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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Division Tenericutes
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Gram Negative Cell Wall-Free Bacteria
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasm |
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Membranes of Tenericutres
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Cell Wall-free
Cytoplasmic membrane with phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and sterols No peptidoglycan bilayer, no outer membrane Some have slime layers |
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Motility of mycoplasma
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nonmotile
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Motility of ureaplasma
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nonmotile
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Culture for Tenericutes
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Agar media with serum, sterols, and yeast extract; under aerobic, capnophilic, or microaerophilic
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agar appearance of Mycoplasma
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fried egg appearance; central part is embedded, peripheral part is on surface
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biochemical properties of Mycoplasma
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neg oxidase
some are saccharolytic negative urease |
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Mycoplasma agalactiae
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Ovine contagious agalactiae
keratoconjunctivitis; total and permanent agalactiae of infected gland; arthritis; transient bacteremia after lambing |
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
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Porcine enzootic pneumonia
subclinical pneumonia; chronic nonproductive cough inhalation transmission plum-colored lesions in apical, cardiac lobes |
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Mycoplasma mycoides sss mycoides
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Bovine contagious pleuropneumonia
fibrinonecrotic pneumonia with serofibrinous exudation in pleural cavity inhalation transmission antigen exchange; slime layer |
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Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
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Ovine atypical pneumonia
chronic catarrhal bronchitis, proliferative interstitial pneumonia |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Human atypical pneumonia
Inhalation of aerosols Tracheobronchitis, cough adhesin protein |
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Dienes stain technique
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Azur II Dye & Methylene Blue Dye
Mycoplasma species |
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Fungi mitochondria
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80S ribosome = 40S + 60S
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Fungi membrane(s)
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Cytoplasmic membrane: phospholipid bilayer, proteins, sterols
cell wall: chitin (carb polymer); no lipopolysaccharide or peptidoglycan |
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Zygomycetes
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Fungi with aseptate hyphae; sexual and asexual stages
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Ascomycetes
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Fungi with septate hyphae; sexual and asexual stages
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Deuteromycetes
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Fungi with septate hyphae; do not have sexual stage, but produce asexual spores
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Anamorph stage
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Asexual stage of fungi; imperfect stage
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Telemorph stage
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Sexual stage of fungi; perfect stage
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Molds (definition)
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multinucleated/multicellular filamentous hyphae that reproduce by sporulation; use asexual spores for ID
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yeasts (definition)
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single cells that reproduce by budding
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dimorphic fungi phases
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Mold phase (sporulation) and yeast phase (budding)
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Monomorphic molds with aseptate hyphae
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Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus
Zygomycetes |
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Monomorphic molds with septate hyphae; Dermatophytes
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Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton
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Monomorphic molds with septate hyphae; non-dermatophytes
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Aspergillus, Claviceps, Fusarium, Penicillium
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Dimorphic fungi (mold phase with septate hyphae and yeast phase)
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Blastomyces, Coccidiodes, Histoplasma
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Monomorphic yeasts
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Candida, Cryptococcus
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Epidermophyton
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Macro, but no microconidium
Pear-shaped; 3-5 cells in cluster Dermatophyte; septate hyphae |
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Microsporum
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Macro and microconidium
Thick, rough walls Dermatophyte; septate hyphae |
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Trichophyton
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Macro and microconidium
Thin, smooth walls Dermatophyte; septate hyphae |
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Blastomyces
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Dimorphic fungi; septate hyphae
Mold phase: monospores Yeast phase: large budding yeast cells monospores are infective form |
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Coccidiodes
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Dimorphic fungi; septate hyphae
Mold phase: (in vitro) alternating arthrospores Yeast: (in vivo) spherule with endospores arthrospores are infective form |
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Histoplasma
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Dimorphic fungi; septate hyphae
Mold: micro. and tuberculated macroconidia Yeast: small budding yeast cells micro and macroconidia are infective forms |
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Candida albicans
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Monomorphic yeast
Human vaginal candidiasis Localized infection |
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Monomorphic yeast
Feline cryptococcosis Systemic infection |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis
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Dimorphic fungi
Human and canine blastomycosis Systemic infection |
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Coccidiodes immitis
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Dimorphic fungi
Human and canine cocciomycosis Systemic infection |
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Dimorphic fungi
Human and canine histoplasmosis Systemic infection |
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Epidermophyton floccusum
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Dermatophyte
Human (only) dermatophytosis |
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Trichophyton and Microsporum disease
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Dermatophyte
Human and animal dermatophytosis |
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Absidia, Mucor, and Rhizopus disease
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Zygomycete
Humand and animal zygomycosis Localized infection |
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Asperigillus disease
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Non-dermatophyte
Zygomycosis Localized infection |
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Mycotoxins in fungal intoxifications
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Aflatoxins, ergot, ochratoxin, zearalenone
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Temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi
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Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum; mold phases at room temp; yeast phases at body temp (yeast in vivo)
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Tissue-dependent dimorphic fungi
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Cocciodyces immitis; mold form on agar; no yeast phase on agar; yeast phase in vivo
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Sabouraud dextrose agar
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pH 5.6 (low) inhibits bacteria
grows: dermatophytes, zygomycetes, mold phases of dimorphic fungi, other monomorphic molds |
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What fungi grow on blood agar?
