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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does cocci mean? |
spheres |
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what does bacilli mean? |
rods |
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what does spirilla mean? |
spirals |
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what arrangement is staphylo? |
grape clusters |
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what arrangement is strepto? |
straight chain |
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what arrangement is diplo? |
2 bacteria |
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what color do gram +ve bacteria stain? |
purple |
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what color do gram -ve bacteria stain? |
pink |
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compare the cell walls of gram -ve and +ve bacteria |
gram +ve = simple cell wall; gram -ve cell wall = complex cell wall |
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compare the amount of peptidoglycan in gram -ve and +ve bacteria |
gram +ve have more peptidoglycans and gram -ve have less amounts |
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what feature do gram -ve bacteria have that gram +ve do not? |
gram -ve have an outer layer of lipopolysaccharides |
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what are 2 examples of bacteria that do not stain? |
myobacterium and spirocetes |
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are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
prokaryotes |
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where is DNA contained in the bacterial cells? |
nucleoid region |
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how do bacteria reproduce? |
sexually and asexually (through binary fission) |
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define obligate aerobes |
bacteria that NEED oxygen to survive |
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define obligate anaerobes |
bacteria that function on NO oxygen |
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define facultative anaerobes |
they will use oxygen if present , but it isnt essential |
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define microaerophiles |
they need oxygen but can be harmed by atmospheric oxygen |
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define aerotolerant anaerobes |
they do not need oxygen and will not be harmed by it either |
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cannot live outside of the cell and require the host cell to supply the bacteria with energy and other nutrients |
intracellular |
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what are 2 examples of intracellullar bacteria |
the chlamydia species and coxiella burnetti |
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will only invade the host cell if it gives an advantage to the bacteria |
faculative intracellular |
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an example of facultative intracellular bacteria |
rickettsia rickettsii |
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MacConkeys agar selects for what 2 types of bacteria? |
gram -ve and lactose fermenters |
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what is chocolate agar used to stain for? |
influenza |
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beta blood agar means? |
total hemolysis |
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alpha blood agar means? |
partial hemolysis |
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gamma blood agar means? |
no hemolysis |
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pediococcus is from what? |
bacteria from the production of fermented meats |
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what is lacotbacillus casei |
bacteria in the mouth and intestine that helps with digestion |
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where is leuconostoc cremoris from? |
bacteria formed from the production of buttermilk and sour cream |
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where is lactobacillus bulgaricus from? |
bacteria from the production of yogurt |
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the polymerase from this bacteria is used in PCR because it can withstand high temperatures |
termus aquaticus |
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what type of bac is due to clostridium difficile infection, what are its two main symptoms? |
gram +ve, causes colitis and infectious diarrhea |
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what are the 4 main phases in a bacterial growth curve? |
lag, log/growht, stationary and death |
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the stationary phase in bac growth curve is due to what? |
due to a certain circumstance, death rate and production rate of the bacteria is equal |
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what types of nucleic acid can be found in viruses? |
both RNA and DNA or each alone |
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what is the protein coat of a virus referred to as? |
caspid |
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what surround the caspid of viruses? what is attached to this structure that is key for entry and attachments of the bacteria? |
a membrane surrouding the caspid from the host cell membrane; glycoprotein spikes line the membrane |
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what is the layer of protein bw the caspid and cellular host membrane called? |
tegument |
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what is a nucelocaspid? |
a bacterial cell that is naked; not surrounded by a membrane, just the caspid + the genome |
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what does sense +ve mean for viruses? |
when RNA virus can use its RNA to directly make proteins |
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what does sense -ve mean for viruses? |
they need an RNA-dependant-RNA-polymerase to convert its RNA into +ve sense RNA |
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Class 1-7 baltimore classification viruses, ds or ss? |
1 is ds, 2 is ss, 3 is ds, 4-6 is ss and 7 is ds |
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Class 1-7 viruses, contain DNA or RNA? |
1 has DNA, 2 has DNA, 3 has RNA, 4 has RNA (+ve sense), 5 has RNA (-ve sense), 6 has RNA (+ve sense) and 7 has DNA w RNA intermediate |
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what class of virus is the papillomavirus? |
class 1 |
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what class of virus is the herpes virus? |
class 1 |
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what class of virus is the retrovirus? |
class 6 |
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what class of virus is hep B virus? |
class 7 |
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what type of polymerase do Class 1-2 rely on? |
the host's DNA dependant DNA polymerase |
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what type of polymerase do class 3-5 rely on? |
RNA dependant RNA polymerase |
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what type of enzyme does class 6 rely on? |
a reverse transcriptase to turn RNA back into DNA |
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what type of enzyme does class 7 rely on? |
a reverse transcriptase that turns mRNA back into DNA |
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DNA virus replication occurs where in the host cell? |
in the nucleus |
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RNA virus replication occurs where in the host cell? |
in the cytoplasm |
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what is the one exception to RNA viruses replicating in the cytoplasm? |
influenza virus, it replicates in the nucleus |
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viral DNA destroys cell DNA, takes over the cell completely and destroys the cell. Lytic of lysogenic infection? |
lytic infection |
