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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enterococcus characteristics
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gram +
cocci in pairs and chains |
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Enterococcus Transmission
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colonize gut of humans and animals
translocation and nosocomial acquisition |
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Diseases caused by enterococcus
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UTI, endocarditis (infection of the endocardium in the heart), bacteremia, wound infections
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Enterococcus complications
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gut
immunocompromised |
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Enterococcus prevention
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isolation
handwashing proper sanitation |
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Staph Aureus characteristics
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gram +
cocci clusters w/some capsule |
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Staph Aureus Lab ID
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golden colonies
rapid growth coagulase positive |
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Staph Aureus Transmission
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skin
nares/perinemum spread by contact/airborne |
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Staph Aureus pathogenesis
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endo & exotoxins
toxic-shock toxin protein A which inactivates complement and IgG |
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Staph Aureus Diseases
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boils, skin sepsis, wound infections, scalded skin syndrome, catheter-associated disease, foodborne infection,, endocarditis, osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone and bone marrow), toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia
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Staph. Aureus complications
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multi-drug resistant infections
MRSA |
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Staph. Aureus prevention
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handwashing
mupirocin to nares isolation |
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Staph. Epidermidis characteristics
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gram+ cocci in clusters
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Staph. Epidermidis ID
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golden colonies
coagulase - |
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Staph. Epidermidis transmission
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skin, nares, perineum spread by contact
same as Staph. aureus |
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Staphylococcus Epidermidis
pathogenesis |
extracellular slime to attach to foreign bodies
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Staphylococcus epidermidis diseases
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device-related sepsis, UTI, sternal wound osteomyelitis, prosthetic valve endocarditis, artificial joint infections
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Staph. epidermiidis complications
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multi-drug resistant
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Staph. epidermidis prevention
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handwashing, infection control, remove devices, monitor for device infections
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Staph. saprophyticus characteristics
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gram + cocci clusters
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Staphy. Saprophyticus Lab ID
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white colonies
coagulase - |
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Staph. Saprophyticus transmission
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skin and GI mucosa colonizer
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Staph. Saprophyticus pathogenesis
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spread to urinary tract
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Staph. saprophyticus diseases
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UTI in healthy women associated w/sex
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Staph. saprophyticus complications
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rarely pyelonephritis
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Staphy. saprophyticus prevention
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post-coital urination
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Streptococcus pneumoniae characteristics
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gram +
diplococci |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae transmission
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colonizes the upper respiratory tract
spread by droplets |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenesis
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capsule evades phagocytosis
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Streptococcuse pneumoniae diseases
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pneumonia, septicemia, menigitis, otitis media, sinusitis
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Streptococcus pneumoniae complications
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splenectomy predisposes to systemic infection
antigenic-specific strains are more invasive |
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Streptococcus penumoniae prevention
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vaccination
handwashing |
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strep. pyogenes characteristics
group A strep and GAS |
gram +
cocci in chains |
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step. pyogenes transmission
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colonizes URT and skin
spread by droplets and contact |
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strep. pyogenes pathogenesis
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enzymes
exotoxins |
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strep pyogenes diseases
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URI, SSTI, scarlet fever
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strep. pyogenes complications
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necrotizing faxcilitis, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
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streptococcus pyogenes prevention
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no vaccine
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viridians group strep. characteristics
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gram +
cocci chains & pairs |
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viridians group step. lab ID
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alpha-hemolytic
microaerophillic |
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viridians group strep. transmission
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oral
colonize mouth and teeth |
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viridians group strep. diseases
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endocarditis
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viridans group step. prevention
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proper dental care/oral health
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enterococcus characteristics
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group D streptococcus
gram + cocci pairs and chains |
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enterococcus transmission
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colonizes gut of humans & animals
translocation and nosocomial acquistion |
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enterococcus pathogenesis
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no toxins
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enterococcus diseases
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UTI, endocarditis, bacteremia, and wound infections
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enterococcus complications
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gut
immunocompromised |
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enterococcus prevention
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isolation
handwashing proper sanitation |
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E. Coli characteristic
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gram -
rod |
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E. coli transmission
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gut of man and animals, may colonize urethra and vagina
spread by contact and/ingestion(fecal-oral route) |
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E. coli pahtogensis
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endotoxin (all strains), adhesins (UTI), colonization factors (GI), capsule (CNS), enterotoxins (GI)
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E. coli diseases
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UTI, diarrheal illness, neonatal meninigits, sepsis, wound infections
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E. coli complications
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increasing resistance
spread of plasmids |
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E. coli prevention
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proper food preparation
sanitation |
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klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter spp. characteristics
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gram -
rods capsule (Kleb) |
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klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter spp. LAB ID
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lactose-fermenting
oxidase negative |
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klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter spp.