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most pathogenic monomorphic yeasts, yeast phases of some dimorphic fungi
nonhemolytic colonies |
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Chloramphenical-cycloheximide agar (CC agar)
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selective medium for dermatophytes
Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol (inhibit bacteria) + cyclohexamide (inhibit saprophytic molds) |
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Dermatophyte test medium (DTM)
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Differential and selective for dermatophytes
Sabouraud dextrose + chloramphenicol (stop bacteria) + cycloheximide (stop saprophytic molds) + gentamicin + phenol red (alkaline rxn means dermatophyte) |
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KOH wet mounts
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wet mount with 10-40% KOH solution
used on infected keratinized tissues see arthrospores in tissue |
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What are the 4 morphologic groups of fungi?
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Monomorphic molds (aseptate), Monomorphic molds (septate), dimorphic fungi, monomorphic yeasts
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What are 2 groups of monomorphic molds with septate hyphae?
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Dermatophytes (Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton)
Non-Dermatophytes (Aspergillus, Claviceps, Fusarium, Penicillium) |
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2 types of clinical disease associated with fungi
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--fungal infection from tissue invasion
--fungal intoxication from ingestion of fungal toxin |
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2 names/classifications of dermatophyte infections caused by fungi
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Tinea
Ringworm |
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toxin from Aspergillus flavus
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aflatoxin (mycotoxins and intoxifications)
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toxin from Claviceps purpura
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Ergot (mycotoxin), ergotism (intoxification)
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toxin from Aspergillus ochraceus
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Ochratoxin (mycotoxin); no intoxifications
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toxin from Fusarium moniliforme
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Zearalenone (mycotoxin); no intoxifications
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temperature-dependent dimorphism
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Mold phase at room temp
Yeast phase at body temp Blastomyces, Histoplasma (dimorphic fungi, septate hyphae) |
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tissue-dependent dimorphism
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mold phase in vitro
yeast phase only in vivo Coccidiodes (dimorphic fungi with septate hyphae) |
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nucleocapsid
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capsid + genome
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virion
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genome + capsid +/- envelope
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Envelope of RNA viruses
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from cytoplasmic membrane
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Envelope of DNA viruses
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from nuclear membrane
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Envelope of ds Poxvirus
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from cytoplasmic membrane (exception to the rule)
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Viral proteins
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Capsomeres; ligands for receptors; polymerases; core proteins are matrix for genome; reverse transcriptase
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Complex symmetry
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only seen in Poxviruses; contains envelope
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Helical symmetry
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Viruses with coil-shaped nucleocapsid; always have an envelope; genome is ssRNA
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Icosahedral symmetry
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Viruses with cubic-shaped nucleocapsid; some have an envelope
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Arboviruses
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Transmitted by arthopods (lice, mosquitoes, ticks)
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Enteric viruses
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Transmitted by infection (intestinal tract replication); non-enveloped
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Respiratory viruses
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Transmitted by inhalatoin (respiratry tract replication)
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Viral replication
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Attachment/adsorption, penetration/uptake, uncoating, genome replication & protein synthesis; virion assembly; viral inclusion bodies; lysis or budding
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Sites of inoculation and viral propagation in embryonating chicken eggs
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Allantoic sac, amnionic sac, chorioallantoic membrane, yolk sac
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Effects of viral infections
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Direct cell damage, loss of cell/tissue/organ damage, celll transformation (tumor production), immunosuppression, adverse immunologic response, persistent viral infection
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Intergerons
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Glycoproteins that inhibit growth of animal viruses by blocking translation of viral proteins in infected eukaryotic cells
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Human Herpesvirus
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ds DNA; Icosahedral; envelope; oral or genital herpes, mono, chicken pox, shingles
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Epstein-Barr Virus
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Mononucleosis
Human Herpesvirus |
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1
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oral herpes
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Herpes Simplex 1 Virus
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Genital herpes
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Varicella/Zooster Virus
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Chicken pox, shingles
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Human Orthomyxovirus
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ssRNA; Helical; envelope
Influenza antigenic shift, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase |
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Human Paramyxovirus
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ssRNA; Helical; envelope
Measles; canine distemper |
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Human Poxvirus
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dsDNA; complex; envelope
Variola virus/smallpox |
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Variola virus
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small pox
Human Poxvirus |
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Human Reovirus
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dsRNA; Icosahedral; no envelope
Enteritis |
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Human Retrovirus
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ssRNA; Helical; envelope
HIV, AIDS reverse transcriptase |
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Human Coronavirus
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ssRNA; helical; envelope
SARS |
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Canine adenovirus
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dsDNA; Icosahedral; no envelope
Adenovirus 1: Hepatitis Adenovirus 2: Rhinotracheitis pathognomonic peplomers |
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Canine papovavirus
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dsDNA; Icosahedral; no envelope
Warts! |
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Canine Paramyxovirus
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ssRNA; helical; envelope
Canine Distemper Virus |
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Feline Coronavirus
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ssRNA; helical; envelope
Feline Infectious Peritonitis dry of wet form (perionital cavity fills with fluid) |
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Feline Herpesvirus
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dsDNA; icosahedral; envelope
Rhinotracheitis |
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Feline retrovirus
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ssRNA; icosahedral; envelope
Feline Leukemia Feline Immunodeficiency |
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Rhabdovirus
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ssRNA; helical; envelope
Rabies bullet-shaped |