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virus replicates and makes progeny. lytic or lysogenic infection? |
lytic infection |
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virus does not produce progeny. lytic or lysogenic infection |
lysogenic infection |
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no symptoms of viral infection. lytic or lysogenic infection |
lysogenic infection |
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viral DNA merges with cell DNA and does not destroy the cell. lytic or lysogenic infection |
lysogenic infection |
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virus does not produce progeny. lytic or lysogenic infection |
lyosgenic infection |
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what is the latency effect refer to in lysogenic infections? |
the virus will not replicate until the host cell replicates |
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function of latency associated transcripts? |
allows the virus to stay latent in lyogenic infections and avoid detection by the host's immune system |
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define susceptibility |
whether a virus can enter or infect a cell |
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define permissivity |
the ability of a virus to replicate in a cell or not |
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what is tropism? |
the range of tissues or organs or cells that are both susceptable and permissive to replication |
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what are the 3 types of RNA? |
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
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what is the central dogma? |
DNA to RNA to protein synthesis |
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name the cell type. unicellular |
prokaryotes |
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name the cell type. no cells or organelles |
viruses |
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name the cell type. no membrane bound organelles |
prokaryotes |
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name the cell type. membrane bound organelles |
eukaryotes |
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name the cell type. bacteria |
prokaryotes |
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name the cell type. double stranded DNA circular genome w plasmids |
prokaryotes |
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name the cell type. double stranded DNA linear genome |
eukaryotes |
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name the cell type. just RNA or DNA genomes |
viruses |
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how many origins of replication are there for eukaryotic cells in double stranded DNA viruses |
2 |
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what is the main enzyme that facilitates replication for eukaryotic cells in ds DNA viruses? |
delta DNA polymerase |
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in bacterial DNA replication, how many origins of replication are there? |
1 |
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what is the main enzyme in bacterial DNA replication? |
DNA polymeras 3 |
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where is RNA replication found? |
in RNA viruses |
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in RNA replication does transcription occur? |
No. RNA is used as a template for RNA replication |
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where in the cell does RNA replication occur? |
cytoplasm |
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what is the enzyme that is needed for RNA replication? |
RNA dependant RNA polymerase |
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during transcription, what type of RNA polymerase is used in bacteria (prokaryotes)? |
one DNA dependant RNA polymerase to make all kinds of RNA |
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during transcription,what type of RNA polymeras is used in eukaryotes? |
3 types of DNA dependant RNA polymerases. pol 1 = rRNA, pol 2 = mRNA, pol 3 = tRNA |
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are there any post transcriptional changes in prokaryotes? |
no |
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are there any post transcriptional changes in eukaryotes? |
poly A tail added, 5' cap added, and splicing happens (removal of introns) |
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what are the ribosome components for bacteria for translation? |
30s + 50s = 70s ribosome |
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what are the ribosome components for eukaryotes for translation? |
40s + 60s = 80s ribosome |
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how many proteins are made per mRNA strand in bacteria? how abt in eukaryotes? |
many; one per strand of RNA |
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where does translation happen in the cell for bacteria? |
cytoplasm |
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where does translation happen in the cell for eukaryotes? |
cytoplasm |
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explain conjugation as a method of bacterial sexual reproduction |
direct cell to cell connection by a bridge (pilli) and the transfer of genetic material |
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what are F+ bacterial cells? |
they are male cells and are the cell capable of making and forming a pilli, female cells are F- and dotn have a pilli. once F+ gives the plasmid DNA to F- cell then it also becomes F+ cel |
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explain transduction in terms of bacterial sexual reproduction |
bacteria transfers DNA via a virus, once virus replicates it takes some of the hosts DNA and when it infects another organism that DNA is then transferred |
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explain transformation in terms of bacterial sexual reproduction |
bacterial DNA is altered due to introduction of new DNA from the environment |
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yeasts and molds. are they unicellular or multicellular? |
yeasts are unicellular and molds are multicellular |
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what type of envionment do yeasts grow in? |
moist surface, mostly animals |
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what are pseudohyphae? |
short elongations of yeast cells that are maturing |
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what are the names of the daughter cells if molds undergo asexual reproduction? |
conidia |
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what are the names of the daughter cells if molds undergo sexual reproduction? |
ascospores |
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what is fungal dimorphism? |
when it is low temperature molds exist then when the temperature is increased they change to yeasts. |
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what is the only exception to fungal dimorphism? |
candida albicans |
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what is the main component of fungal cell walls? |
mannoproteins, chitin, glucan |
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what is the main component in fungal cell membranes? |
ergosterol |
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what do adhesins do for fungal cells? |
they help them attach to their target cell |
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what to extracellular enzymes do for fungal cells? |
they help the cells move wihtin tissue; secreted from the tips of the cells |
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function of cell wall glucans for fungi |
the enhance the immune response, by increasing the release of inflammatory cytokines |
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drugs treating fungal infections target which enzyme? |
beta 1,3-glucan synthase ; this block normal cell wall synthesis |
