Micro Midterm #1 Chapter 4

Front 1

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Size of Cell

1. Typically 10-100 um in diameter

2. Typically 0.2-2.0 um in diameter

Back 1

1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic

Front 2

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Nucleus

1. No nuclear membrane or nucleoli

2. True nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane and nucleoli

Back 2

1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

Front 3

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Membrane-Enclosed Organelles

1. Present; examples include lysosomes, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplasts

2. Absent

Back 3

1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic

Front 4

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Flagella

1. Consist of two protein building blocks

2. Complex; consist of multiple microtubules

Back 4

1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

Front 5

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Glycocalyx

1. Present as a capsule or slime layer

2. Present in some cells that lack a cell wall

Back 5

1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

Front 6

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Cell Wall

1. When present, chemically simple (includes cellulose and chitin). Polysaccharide cell walls

2. Usually present; chemically complex (typical bacterial cell wall includes peptidoglycan)

Back 6

1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic

Front 7

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Plasma Membrane

1. No carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols

2. Sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors

Back 7

1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

Front 8

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Cytoplasm

1. Cytoskeleton: cytoplasmic streaming

2. No cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming

Back 8

1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic

Front 9

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Ribosomes

1. Larger size (80S); smaller size (70S) in organelles

2. Smaller size (70S)

Back 9

1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic

Front 10

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Chromosome (DNA)

1. Usually single circular chromosome; typically lacks histones. One circular chromosome, not in a membrane

2. Multiple linear chromosomes with histones; Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane

Back 10

1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

Front 11

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Cell Division

1. Involves mitosis; Mitotic spindle


2. Binary Fission

Back 11

1. Eukaryotic
2. Prokaryotic

Front 12

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Sexual Recombination

1. None; transfer of DNA only

2. Involves meiosis

Back 12

1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

Front 13

Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

1. comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.

2. comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

Back 13

1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote

Front 14

What are the 3 basic bacterial shapes?

Back 14

the spherical "coccus" meaning berry
the rod-shaped "bacillus" meaning little staff
the "spiral"

Front 15

usually round but can be oval, elongated, or flatened on one side

Back 15

Cocci

Front 16

cocci that remain in pairs after dividing

Back 16

diplococci

Front 17

cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns

Back 17

streptococci

Front 18

cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four

Back 18

tetrads

Front 19

cocci that divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight are called

Back 19

sarcinae

Front 20

cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets are

Back 20

staphylococci

Front 21

divide only across their short axis, so there are few groupings than cocci

Back 21

bacilli

Front 22

most appear as single rods

Back 22

bacilli

Front 23

appear in pairs after division

Back 23

diplobacilli

Front 24

occur in chaines

Back 24

streptobacilli

Front 25

oval and look so much like cocci that they are called

Back 25

coccobacilli

Front 26

have one or more twists; they are never straight

Back 26

spiral bacteria

Front 27

have a helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies. use propeller-like external appendages called flagella to move

Back 27

spirilla

Front 28

group of spirals that are helical and flexible. move by means of axial filaments, which resemble flagella but are contained within the external sheath.

Back 28

spirochetes

Front 29

bacteria that look liked curved rods are called

Back 29

vibrios

Front 30

List 5 types of prokaryotic elements

Back 30

glycocalyx
fimbriae
pili
flagella
axial filaments

Front 31

Outside cell wall
Usually sticky
A capsule is neatly organized
A slime layer is unorganized & loose
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent phagocytosis
general term for substances surrounding bacterial cells

Back 31

glycocalyx

Front 32

Outside cell wall
Made of chains of flagellin
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

Back 32

flagella

Front 33

Endoflagella
In spirochetes
Anchored at one end of a cell
Rotation causes cell to move

Back 33

axial filaments

Front 34

help cells adhere to surfaces
attachment to surfaces
numerous short, hairlike appendages that help in attachment to mucous membranes

Back 34

fimbriae

Front 35

involved in twitching mobility and DNA transfer
motility
transfer of genetic material

Back 35

pili

Front 36

PEQ Gram Negative Cell Wall Drawing

Back 36

Front 37

PEQ Gram Positive Cell Wall Drawing

Back 37

Front 38

Prevents osmotic lysis
Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

Back 38

cell wall

Front 39

-Polymer of disaccharideN-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
-Linked by polypeptides

Back 39

peptidoglycan

Front 40

Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
In acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid

Back 40

Gram-positive cell walls

Front 41

Thin peptidoglycan
No teichoic acids
Outer membrane

Back 41

Gram-negative cell walls

Front 42

In most gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall consists of many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure. In addition, the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria contain teichoic acids, which consist primarily of an alcohol (such as glycerol or ribitol) and phosphate.

There are two classes of teichoic acids: lipoteichoic acid, which spans the peptidoglycan layer and is linked to the plasma membrane, and wall teichoic acid, which is linked to the peptidoglycan layer.