transmission |
gut of man and animals, and mosit inanimate environments, soil and water. spread by contact or endogenously, may survive on hands for a long time (Kleb)
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klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter spp. pathogensis
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endotoxin, adhesins, capsule (Kleb)
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klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter spp. diseases
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opportunistic infections in immunocompromised
host/hospitalized host UTI, pnuemonia, bacteremia |
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klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter spp. complications
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colonization vs. infection difficult
resistance a problem (ESBL Kleb), chromosomal inducable resistance |
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klebsiella, serratia, enterobacter spp. prevention
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handwashing
isolation |
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proteus mirabiliis characteristics
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gram -
rod motile swarms |
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proteus mirabillis LAB ID
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odorous
non-lactous fermentor |
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proteus mirabillis transmission
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human gut
soil, water colonizer contact endogenous spread |
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proteus mirabillis pathogenesis
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enodtoxin
urease |
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proteus mirabillis disease
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UTI, wound infection, sepsis, pneumonia in immunocompromised
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Salmonella spp. characteristics
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gram -
motile non-sporing rods non capsular except S. typhi |
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salmonella spp. LAB ID
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oxidase -
lactose non-fermenters serology |
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salmonella spp. transmission
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NOT A GUT COLONIZER
in animals and food chain |
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salmonella spp. disease
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severe diarrheal illness
bactermia |
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salmonella spp. complications
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may lead to carrier status
resistance |
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salmonella spp. prevention
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proper food prepartion
santiation vaccination (S. typhi and S. paratyphi) |
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Shigella spp. charactertistics
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gram -
rods non-motile no capsule |
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shigella spp. LAB ID
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lactose non-fermenter
antigenic tests |
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Shigells spp. transmission
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fecal-oral route
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Shigella spp. pathogenesis
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invasion of gut lead to massive inflammation, shiga-toxin, endo-toxin, damages epitheial cells and/or glomerular epitheial cells(kidney damage)
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Shigella spp. prevention
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sanitation, isolation, and hand hygiene
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pseudomonas aeruginosa characteristics
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gram -
rod motile grows in many conditions |
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pseudomonas aeruginosa LAB ID
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smells like grapes, produces green-blue pigment, oxidase +, non-fermenter
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pseudomonas aeruginosa transmission
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colonize a few healthy human guts and mostly hospitalized patients
widespread in environment |
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pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogensis
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endo and exotoxins, capsule and slime production, pigments may be virulence factors
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pseudomonas aeruginosa diseases
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opportunistic infections of any body site particulary the skin, burns, lungs, UTI, osteomyelitis, endocarditis
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pseudomonas aeruginosa complications
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highly and varialy resistant, may develop resistance on therapy
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pseudomonas aeruginosa prevention
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extubation, isolation, hand washing, avoid broad spectrum agents
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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opportunistic pathogen of humans
gram - loves water infects immunocompromised tissue seen in patients w/severe burns, cancer and AIDS patients who are immunocompromised - fatality is 50% in these individuals |
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haemophilus influenzae characteristics
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gram -
cocci-bacillus nonmotile may be encapsulated @ site of infection |
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haemophilus influenzae LAB ID
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serological to determne invasive capsular types like H. influenza type B or HiB
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haemophilus influenzae transmission
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URT of humans and animals
airborne transmission |
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haemophilus influenzae pathogenesis
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polysacchardie capsule
endotoxin |
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haemophilus influenzae diseases
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menigitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitits, otitis media, sinusitis
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haemophilus influenzae complications
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more common in children
types C and F increasing in prevelance |
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haemophilus influenzae prevention
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vaccination
rifampin prophylaxis of contacts |
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pasterurella multocida characteristics
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gram -
cocco-bacilli |
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pasteurella multocida LAB ID
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oxidase +
grows well on blood agar |
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pasteurella multocida transmission
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comensal in GI and mouth of humans and animals
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pasteurella multocida pathogenesis
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capsule
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pasterurella multocida diseases
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infected bites
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pasteruella multocida prenvention
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animal and human dental care
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Vibrio spp. characteristics
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curved
gram - rod highly motile salt plays a metabolic role |
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Vibrio spp. LAB ID
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oxidase +
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Vibirio spp. transmission
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consumption of contaiminated water/food - rare
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Vibrio pathogenesis
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mucinases
adhesins enterotxin cytotoxin |
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Vibrio diseases
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cholera, massive watery diarrhea, wound infections and bacteremia
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Vibrio complications
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death
necrotizing fascilitis |
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Vibrio prevention
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avoid water, oral vaccine not in USA, avoid contaiminated seafood
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campylobacter spp. characteristics
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slender
curved gram - rod |
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campylobacter spp. LAB ID
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require an enriched media
water drop-like colonies |
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campylobacter spp. transmission
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animal reservoirs
contaiminated food/milk |
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campylobacter spp. pathogensis
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cytotoxin?
invades and destroys gut mucosa |
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campylobacter spp. diseases
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diarrhea
possible bactermia |
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campylobacter spp. prevention
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proper food preparation
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legionella pneumophila characteristics
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gram -
coccobacilli in tissue |
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legionella pneumophila LAB ID
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direct fluorescent antibody test
poor gram stain test |
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legionella pneumohila transmission
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environmental contaimination of A/C
inhalation of contiaminated water from showers |
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legionella pneumophila pathogensis
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intacellular
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legionella pneumohila diseases
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pneumonia
esp. elderly and immunocompromises |
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legionella pneumohila complications
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severe pneumonia requiring mechanical ventiliation
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legionalla pneumophila prevention
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water system/HVAC maitenanace
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moracella catarrhalis characteristics
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gram - COCCI!
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moracella catarrhailis LAB ID
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easier to grow than neisseria
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moraxella catarrhalis transmission
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pathogen
former comensal of respiratory tract |
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moraxella catarrhalis diseases
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bronchitis
pneumonia otitis media sinusitits |
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moraxella catarrhalis complications
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produce beta-lactamase
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bordatella pertusssis characteristics
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small
gram - cocco-bacillus |
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boratella pertussis transmission
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airborne
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bordatella pertussis transmission
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airborne
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bordatella pertusssis pathogenesis
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tracheal cytotoxin
endotoxin |
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bordatella pertussis prevention
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vaccination now booster
erythromycin for close contacts |
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bordatella pertussis transmission
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airborne
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bordatella pertusssis pathogenesis
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tracheal cytotoxin
endotoxin |
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bordatella pertussis prevention
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vaccination now booster
erythromycin for close contacts |
