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279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microbiology is:
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the study of (microbes) organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
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Microbes
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too small to see with the naked eye
carry out life processes (growth, energy generation, reproduction) independent of other cells include bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, algae, and viruses |
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the ASM stands for:
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American Society for Microbiology (the largest and oldest scientific society in the world)
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Microbiology has two major subdivisions:
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Basic and Applied biological science
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Basic biological science means:
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it doesn't do anything in particular, just sees how things work
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Microbiology as an applied biological science means:
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its purpose is to solve a problem. it deals with medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology
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Biotechnology is:
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the use of a living organism to produce a product
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What percent of the air we breathe is nitrogen?
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79%
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This is produced by ecoli:
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Insulin
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____ out of ____ cells in your body are microbes:
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9 out of 10
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Before we knew about microbes, what did people think made them sick?
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bad behavior
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Before we knew about microbes, what did people think made them well?
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Pretty things, like flowers
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What did people know about hygiene before we knew about microbes?
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Ancient Egyptians had clean water with clay pipes, if someone soiled the fresh water they were condemned to death
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Before we knew about microbes, where did people think living things came from?
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Spontaneous generation. Worms came from hairs of animals that dropped, and it moved from big to small.
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What was the bacteria of the black plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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The idea of migration of people actually is:
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the idea that people were running away from disease
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robert hooke discovered the microscope in:
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1665
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The first person to observe bacteria was:
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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The artificial production or urea was done by:
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Fredrich Wohler (German organic chemist)
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Ignaz Semmelweis did this:
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told Dr.'s to wash their hands
(1818-65) |
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Sterilization of medical equipment came from this man in 1867
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Joseph Lister (used carbolic acid)
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The father or bacteriology
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Ferdinand Cohn
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This person found pasteurizing, and also performed public experiments on people (no Hippocratic oath)
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Louis Pasteur
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Who dispelled myths of spontaneous generation?
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Pasteur
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who developed the vaccine for rabies?
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Pasteur
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Who developed a set of postulates to prove that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease?
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Robert Koch
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What did Martinus Beijerinck do?
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Studied microbes from the soil and water. launched the field of virology by his study of tobacco mosaic virus.
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What did Sergei Winogradsky do?
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chemolithotrophic and autotrophic bacteria
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The first evidence for microbial life can be found where?
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In rocks (about 386 Billion Yrs Old)
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What are the hallmarks of cellular life?
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1) Metabolism
2) Reproduction (growth) 3) Differentiation 4) Communication 5) Movement 6) Evolution |
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What is Differentiation?
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Formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.
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The barrier that seperates the inside of a cell from the outside.
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Cytoplasmic Membrane
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This gives structural strength to a cell
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Cell Wall
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Eukaryotic Microorganisms include these 3 types.
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Algae
Fungi Protozoa |
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The major thing in Eukaryotes that prokaryotes don't have are...
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Organelles
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Prokaryotes consist of these 2 microorganisms
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Bacteria and Archaea
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What do ribosomes do?
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Make proteins, site of protein synthesis
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Phylogeny
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study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
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What is used to construct evolutionary relationships?
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rRNA
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Who first used rRNA to compare evolutionary relationships?
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Carl Woese
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What are the 3 domains of life?
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Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
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What molecular evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis?
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That mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living cells.
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How can bacteria and archaea be differentiated?
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Different types of cell walls, different lipids.
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What makes microbes amenable to genetic and biochemical studies?
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rapid growth
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What are on the roots of legumes? and what do they do?
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nodes. they have bacteria in them which produce fertilizer
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name 3 foods that deal with microbes
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beer
yogurt cheese |
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the theory of microbial infallibility is
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if a natural occurring chemical is on earth, a microbe can eat it
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In 1900 the #1 Cause of death in the US was ________________. In 2000, the #1 Killer was ______________.
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Infectious Disease
Cancer, Heart Disease... |
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Dutch, The 1st person to observe bacteria and blood was...
