Micro Notes 13.1

Front 1

List the three types of symbiotic associations

Back 1

commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

Front 2

commensalism

Back 2

symbiotic association where one organism benefits while the other organism neither gains nor loses

Front 3

mutualism

Back 3

symbiotic association where both organisms benefit

Front 4

parasitism

Back 4

symbiotic association where one organism benefits while the other organism is harmed

Front 5

what are the two categories of pathogens?

Back 5

true/primary' and 'opportunistic

Front 6

list the four postulates of Koch

Back 6

(1) isolate potential pathogen from diseased individual but not from healthy individual; (2) grow to pure culture in the laboratory; (3) Inoculate into experimental host and look for signs of disease; (4) if desease is evident and if the potential pathogen can be re-isolated, it is the likely cause of the disease

Front 7

infection

Back 7

microbe establishes itself in the ody and begins to evoke an immune response

Front 8

disease

Back 8

normal physiology of the host is alterred

Front 9

virulence

Back 9

a measure of pathogenicity

Front 10

pathogenicity

Back 10

the ability of an organism to cause disease

Front 11

sub-clinical infection

Back 11

an infection with few signs and symptoms; infection cannot be recognized

Front 12

list five portals of exit/entry

Back 12

(1) skin; (2) gastrointestinal; (3) respiratory; (4) urogenital; (5) placenta [for congenital infections]

Front 13

list three microbial factors that affect virulence

Back 13

(1) adherence, (2) invasivness; (3) toxins

Front 14

List three methods by which microbes adhere to a surface

Back 14

capsules, pili and fimbriae, attachment proteins on viruses

Front 15

list two methods by which microbes are invasive

Back 15

(1) enzymes, (2) antiphagocytic factors [capsules]

Front 16

collagenase

Back 16

enzyme that breaks down collagen fibers and hence skin; a method by which microbes can penetrate the skin

Front 17

hyaluronidase

Back 17

enzyme that digets connective tissue; a method by which microbes can penetrate the skin

Front 18

streptokinase

Back 18

enzyme that dissolves clots; can be used medically to dissolve clots; a method by which microbes can penetrate the body

Front 19

what are the two types of toxins?

Back 19

endotoxins and exotoxins

Front 20

List the characteristics of an endotoxin

Back 20

LPS, Gram negative bacteria, associated with cell wall, poorly antigenic, heat stable, non-toxoidable

Front 21

List the characteristics of an exotoxin

Back 21

Protein, either Gram + or -, secreted by cells, good antigens, heat labile, toxoidable

Front 22

toxoid

Back 22

a de-toxified toxin that retains antigenicity; used in vaccines

Front 23

what are the effects of endotoxins?

Back 23

general, systemic effects: fever, edema, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Front 24

what are the effects of exotoxins?

Back 24

varied, often directed towarad specific body systems: neurotoxins, enterotoxins, etc.

Front 25

malaise

Back 25

general ill feeling

Front 26

List the four stages of infection

Back 26

(1) incubation stage, (2) prodromal stage, (3) invasive stage, (4) convalescent stage

Front 27

incubation stage

Back 27

pathogen makes contact, grows, replicates

Front 28

prodromal stage

Back 28

malaise

Front 29

invasive stage

Back 29

signs and symptoms

Front 30

convalescent stage

Back 30

recovery

Front 31

explain the difference between signs and symptoms

Back 31

symptoms are felt by patient but cannot be observed by onlooker, unlike signs

Front 32

explain the difference between a local versus a systemic infection

Back 32

a local infection is confined to a small portion of the body, but a systemic infection is wide-spread

Front 33

bacteremia

Back 33

small amount of bacteria in the blood

Front 34

septicemia

Back 34

actively dividing bacteria in the blood

Front 35

viremia

Back 35

viruses in the blood

Front 36

explain the difference between a primary versus a secondary infection

Back 36

a primary infection is the first, major infection, and the secondary infection is the smaller, additional infection; good example is influenza vs. Hemophilus influenzae

Front 37

explain the difference between acute versus chronic infection

Back 37

actue is sudden onset and rapid healing; chronic is longer-lasting; good example is varicella (chickenpox) vs. Herpes zoster (shingles)

Front 38

latent infection

Back 38

one that comes and goes, such as shingles

Front 39

prevalence

Back 39

total number of existing cases in population

Front 40

incidence

Back 40

ratio of new cases to healthy persons

Front 41

morbidity

Back 41

sickness

Front 42

mortality

Back 42

death

Front 43

List the four disease patterns

Back 43

endemic, epidemic, pandemic, sporadic

Front 44

reservoir

Back 44

place in nature where an organism survives and replicates

Front 45

source

Back 45

place or object from which a pathogen spreads to a new host

Front 46

zoonoses

Back 46

disease that is most common in animals, but can spread to people

Front 47

vector borne disease

Back 47

disease spread by arthropod

Front 48

what is a MECHANICAL vector-borne disease versus BIOLOGICAL?

Back 48

Mechanical = vector is not infected; Biological = vector is infected

Front 49

fomite

Back 49

inanimate souce

Front 50

the five F's

Back 50

fingers, food, fomites, feces, flies

Front 51

direct vs. indirect transmission

Back 51

direct = portal of entry and exit overlap; indirect = pathogen exists outside of host for a time

Front 52

horizontal vs. vertical transmission

Back 52

horizontal = day-to-day contacts spread disease (coughing, etc.); vertical = trans-placental transmission

Front 53

nosocomial transmission

Back 53

transmitted in clinical settings

Front 54

iatrogenic

Back 54

physician induced

Front 55

list the six methods of transmission

Back 55

direct, indirect, horizontal, vertical, iatrogenic, nosocomial