal infectoin?
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Mycoses
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Most infectional fungi are of what form? Why is this important?
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Saprobes - don't usually infect immunocompetent people
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What is Black Piedra? what's it an example of?
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It is a growth on hair shaft, a superficial mycoses
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What are the cutaneous mycoses?
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Tinea + area of infection
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What is Tinea Capitis?
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mycoses of scalp
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What is Tinea Pedis?
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mycoses of foot
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What is tinea unguium?
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Mycoses of nails
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What causes ringworm?
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Microsporium canis
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What are Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis and Chromoblastomycosis examples of? how is it caused?
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Subcutaneous mycoses, a cut by sharp object
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What is Histoplasmosis? what causes it? whta does it cause?
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A systematic mycosal infection, from bat droppings, causes calcificatoins.
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What is Blastomycosis? How does it present itself?
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systematic mycosal infection, causes lesions on tongue, nose, limbs
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What is Paracoccidiomycosis? What causes it? How is it inhibited? How doe sit present?
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systematic mycosal infection, causes neck/gi/oropharyngeal problems. Hyphal to Yeast transformation, inhibited by estrogen.
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What is coccidomycosis? What causes it, what does it cause?
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systematic mycosal infection, causes lung calcifications, caused by Hyphae, arthroconidia
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What is cryptococcosis? What is it from? what causes it? what does it cause? what is unique about it?
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systematic mycosal infection, causes, pigeon droppings, inhaled encapsulated yeast, cause meningitis, contaisn sapro and parasitic
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What is CANDIDIASIS?
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a yeast infection
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How does Aspergillosis work?
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It's conidia resist phagocytosis, allow hyphal to enter blood.
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What is an Aspergilloma?
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a fungus ball or mycetoma, colonizing in a lung scar
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What Opportunisitic Mycoses infects late stage HIV patients?
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Pneumocystis jirveci pneumonia
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What is the treatment target for mycoses?
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Ergosterols
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What are azoles used for?
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inhibit synthesis of ergosterols
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what are polyenes used for?
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disrupt ergosterols
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