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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German who was known for Organic Chemistry and study or urea
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Fredrich Wohler
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Fredric Wohler was known for this
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Organic Chemistry, study of urea
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Hungarian who told Dr.'s to wash their hands
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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The sterilization of medical equipment was done by this man
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Joseph Lister
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The father of bacteriology was
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ferdinand Cohn
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This german physician won the nobel prize for his study on tuberculosis and developed postulates
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Robert Koch
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Robert Koch did this
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won the nobel prize for his study of tuberculosis and developed postulates
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Koch's postulates described this
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that animals infected with disease will cause others to have it if they are exposed to their dna/genes
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Martinus Beijerinck did this
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studied microbes from soil and water, described nitrogen fixation, and launched field of virology
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this man launched field of virology
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martinus beijerinck
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Nitrogen fixation was founded by this man
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fritz haber
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fritz haber founded this
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nitrogen fixation
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sergei winogradsky did this
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described chemolithotrophic bacteria and autotrophic. studied soil and water
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chemolithotrphic means
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gets energy from oxidizing inorganic compounds
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autotrophic bacteria means
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gets their carbon from CO2
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Name the 6 hallmarks of cellular life
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Metabolism
reproduction differentiation communication movement evolution |
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what is panspermia
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something broke off of something in the univerise and seeded life on earth
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first organisms were
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chemolithotrophs
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The earth was anoxic from the period of ___________ billion years ago to ________ billion
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4.6 to 3
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Multicellular organisms showed up at about this time
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1.5 billion years ago
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Metozoans have lived here for only
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800 million years
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Conditions of early earth
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Anoxic
Reduced >100 degrees celsius Intense radiation (no ozone) Violent storms HCN in atmosphere |
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Molecular evolution occured from?
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a self replicating RNA?
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Cyanobacteria produced ____ which produced _____
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O2
Ozone |
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Prokaryote size
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1x3 microns
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Eukaryote size
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8 microns
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This has circular DNA
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Bacteria and Archaea
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Bacteria Cell Wall made of
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Peptidoglycan
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Eukarya cell wall made of
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chitin, none, or cellulose
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Bacteria lipids
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Ester-linked
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Archaea lipids
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Ether-Linked
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Eukaryote lipids
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Ester-lnked
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Bacterial Ribosome Size
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70S
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Archaea Ribosome Size
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70S
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Eukarya Ribosome Size
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80S
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out of the 3 domains, who have introns?
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eucarya
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out of the 3 domains, who have operons?
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archaea and bacteria
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what size are chloroplast and mitochondia ribsomes?
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70S
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tell me about an electron microscopy
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if electrons hit dense material it reflects light, used for prokaryotic cells
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tell me about transmission electron microscopy
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cells are bound in wax and then sliced in parts to look at
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tell me about scanning electron microscopy
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good for looking at the outside surfaces of cells
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what is the name for "cell shape"?
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morphology
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name the types of prokaryotic cell morphology
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coccus
rod spirillum spirochete budding and appendaged filamentous vibrio plieomorphic (many shapes) |
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how do spirochetes move?
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by corkscrewing
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what is another name for rod?
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bacillus
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why are prokaryotes small?
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good for rapid growth
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the prokaryotic anatomy:
describe the fluid mosaic |
40% phospholipids and 60% proteins, phospholipids and proteins are always moving, 2 layers are hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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what does amphipathic mean?
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polar and non-polar heads
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what does polar mean?
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positive bond to negative bond
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what does non-polar mean?
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negative bond to positive bond
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In Eukaryotic Membranes, what does cholesterol do?
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strengthens cell membrane because they don't have a cell wall
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Bacteria contain this in their to strengthen their membranes
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hopanoids
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Archaea contain this to strengthen their membranes
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ether linkages and isoprenoid chains
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what do isoprenoid chains do and where are they found
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found in archaea and they strengthen cell membrane
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what are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
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Does NOT confer strength in prokaryotes
Permeability barrier Transport Energy generation Biosynthesis Motility and chemotaxis Secretion |
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what is chemotaxis?
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to move towards or away from chemicals, have chemorecptors for smell
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what is it called when microbes to move towards or away from chemicals, and have chemorecptors for smell
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chemotaxis
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compare the concentrations of nutrients in the environment compared to in the cell
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concentrations in the environment are low compared to in the cell
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carrier-mediated transporters can work at really ______ concentrations!
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low
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the rate of solute entry by carrier-mediated transport is much _______ than that of simple diffusion
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higher
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how many classes of transporters are there?
