Micro Part 3

Front 1

How does proton transfer work?

Back 1

This is coupled to energy consumption.

Front 2

§ How do coenzymes work?

Back 2

Support certain structural configuration of enzyme

Front 3

Why RNA double stranded?

Back 3

Complementary nature

Front 4

Chemoorganotrophs: _______ and _______ are linked § Differ in mechanism of ___________

Back 4

fermentation; respiration; ATP synthesis

Front 5

Fermentation (Fig a):

Back 5

substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate

Front 6

Respiration (Fig b):

Back 6

oxidative phosphorylation; ATP produced from proton motive force formed by transport of electrons from organic or inorganic electron donors

Front 7

Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway):

Back 7

a common pathway for fermentation of glucose
§ Anaerobic process § Three stages(Preparation,ATP&Pyruvate Production,
Fermentation Product) § Glucose consumed
§ Two ATPs produced § Fermentation products generated

Front 8

Aerobic Respiration

Back 8

§ Oxidization using O2 as the terminal electron acceptor
§ Higher ATP yield than fermentations
§ ATP produced at the expense of the proton motive force which is generated by electron transport

Front 9

Electron Transport Systems

Back 9

§ Membrane associated
§ Mediate transfer of electrons from primary donor to terminal acceptor
§ Conserve some of the energy released during transfer and use to synthesize ATP
§ Many oxidation-reduction enzymes are involved in electron transport (e.g., NADH dehydrogenases, flavoproteins, iron- sulfur proteins, cytochromes)

Front 10

Electron transport system oriented in __________so that as electrons are transported, _
________ are separated

Back 10

cytoplasmic membrane; protons

Front 11

Carriers in electron transport chain arranged in membrane in order of their increasingly __________ reduction potential

Back 11

positive

Front 12

The final carrier in the chain donates the electrons and protons to the ________________.

Back 12

terminal electron acceptor

Front 13

Genetic engineering is and basic techniques are?

Back 13

using in-vitro techniques to alter genetic material in the laboratory
§ Basic techniques include § Restrictionenzymes
§ Gelelectrophoresis § Nucleicacidhybridization § Nucleicacidprobes § Molecularcloning § Cloningvectors

Front 14

Restriction enzymes:

Back 14

recognize specific DNA sequences and cut DNA at those sites
§ Widespread among prokaryotes
§ Rare in eukaryotes
§ Protect prokaryotes from hostile foreign DNA (e.g., viral genomes)
§ Essential for in vitro DNA manipulation

Front 15

there are ______ Classes of Restriction Enzymes

Back 15

three;

Front 16

________ cleave DNA within their recognition sequence and are most
useful for specific DNA manipulation

Back 16

type II

Front 17

Restriction enzymes recognize ______ ________ sequences (palindromes)
§ Typically 4–8 base pairs long; EcoRI recognizes a 6 base- pair sequence § Sticky ends or blunt ends

Back 17

inverted repeat;

Front 18

Restriction enzymes protect cell from invasion from __________.
Must protect their own DNA from _____________.

Back 18

foreign DNA;inadvertent destruction

Front 19

Modification enzymes:

Back 19

protect cell’s DNA for restriction enzymes
§ Chemically modify nucleotides in restriction recognition sequence
§ Modification generally consists of methylation of DNA

Front 20

Gel electrophoresis:

Back 20

separates DNA molecules based on size
§ Electrophoresis uses an electrical field to separate charged molecules
§ Gels are usually made of agarose, a polysaccharide
§ Nucleic acids migrate through gel toward the positive electrode due to their negatively charged phosphate groups