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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who invented the 1st microscope to see bacteria?
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Van Leeuwenhoek
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What is the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
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Tiny organisms could arise from non living material
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Who disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
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Louis Pasteur
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What is pasteurization?
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heating a liquid to 75C in order to kill majority of pathogens and bacteria that cause spoilage.
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What is the Germ Theory of Disease?
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A specific disease is caused by a specific bacterium. Discovered by Robert Koch.
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What are the 3 requirements to prove the Germ Theory?
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1) Microorganisms must be present in every case of disease
2) Organism must be grown in pure culture 3) Must produce same disease from pure culture |
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Who discoverd vaccine to eliminate smallpox?
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Edward Jenner- used cowpox- 1st disease eliminated
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Who discovered to first chemotherapy treatment?
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Paul Erlich- salvarsan- used to treat syphillis
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Who discovered Penicillin?
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Alexander Flemming
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What are some vital ativities of Microorganisms?
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1) nutrient cycling between organic and inorganic
2) nitrogen fixation 3) replenish 02 4) decompose organic matter- cellulose |
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What are some different types of N2 fixing bacteria?
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1) cyanobacteria- one of the 1st
2) azotobacter- free living bacteria (no host) 3) Rhizobia- symbiotic w/ legumes |
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What are some food benefits from bacteria?
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1) fermented products- yogurt and cheese
2) food additives 3) enzymes |
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How is bacteria used in agriculture?
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1) enhance plant production
2) composting 3) Biocontrol |
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What is bioremediation?
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Cleaning up of toxic waste: organic and inorganic contaminants
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What are other environmental benefits from bacteria?
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1) sewage treatment
2) biofuel 3) microbial mining |
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What is biotechnology?
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bacteria used as factories for production of useful proteins and other products
= genetic engineering |
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What does biotechnology provide?
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vaccines (ex. hep b), offers resistance to insect and viral disease in plants, gene therapy
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How is legionnaires disease contracted?
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through the environment
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How is toxic shock syndrome contracted?
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through blood, it overstimulates immune system
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How is the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome contracted?
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lives in deer mice, contracted through environment through human expansion into forest
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Where is cryptosporidiosis found?
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protozoan found in gastrointestinal
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What are the causes of the emergence of new diseases?
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change in lifestyle and closer contact with animals
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What are the causes of the resurgence of old diseases?
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1-resistance to antibiotics
2- neglecting vaccines 3- increase individuals with weak immune systems 4- international traffic 5- chronic disease caused by bacteria |
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What are viruses made of?
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DNA or RNA, capsid (protein coat), lipid enveloped (some)
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What are prions?
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protein resembles protein of nervous cells causing rare genetic diseases.
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What are six important characteristics of all cells?
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1-nutrition
2-reproduction 3-differentiation 4-communication 5-movement 6-evolution |
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What is metabolism?
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uptake of chemicals from environment, its transformation within cell, and elimination of wastes into environment
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What is reproduction?
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chemicals from environment are turned into new cells under direction of preexisting cells (virus needs host)
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What is differentiation?
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formation of a new cell structure such as a spore
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How do cells communicate?
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cells communicate primarily by means of chemicals that are released
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What is quorum sensing?
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bacteria send chemicals to each other to decided if there are enough to establish disease
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What is the nucleoid?
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site in prokaryotes where chromosome is located
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What is peptidoglycan?
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mesh of glycans (sugar chains) connected by side chains of peptides that create outer membrane of gram + bacteria and inner membrane of gram -; used as a target by pcn to kill bacteria
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What diseases do prions cause?
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encephalopathy (mad cow disease), scrabies (sheep), kuru disease and creutzfeltjacob disease (humans)
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