Back 42

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

Front 43

The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria consist of one or a very few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane. Gram-negative cell walls do not contain teichoic acids.

Periplasm a gel-like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane.

The outer membrane of the gram-negative cell consists of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, and phospholipids. The outer membrane has several specialized functions. Its strong negative charge is an important factor in evading phagocytes. The outer membrane also provides a barrier to certain antibiotics (for example, penicillin), digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, detergents, heavy metals, bile salts, and certain dyes.


Part of the permeability of the outer membrane is due to proteins in the membrane, called porins, that form channels. Porins permit the passage of molecules such as nucleotides, disaccharides, peptides, amino acids, vitamin B12, and iron.

Back 43

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

Front 44

A gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall.

Back 44

Protoplast

Front 45

A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell.

Back 45

Spheroplast

Front 46

What 2 bacterium damage the cell walls?

Back 46

Protoplast
Spheroplast

Front 47

-are the smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells.
-Their plasma membranes are unique among bacteria in having lipids called sterols, which are thought to help protect them from lysis (rupture).
-atypical cell walls
-are the smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells.
-Their plasma membranes are unique among bacteria in having lipids called sterols, which are thought to help protect them from lysis (rupture).

Back 47

mycoplasmas

Front 48

-have no cell walls but have pseudomurein.
-Cannot be gram- stained but appear gram-negative.
-may lack walls or may have unusual walls composed of polysaccharides and proteins but not peptidoglycan.
-These walls do, however, contain a substance similar to peptidoglycan called pseudomurein.
-generally cannot be Gram-stained but appear gram-negative because they do not contain peptidoglycan.

Back 48

archaea

Front 49

the primary stain, stains both gram-positive and gram-negative cells purple because the dye enters the cytoplasm of both types of cells. The application of alcohol dehydrates the peptidoglycan of gram-positive cells to make it more impermeable to the crystal violet-iodine.

Back 49

Crystal Violet

Front 50

The effect on gram-negative cells is quite different; alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of gram-negative cells and even leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer through which crystal violet-iodine diffuse. Because gram-negative bacteria are colorless after the alcohol wash, the addition of safranin (the counterstain) turns the cells pink.

Back 50

.

Front 51

What are 8 structures of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

Back 51

.•have a phospholipid bilayer
•selective permeability
•simple diffusion
•facilitative diffusion
•osmosis
•active transport
•phagocytosis
•pinocytosis (“cell drinking”)

Front 52

•have a phospholipid bilayer
•selective permeability
•simple diffusion
•facilitative diffusion
•osmosis
•active transport
•phagocytosis
•pinocytosis (“cell drinking”)

Back 52

the structures of prokaryotic plasma membrane.

Front 53

What are 4 functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

Back 53

•nuclear area/nucleoid: of a bacterial cell that contains a single long, continuous thread of DNA called a bacterial chromosome.
•ribosomes: the site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein.
•Inclusions: material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits.
•Endospores: a resting structure formed inside some bacteria.

Front 54

•nuclear area/nucleoid: of a bacterial cell that contains a single long, continuous thread of DNA called a bacterial chromosome.
•ribosomes: the site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein.
•Inclusions: material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits.
•Endospores: a resting structure formed inside some bacteria.

Back 54

the functions of prokaryotic plasma membrane.

Front 55

or Nucleoid, of a bacterial cell usually contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome.

 Unlike the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells, bacterial chromosomes are NOT surrounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) and DO NOT include histones.


In addition to the bacterial chromosome, bacteria often contain small usually circular, double-stranded DNA molecules called plasmids. These molecules are extrachromosomal genetic elements; that is, they are not connected to the main bacterial chromosome, and they replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.

Plasmids may carry genes for such activities as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, the production of toxins, and the synthesis of enzymes. Plasmids can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

Back 55

nuclear area

Front 56

the site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein

Back 56

ribosomes

Front 57

which function as the sites of protein synthesis.

Cells that have high rates of protein synthesis, such as those that are actively growing, have a large number of ribosomes.

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, each of which consists of protein and a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
-Several antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis on prokaryotic ribosomes.

Back 57

ribosomes

Front 58

-material held inside cell, consisting of reserve deposits.
-Nutrients are stored here.
Material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits.

Within the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells are several kinds of reserve deposits, known as ______. Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient.

Back 58

inclusions

Front 59

-resting structure formed in some bacteria
A resting structure formed inside some bacteria.
- Unique to bacteria, _______are highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers. They are formed internal to the bacterial cell membrane.
- When released into the environment, they can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation.

Back 59

endospores

Front 60

structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, terapeptide side chain, nad peptide side chain.

