Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the study of a host's specific defenses to a pathogen?
|
Immunology
|
|
|
Susceptibility is:________
|
-Vunerability to morgs
-Lack of resistance to disease |
|
|
What is Nonspecific Resitance?
|
Basic defenses to protect us against any pthgn.
-1st Line: Skin and mucous membrane -2nd Line: Phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances |
|
|
Proteins that are secreted by one cell type which act on another cell type are _____
|
Cytokines
-Responses of cells to cytokines: *proliferation *differentiation -Autocrine acts on itself -Paracrine acts on another cell |
|
|
The primary consequence of complement activation is________
|
cytolysis of foreign cells
|
|
|
Body Compartments Participating in Immune Function
-------------------------------------------- Reticuloendothelial System (RES) What does it do? |
*Support network of connective tissue fibers
- passageway between & within tissues and organs *Mononuclear phagocyte system |
|
|
Body Compartments Participating in Immune Function
-------------------------------------------- Bloodstream What does it do? |
*Leukocytes (white blood cells)
*Granulocytes & agranulocytes (described on another card) |
|
|
Body Compartments Participating in Immune Function
-------------------------------------------- Lymphatic System What does it do? |
*Primary Lymphoid Organs
-Bone marrow -Thymus *Secondary -Spleen -Lymph nodes -Tonsils -Gut lymphatic tissue |
|
|
________are utilized when there is a presence of large granules in the cytoplasm.
|
*Granulocytes
-3 types >Neutrophils - PMN cells >Basophils - release histamine >Eosinophils - vs. helminth & fungi |
|
|
_________ is the ingestion of a microorganism or any particulate matter by a cell.
|
*Phagocytosis
-White Blood Cells (WBC) -Macrophages -Neutrophils -Monocytes |
|
|
5 Mechanisms of Phagocytosis
|
-Chemotaxis: chem attraction of pcytes to organism
-Adherence: attachment of pcyte to surface of morg -Ingestion: morg in pcyte -Digestion: pcyte produces enzymes to kill morg |
|
|
Certain morgs actually grow inside of macrophages. They are:
1________ 2________ 3________ 4________ |
-Chlamydia
-Shigella -Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Leishmania |
|
|
Inflammation can be divided into:
1.Calor 2.Rubor 3.Tumor 4.Dolor 5.Loss of function Explain each |
1.Calor = heat
2.Rubor = redness 3.Tumor = swelling 4.Dolor = pain 5.Loss of function = duh |
|
|
The main three inflammatory stages are:
|
1. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
2. Pcyte migration and pcytosis 3. Tissue repair |
|
|
Antimicrobial substances include:
1. 2. 3. |
>Interferons
>Complement system >Acute phase response |
|
|
_______ are antiviral proteins which interfere with viral replication, and consist of 3 types:___ ___ & ___
|
Interferons
-Alpha Interferons -Beta Interferons -Gamma Interferons -Recombinant Interferons |
|
|
The _______ is a defensive system consisting of serum proteins that participate in __________, _______, and _______.
|
*Complement System
>lysis of foreign cells >inflammation >phagocytosis |
|
|
Consequences of Complement Activation include:
1. 2. 3. |
*Cytolysis (destroys foreign cells by damaging their plasma membranes, causing cellular contents to leak out)
*Inflammation *Opsonization |
|
|
________is an antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal. (an allergy)
|
*Hypersensitivity
|
|
|
Match the Types of Hypersensitivity:
Type I Immune complex rxns Type II Cell-mediated rxns Type III Atopy & Anaphylaxis Type IV Cytotoxic rxns |
*Type I = Atopy & Anaphylaxis
*Type II = Cytotoxic rxns *Type III = Immune complex rxns *Type IV = Cell-mediated rxns |
|
|
_____ immunity occurs when an individual receives an immune stimulus (antigen) that activates B&T cells causing the body to produce immune substances such as antibodies.
|
*Active Immunity
>This is an essential attribute of an immunocompetent person >It creates an immune 'memory' >Can be stimulated via nat. or art. means |
|
|
_____ immunity occurs when an individual receives immune substances (antibodies) that were produced actively in the body of another person/animal.
|
*Passive Immunity
>Short term effectiveness |
|
|
______ immunity encompasses any immunity that is acquired during the normal biological experiences of a person rather than medical intervention
|
*Natural Immunity
|
|
|
______ immunity is protection from infection through medical procedures.
|
*Artificial Immunity
>This is induced by immunization with vaccines and immune serum. |
|
|
Give an example of:
----------------------------- Natural active immunity |
*A child getting chicken pox and then being immune to it for nearly his entire life. (Even subclinical infections can cause this).
|
|
|
Give an example of:
----------------------------- Natural Passive Immunity |
*This occurs as a result of prenatal/postnatal mother-child relationship. IgG antibodies cross the placenta, rendering the mother's immunities to the child for the first few months after birth
|
|
|
Give an example of:
----------------------------- Artificial Active Immunization |
*Vaccinations introducing a specially prepared antigenic stimulus which triggers the immune system to create antibodies.
