Micro Midterm #1 Chapter 1

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Proved that microorganisms can cause disease/Germ theory of disease/pure cultures

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Koch

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-Disproved spontaneous generation by demonstrating microorganisms are in the air

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Pasteur

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First to observe bacteria/to observation of live microorganisms

1673

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van Leeuwenhoek

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Childbirth fever, washing hands, cross contamination

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Semmelweis

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participated in determining the structure of DNA

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Watson and Crick

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People came to believe that living organisms are from non living matter because they would see flies coming out of manure and maggots coming out of dead animals, and see microorganisms appear in liquids after a day or two.

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Spontaneus Generation

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3 domains of microorganisms

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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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4 types of Eukarya

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Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals

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-Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature.
-Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet.
-Are italicized or underlined. -The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case.
-Are “Latinized” and used worldwide.
-May be descriptive or honor a scientist.

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nomenclature

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the study of microbes.
-The study of minute living things (microorganisms, microbes) that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. The group includes bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, and microscopic algae. It also includes viruses, those noncellular entities sometimes regarded as being at the border between life and nonlife.

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microbiology

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PEQ LIst Koch's postulates (ch 14), and give an example of they are used in modern scientific experimentation.

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1)The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2)The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in
pure culture.
3)The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is
inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
4)The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

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Be able to describe "spontanteous generation," and to bollow the experiements of Redi, Needham, and Louis Pasteur which proved that "biogenesis" was a more accurate model for the action of the mocrobes.

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6. Spontaneous generation: the belief that life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter.
-Redi: jars with decaying meat. Jars with net, jars without net
-Needham: put boiled broth into covered flasks, microbial growth.
-Pasteur: demonstrated that microbes are in air. S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.

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PEQ What is meant by "recombinant DNA Technique," and why is this discovery important to us?

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-Fragments of DNA can be attached to bacterial DNA. (paul berg. Used to make large quantities of the desired protein.

1.Closely related organisms can exchange genes in natural recombination.
2.Genes can be transferred among unrelated species via laboratory manipulation, called recombinant DNA technology.
3.Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been artificially manipulated to combine genes from two different sources.

Why is it important?
-Inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells
-Protect fruit against frost damage
-Used to produce a number of natural proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

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-the study of microbes

The study of minute living things (microorganisms, microbes) that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. The group includes bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, and microscopic algae. It also includes viruses, those noncellular entities sometimes regarded as being at the border between life and nonlife.

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Microbiology

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-living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye

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Microorgtanisms

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same as microorganisms

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microbes

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the study of bacteria

Study of bacteria~ van Leeuwenhoek’s first examination of tooth scrapings. New pathogenic bacteria are still discovered regularly. Many bacteriologists, like their predecessor Pasteur, look at the roles of bacteria in food and the environment.

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bacteriology

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the study of fungi

The study of fungi, includes medical, agricultural, and ecological branches. Recall that Bassi’s work leading up to the germ theory of disease was on a fungal pathogen.

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mycology

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the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

The study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Because many parasitic worms are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, they have been known by people for thousands of years. One hypothesis is that the medical symbol, the caduceus, represents the removal of parasitic guinea worm.

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parasitology

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study of immunity

The study of immunity, actually dates back in Western culture to Jenner’s first vaccine in 1796. Since then, knowledge about the immune system has accumulated steadily and expanded rapidly during the twentieth century

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immunology

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study of viruses

The study of viruses originated during the Golden Age of Microbiology. Since the development of the electron microscope in the 1940s, microbiologists have been able to observe the structure of viruses in detail, and today much is known about their structure and activity.

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virology

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microbes on our body

A variety of microorganisms on and inside our bodies. These microorganisms make up our normal microbiota, or flora. The normal microbiota not only do us no harm, but also in some cases can actually benefit us.

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normal flora (micorbiota)

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degree of pathogenicity of microbes

The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism. Ability to cause disease

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virulence

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new/infectious disease that has potential to increase in near future

These are diseases that are new or changing and are increasing or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.

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emerging infectious diseases

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infectious agent consisting of self-replicating protein, with no detectable nucleic acids.

Prions are infectious proteins first discovered in the 1980s. Prion diseases, such as CJD and mad cow disease, all involve the degeneration of brain tissue.
Prion diseases are the result of an altered protein; the cause can be a mutation in the normal gene or contact with an altered protein.

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prions

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enzygamatic degradation of carbs in which final electron acceptor is an organaic molecule. ATP is synthesized, oxygen not required.

Microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air. This process, called fermentation, is used to make wine and beer. Souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria. In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (acetic acid).

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fermentation

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killing bacteria in alcohol/milk products.

Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage. Used to reduce spoilage and kill potentially harmful bacteria in milk as well as in some alcoholic drinks.

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pasteurization

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principle that microorganisms cause disease

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Germ Theroy of Disease

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treating disease with chemicals

Treatment of disease with chemical substances. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the laboratory) and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.)