Back 60

Peptidoglycan

Front 61

molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

Back 61

LPS(lipopolyssacharide):

Front 62

absent in gram-positive and present in gram-negative.

Back 62

Outer membrane of G-bacteria:

Front 63

absent in gram-positive but present in gram-negative.

Back 63

Periplasmic space

Front 64

-slime layer outside cell wall, prevents phagocytosis.
-is the sticky, gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall; called the capsule if organized; if unorganized, called the slime layer.

Back 64

glycocalyx

Front 65

.

Back 65

slime layer

Front 66

.

Back 66

gram type

Front 67

.

Back 67

gram reaction

Front 68

.

Back 68

gram variable

Front 69

gram-negative bacteria treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell.

Back 69

speroplast

Front 70

a gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall.

Back 70

protoplast

Front 71

small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome.
-bacteria often contain small usually circular, double-stranded DNA molecules called

Back 71

plasmids

Front 72

.

Back 72

nuclear region/nucleoid

Front 73

movement of water from high to lower concentration.

Back 73

osmosis

Front 74

high to low

Back 74

diffusion

Front 75

requires transporter protein and ATP.

Back 75

active transport

Front 76

a special form of active transport that occurs only in prokaryotes. Substance chemically altered during transport across the membrane.

Back 76

group translocation

Front 77

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Back 77

the site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein.

which function as the sites of protein synthesis.
Cells that have high rates of protein synthesis, such as those that are actively growing, have a large number of ribosomes.

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, each of which consists of protein and a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
 Several antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis on prokaryotic ribosomes.

Front 78

What is the function of the nuclear area?

Back 78

of a bacterial cell that contains a single long, continuous thread of DNA called a bacterial chromosome.

Front 79

What is the function of the inclusions?

Back 79

material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits.

Material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits.

Within the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells are several kinds of reserve deposits, known as inclusions. Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient.

Front 80

What is the function of the endospores?

Back 80

a resting structure formed inside some bacteria.

A resting structure formed inside some bacteria.

- Unique to bacteria, endospores are highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers. They are formed internal to the bacterial cell membrane.

- When released into the environment, they can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation.

Front 81

the cell uses energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane.

 The movement of a substance in active transport is usually from outside to inside.
 transport depends on transporter proteins in the plasma membrane.
 the substance that crosses the membrane is NOT altered by transport across the membrane.

Back 81

active transport

Front 82

a special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane.

Back 82

group translocation

Front 83

The process of spore and endospore formation; also called sporogenesis.

Back 83

Sporulation

Front 84

The process of starting to grow from a spore or endospore.

Back 84

Germination

Front 85

known as volutin.
- Volutin represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate (polyphosphate) that can be used in the synthesis of ATP.
- found in algae, fungi, and protozoa, as well as in bacteria.

Back 85

Metachromatic

Front 86

- typically consist of glycogen and starch, and their presence can be demonstrated when iodine is applied to the cells.

Back 86

Polysaccharide Granules

Front 87

- A common lipid-storage material, one unique to bacteria, is the polymer poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid.

Back 87

Lipid Inclusions

Front 88

derive energy by oxidizing sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds. These bacteria may deposit sulfur granules in the cell, where they serve as an energy reserve.

Back 88

Sulfur Granules

Front 89

are inclusions that contain the enzyme ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.
 Photosynthetic bacteria use carbon dioxide as their sole source of carbon and require this enzyme for carbon dioxide fixation. Among the bacteria containing carboxysomes are nitrifying bacteria, cyanobacteria, and thiobacilli.

Back 89

Carboxysomes

Front 90

Hollow cavities found in many aquatic prokaryotes. Each vacuole consists of rows of several individual gas vesicles, which are hollow cylinders covered by protein. Gas vacuoles maintain buoyancy so that the cells can remain at the depth in the water appropriate for them to receive sufficient amounts of oxygen, light, and nutrients.

Back 90

Gas Vacuoles

Front 91

are inclusions of iron oxide (Fe3O4), formed by several gram-negative bacteria such as Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, that act like magnets.

Back 91

Magnetosomes

Front 92

Helical;move by flagella, if present

Back 92

Spirilla

Front 93

Spherical; in chains

Back 93

Streptococci

Front 94

Divide in three regular planes; spheres form cubelike packets

Back 94

Sarcinae

Front 95

Helical; axial filaments for motility

Back 95

spirochetes

Front 96

A simple, commalike curve.

Back 96

Vibrios

Front 97

Name means "little staff.'

Back 97

Bacilli

Front 98

ovals

Back 98

coccobacilli

Front 99

Eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell?

Gogli complex

Back 99

Eukaryotic

Front 100

Eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell?

Meiosis occurs in reproduction

Back 100

Eukaryotic

Front 101

Eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell?

Usually single circular chromosome without histones

Back 101

prokaryotic

Front 102

Eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell?