|
|
|
Give an example of:
----------------------------- Artificial Passive Immunization |
*Immunotherapy in which the pt. is at risk for a particular infection is given specific antibodies against that infectious agent. This must be a continued process as the antibodies are eventually discarded by the body
|
|
|
Type I Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis
|
-Characterized by immediate hypersensitivity
-Lots of IgE antbods produced in response which bind to mast cell and basophil receptors |
|
|
Types of Anaphylaxis include:
1. 2. |
1. Systemic (anaphylactic shock)
-causes blood ves. to dilate resulting in blood pres. drop (insect stings; penicillin sensitivity) 2. Localized (atopy) -Hives, rhinitis, ingested (food), inhaled (pollen), skin tests |
|
|
Type II Hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic Rxn
|
-Involves activation of complement by combination of IgG or IgM antbods with antigenic cell
-Includes transfusion rxns *ABO Blood and Rh blood factor |
|
|
Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex
|
-IgG & IgM antbods are deposited IN tissues and on blood vessel walls, rather than surface of foreign cells. This causes some autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arth. & lupus)
|
|
|
Type IV Hypersensitivity: Cell-Mediated Rxns
|
-This is a delayed type of hypersensitivity usually 48-72 hours after exposure. T-Cells and macrophages create overload of cytokines
-Poison ivy, tuberculosis, contact dermatitis, graft rejection |
|
|
Which class of antibody is the first class made in response to an antigen?
|
*IgM
|
|
|
Which class of antibody is most abundant in the serum and crosses the placenta?
|
*IgG
|
|
|
ELISA stands for _______.
|
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
|
|
|
______ test contains an enzyme-antibody complex that can be used as a color tracer in antigen antibody reactions.
|
*ELISA
|
|
|
______ involves the electrophoretic separation of proteins, followed by an immunoassay to detect these proteins.
|
*Western Blot
|
|
|
In _________ tests, the soluble antigen is made insoluble by an antibody, and the reaction is observed.
|
*Precipitation Rxn
|
|
|
______ tests are discernible due to the antibodies cross-linking the antigens to form visible clumping.
|
*Agglutination Rxn
|
|
|
_____ defend against extracellular antigens circulating in the blood, tissue, etc. It matures in human bone marrow sites.
|
*B-Lymphocyte
-The immunoglobulin receptor recognizes antigens -Principal cell of humoral immune system -Activate to become plasma cells and produce antibodies |
|
|
_____ test can amplify DNA present in samples (even in tiny amounts) to identify morgs and viruses.
|
*Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
|
|
|
_____ perform specific cellular immune responses such as assisting B Cells and killing foreign cells. They mature in the thymus gland.
|
*T-Cells
|
|
|
What class of antibody plays a role in allergic reactions and is made in response to helminth infections?
|
IgE
|
|
|
Exact, antigenic determinants that stimulate immunity can produce vaccines via engineering. For bac. they are called _____ or _____. For viruses they are called______.
|
*acellular or subcellular vaccines
*subunit vaccines -Hep B or Flu vaccines are these type |
|
|
What is Impetigo?
|
*A contagious skin infection that usually produces blisters; most common among kids.
-Group A Streptococcus -Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
_______ is is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection of the dermis, resulting in inflammation and characteristically extending into underlying fat tissue.
|
*Erysipelas
-Elderly, infants, and children |
|
|
_____ is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues in necrosis. It is caused by Clostridium bacteria.
|
*Gas gangrene
|
|
|
1.What is true of an anamnestic response to an antigen?
2.What is an anamnestic response? |
*More IgG is made than IgM
*Augmented production of an antibody due to previous response of the subject to stimulus by the same antigen. |
|
|
_____ had a live polio virus vaccine, while _____ had a dead polio virus vaccine.
|
*Sabin, Albert
*Salk, Jonas |
|
|
_______ is a rare serious complication following infection with Measles Virus.
|
*Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
|
|
The rise in body temperature that causes a fever is due to the hypothalamus responding to _____
|
*Interleukin-1
|
|
|
_____ is the class of antibody that is associated with mucous membranes and secretory fluids
|
*IgA
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus, unlike other Staphs, produces _______.
|
*Coagulase
|
|
|
______ is diagnosed when the patient’s CD4 T cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3.
|
*Clinical AIDS
-HIV infects CD4+ T cells. -HIV infection is diagnosed with a positive ELISA test followed by a positive Western blot. -The CD4 protein, CCR5 protein and CXCR4 protein are necessary for infection of T-Helper cells |
|
|
M protein is an important virulence factor associated with the cell wall of _____. Its antigenic
structure resembles cardiac tissue. |
*Streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
Koplik spots on the oral mucosa are signs of _____.
|
*Rubeola
|
|
|
The viral infection______, if acquired during pregnancy, is associated with birth defects in the fetus
|
*Rubella
|