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chemotherapy

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preparation of killed microbes to induce active immunity.

Latin word vacca, meaning cow. Pasteur gave it this name in honor of Jenner’s work. The protection from disease provided by vaccination (or by recovery from the disease itself) is called immunity

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vaccine

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All organisms are classified into what 3 categories?

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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants and animals)

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designed by Carol Linnaeus ~ each living organism is assigned two names

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nomenclature system

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What two names does the nomenclature system consist of?

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1. genus
2. specific epithet

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- demonstrated that microorgansims are in the air everywhere and offered proff of biogenesis

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Pasteur

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- demonstrated that microorgansims are in the air everywhere and offered proff of biogenesis
- his discoveries led to the development of aseptic techiniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms

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Pasteur

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Assigned a microbial cause to fermentation

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Pasteur

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showed that mild heating of spirits kills spoilage bacteria without damage to the beverage

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Pasteur

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found that yeast ferment sugars to aclcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid

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Pasteur

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In 1968, demonstrated that maggots appeared only in decaying meat that had been exposed to flies

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Redi

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Introduced the technique of vaccination for smallpox

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Jenner

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First to use microscope to observe cells

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Hooke

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A surgeon who used carbolic acid to control wound infections

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Lister

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First to speculate about the possibility of a "magic bullet" that would destroy a pathogen without harming the host

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Ehrlich

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Discovered penicillin

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Fleming

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Using anthrax as a model, demonstrated that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease

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Koch

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Originated our system of scientific nomenclature

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Linnaeus

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Demonstrated that infections in obstetrical wards could be minimized by disinfecting the hands of physicians

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Semmelweis

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claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

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Needham

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introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans

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Lister

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Proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequesnce of procedures that are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease

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Koch

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demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to small pox

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Jenner

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discovered that only avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera, he coined the word vaccine

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Pasteur

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introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis

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Ehrlich

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observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin

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Fleming

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Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

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Ehrlich

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First to observe cells in plant material and name them

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Hooke

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proved that microorganisms can cause disease

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Koch

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first to use disinfectants in surgical procedures

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Lister

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first to observe bacteria

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Van Leeuwenhoek

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P{roved that DNA is the hereditary material

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Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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Not composed of cells

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Viruses

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Cell wall made of chitin

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Fungi

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Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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Bacteria

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Cell wall made of cellulose: photosythetic

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Algae

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Unicellular, complex cell structure lacking a cell wall

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Protozoa

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Multicellular animals

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Helminths

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Prokaryote without peptidoglycan cell wall

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Archaea

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are unicellular organisms. because they have no nucleus, the cells are described as prokaryotic

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bacteria

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the three major basic shapes of bacteria are

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1. bacillus
2. coccus
3. spiral

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most have peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission, and they may possess flagella

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bacteria

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can use a wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition

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bacteria

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Prokaryotes

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bacteria

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Noncellular: reproduce only inside cells of host organism

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viruses

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helminths

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multicellular animal parasites

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yeasts

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fungi

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unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms; members of Kingdom Protista

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protozoa

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consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

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archaea

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include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

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archaea

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(mushrooms, molds, yeasts) have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). most are multicellular

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fungi

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obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their enviornment

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fungi

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are unicellular eukaryotes

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protozoa

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obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures

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protozoa

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are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis

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algae

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produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organsims

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algae

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are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells

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viruses

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consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat

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viruses

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The principal groups of these are flatworms and roundworms, collectively called helminths

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multicellular animal parasites

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the microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are idetified by traditional microbiological procedures

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multicellular animal parasites

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Photosynthetic eukaryotes

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Algae

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Eukaryotes classified by their means of locomotion

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protozoa

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general name for a rod-shaped bacterium

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bacillus

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general name for a spherical bacterium

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coccus

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prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and are often found in extreme enviornments

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archaea

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bacteria generally reproduce by a process called ______ ______ into two equal daughter cells

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binary fission

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The set of criteria that proves that a specific microorgansim is the cause of a specific disease is know today as

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Koch's Postulates

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According to the rulesapplied to the scientific naming of a biological organism, ______ name is always capitalized.

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genus

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discovered an arsenic derivative, salvarsan, that was effective against syphillis

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Ehrlich

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the chemical use of substances to treat disease

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chemotherapy

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the process by which yeasts change sugars into alcohol

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fermentation

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an infectious protein

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prion

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prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens, from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques

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vaccine

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PEQ Why is the study of microbes important?

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1. Create vaccines and antibiotics
2. Decompose organic waste
3. Make fermented foods; bread, vinegar, cheese
4. producers in ecosystem by photosynthesis

1. Cause of food spoilage
2. Cause various deiseases and infections to humans
3. Affects our food supply when they infect animals and contaminate produce
4. Wrecks water supply