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function of polyenes |
they attack fungal cell membranes by preventing ergosterol synthesis |
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function of enhinocandins |
they attack fungal cell walls by acting against glucan synthesis |
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fungal infections are limited to which 2 areas in the body? |
lungs and skin |
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what type of preps are used for microscopy of fungal infections? |
10% KOH |
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what is the purpose of microscopy for fungal infections? |
helps you tell whether the infection is bacterial or fungal. fungi are much larger than bacteria |
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which agar is used for testing for fungal infections? |
sabouraud's agar |
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what is serology? |
uses antibodies to screen for a certain fungal, bacteria, etc anitgens |
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parasites, are they unicellular or multicellular? |
unicellular |
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what are the 2 stages that parasites exist in? |
trophozoite and cysts |
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what are the 2 types of parasites? |
protozoa and metazoa (helminths and arthropods) |
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what is the difference bw definitive and intermediate hosts? |
definitive hosts = host where the parasites achieve maturity in intermediate = host that is important for the immature stages of the parasite |
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what is the "direct" life cycle of parasites |
the parasite can infect a new host directly from the one they are in and survive in it |
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what is the "intermediate" life cycle of parasites |
parasite has to pass through an intermediate host before it is in a stage to infect a new host |
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name the 4 main groups of protozoa |
ameobae, cilates, flagellates, sporozoa |
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reproduction in protozoa; division within cyst |
when the cyst opens up the nucelei are released and new cells are formed; the nucleus divides 2x so 4 cells will be made
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what is shizogony? |
parasite multiplies within the cell till it fills up and then explodes releasing all the parasites to infect other cells |
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what two parts of the body do helminths occupy? |
GI and tissue |
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what is helminthiasis? |
infection of helminths |
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what is the immature forms of helminths? |
larvae |
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what are the classifications of helmints? |
flatworms and roundworms |
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what are the types of roundworms? |
nematodes |
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what are the types of flatworms |
cestodes and trematodes |
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sexuality of nematodes? |
male and female |
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sexuality of cestodes? |
hermaphrodites |
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sexuality of trematodes? |
hermaphrodites |
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where in the body do nematodes, cestodes and trematodes infect? |
nematodes and cestodes affect the lumen and tissue while trematodes just tissue |
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what are ectoparasites |
they live outside the body but rely on other organisms to survive |
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what is an indication of a parasitic infection? |
increased WBC (eosinophilia) due to the parasite secreting an enzyme that does so |
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2 examples of antihelminthics |
albendezol, mebendezol |
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how do antihelminthics work? |
they paralyze the worm in the lumen and then it is excreted in stool |
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what do antiprotozoals do |
affect bacteria or parasites in deep tissue that are anaerobic |
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example of antiprotozoal |
metronidazol |
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what is a parasite in terms of host-parasite interaction |
one that infects a host and feeds off it for survival |
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define commensalism |
parasite living in the host without harming them |
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define mutualism |
parasite that benefits the host |
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define parasitism |
harmful to the host
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define normal flora |
parasites that live in us and are a part of our normal life |
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streptococcus viridians is a normal flora where in the body? |
mouth and throat |
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streptococcus candida is a normal flora where in the body> |
mouth |
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staphylococcus epidermidis is a normal flora where in the body |
mouth and through |
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staphylococcus demodex is a normal flora where in the body |
skin |
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staphylococcus aureus is a normal flora where in the body? |
nose and nasopharynx |
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what is the main risk of normal flora? |
opportunistic infection = normally they are harmless but if they are distrubed, introduced to an abnormal site or immunosuppression occurs then they can cause infection |
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what are the benefits of normal flora? (3) |
make vitamins like b and k, prevention of overgrowth of other bacteria by taking up space and antigenic stimulation |
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what is antigenic stimulation? |
helps immune system develop by providing antigens (from normal flora) to fight against and build antibodies against |
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what is Koch's postulates? |
in order to say that a microorganism causes a pathogenic change, you have to grow it in a pure culture then isolate it |
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what are the course stages of an infection? |
incubation, prodrom, invasion, acme, death, convalescence |
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what is a fomite |
anything capable of carrying an infectious agent |
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what are resevoirs of infection |
living or non living site where pathogen can survive and reproduce until transmitted to a host |
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differentiate bw horizontal and vertical disease transmission |
horizontal is from person to person while vertical is from generation to generation |
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define pathogenecity |
the potential for an organism to cause disease |
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what is virulence |
a measure of the pathogencity of an organism |
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what is infective dose |
the amount of that microbe needed to cause the disease/infection |
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what is lethal dose 50 |
the ability of a microbe to kill 50% of the affected host |
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what is antigenic drift |
a change in the antigen that wil allow it to go undetected by immune system |