Sterols generally present in cell membrane

Back 102

Eukaryotic

Front 103

Eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell?

Cell wall almost always contains peptidoglycans

Back 103

prokaryotic

Front 104

Eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell?

Nucleus bounded by a membrane

Back 104

Eukaryotic

Front 105

Eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell?

DNA contained in a nucleoid

Back 105

prokaryotic

Front 106

Contain pigments for photosynthesis by bacteria; found in the plasma membrane

Back 106

chromatophores

Front 107

gram-negative bacterial cells after their treatment with lysozyme

Back 107

spheroplasts

Front 108

specialized external structures that assist in the transfer of genetic material between cells

Back 108

sex pili

Front 109

numberous short, hairlike appendages that help attachement to mucous membranes

Back 109

fimbriae

Front 110

general term for substances surrounding bacterial cells

Back 110

glycocalyx

Front 111

polysaccharides found in the cell wall of many gram-positive bacteria

Back 111

teichoic acids

Front 112

inclusions of iron oxide

Back 112

magnetosomes

Front 113

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Back 113

simple diffusion - movement across membranes

Front 114

Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

Back 114

facilitative diffusion - movement across membranes

Front 115

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water

Back 115

osmosis

Front 116

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

Back 116

osmotic pressure

Front 117

-Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
-Enzymes for ATP production
-Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids
-Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

Back 117

plasma membrane

Front 118

-just internal to the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm
-consists primarily of phospholipids and proteins
-has a two-layered structure, molecuels in parallel rows, called a phospholipid bilayer

Back 118

prokaryotic plasma membrane

Front 119

no net movement of water

Back 119

isotonic

Front 120

water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)

Back 120

hypotonic (hypoosmotic) solution

Front 121

water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

Back 121

hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution

Front 122

_______ _______ of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP.

Back 122

active transport

Front 123

______ ______ of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

Back 123

group translocation

Front 124

metachromatic granules of stored phosphate in prokaryotes

Back 124

volutin

Front 125

entrance of fluids and dissovled substances into eukaryotic cells

Back 125

pinocytosis

Front 126

membrane-enclosed spheres in phagocytic cells that contain powerful digestive enzymes

Back 126

lysosomes

Front 127

the "powerhouses" of the cell

Back 127

mitochondria

Front 128

a gel-like fluid found in the eykaryotic nucleus

Back 128

nucleoplasm

Front 129

a folded inner membrane found in mitochondria

Back 129

cristae

Front 130

sometimes contributes to movement of a cell

Back 130

cytoplasmic streaming

Front 131

found in walls of acid-fast bacteria

Back 131

mycolic acid

Front 132

arrangement of flagella distributed over the entire cell

Back 132

peritrichous

Front 133

flagella at both poles of the cell

Back 133

amphitrichous

Front 134

a widening at the base of the flagellar filament

Back 134

hook

Front 135

an enzyme affecting gram-positive cell walls; found in tears

Back 135

lysozyme

Front 136

a compound found in bacterial endospores

Back 136

dipicolinic acid

Front 137

a compound frequently found in the cell walls of yeasts

Back 137

chitin

Front 138

no flagella

Back 138

atrichous

Front 139

a tuft of flagella at one pole of the cell

Back 139

lophotrichous

Front 140

twitching motility

Back 140

grappling hook model

Front 141

closely involved in protein synthesis

Back 141

ribosomes

Front 142

structure characteristic of both eukarkyotic and prokaryotic plasma membranes

Back 142

phospholipid bilayer

Front 143

found in the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells

Back 143

transverse septum

Front 144

highly resistant bodies formed by a few bacterial species

Back 144

endospores

Front 145

small circular DNA molecues that are not connected with the main chromosome

Back 145

plasmids

Front 146

the semifluid center portion of the mitochondrion

Back 146

matrix

Front 147

a substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the cell wall of archaea

Back 147

pseudomurein

Front 148

bacteria with irregular morphology

Back 148

pleomorphic

Front 149

extracellular polymeric substances on some bacterial cells; may help cells adhere to surfaces

Back 149

glycocalyx

Front 150

bacterial cell with thin peptidoglycan lyer, outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide

Back 150

gram-negative

Front 151

protein that forms fimbriae

Back 151

pilin

Front 152

bundels of microtubules that probably play a role in cell division of eukaryotic cells

Back 152

centrioles

Front 153

bacteria that have lost their cell walls and may later spontaneously regain them

Back 153

L forms

Front 154

Lipid A and O polysaccharide are found on this type of bacteria

Back 154

gram-negative

Front 155

ER associated with ribosomes

Back 155

Rough ER

Front 156

ingrowth of plasma membrane before endospore formation

Back 156

septum

Front 157

anchors the flagella of bacteria to the cell wall and plasma membrane

Back 157

basal body

Front 158

did not do fill in the blanks

Back 158

did not do fill in the blanks