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3
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what are the 3 questions to ask yourself when deciding what kind of transporter you are dealing with?
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how many components?
what is the energy source? is the compound modified during transport? |
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describe the transporter structure in the lipid bilayer
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there is a hole in the center, and the pore (hole) is selective, they are shape shifters. 12 membrane spanning domains form pore
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describe a simple transporter
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1 component, the compound is not modified, energy is often provided by PMF
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if there is one component and the compound is not modified, and the energy source is PMF, you are dealing with this type of transporter
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simple
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describe group translocation
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2 components, compound is modified during transport and energy provided by PEP
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if a transporter has 2 components, compound is modified during transport, and energy is provided by PEP, what kind is it?
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group translocation
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describe ABC transporters
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have 3 components, a (periplasmic) binding protein, a membrane spanning transporter, and an ATP binding protein that hydrolyzes ATP for the energy needed.
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if a transporter has 3 components, a (periplasmic) binding protein, a membrane spanning transporter, and an ATP binding protein that hydrolyzes ATP for the energy needed, what type of transporter is it?
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ABC transporter
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what is a uniporter and during which transporter is it present?
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1 in going in or 1 thing going out, simple transporter
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what is a antiporter and during which transporter is it present?
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as one thing comes in, one thing goes out, simple transporter
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what is a symporter and during which transporter is it present?
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component flow in and out at the same time, simple transporter
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this is in a simple transporter when one component goes in or one thing goes out at a time
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uniporter
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this is in a simple transporter when as one component goes in, 1 goes out
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antiporter
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this is in a simple transporter when components flow in and out at the same time
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symporter
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who discovered the proton motor force?
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peter mitchell
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in group translocation, what is commonly transported?
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sugars
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what is PEP
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phosphoenol pyruvate
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do bacterial have internal membranes? (Prosthecate bacteria )
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no, just involutions or invaginations of cytoplasmic membrane
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the ABC transporter is sometimes called this
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scavenger protein
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what is the amount of pressure cells are under?
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the same as your car, 2 atmospheres
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what is the cell envelope's purpose?
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shape and strength
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what is a bacteria's cell envelope made of?
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Peptidoglycan
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describe a gram positive bacterial envelope
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thick mesh of layered PPG, has pores to allow small things to diffuse through, stains purple
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describe a gram negative bacterial cell envelope
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2 membranes, outer membrane is the cell wall, then a thin band of PPG, paraplasm is between outer and cytoplasmic membranes
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when looking at a gram positive and negative scanning electron microscope, describe the outsides of the cells
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gram + has PPG surface, kind of smooth
gram - has outer membrane so looks rough |
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peptidoglycan is made of
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repeating subunits of sugars. the 2 compounds that make it up are NAM and NAG
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how do peptidoglycan connect?
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tails bond together and mesh (called cross-linking)
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which cells are more extensively linked together, gram + or -?
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gram +
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what ties cell wall to PPG layer in gram +?
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Teichoic Acids
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what domain has PPG?
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Bacteria
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do Archaea have PPG?
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NO
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what do porins do?
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diffuse nutrients and wastes from outermembranes
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tell the layers of the gram - cell envelope
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lipopolysaccharide
lipid bilayer cavity PPG Stll cavity cytoplasmic membrane |
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describe porins
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selective with diffusion, insides are electrically charged
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what is a protoplast?
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a cell without a cell wall
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what is it called when a cell bursts under pressure?
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lysis
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what is lysis?
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when a cell bursts under pressure
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what is a cell without a cell wall called?
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a protoplast
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when can a cell be a protoplast?
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when concentration is isotonic
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where does cell wall synthesis happen?
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at the growth zone
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what determines cell arrangement?
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where the cell wall forms
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what anchors the outer membrane to to PPG?
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lipoprotein
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gram + is linked by
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a glycine “interbridge”
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gram - is linked by
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directly cross linked by interbridges
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what anchors the cell wall and the membrane together in gram + cells?
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lipoteichoic acids
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the outer membrane of gram negative cells contain this
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lipopolysaccharid
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molecules cross the outer membrane by
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porins
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what is glucocalx?
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sugar coating on the outside of cell
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which type of cell has fimbrae and what is it?
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prokaryotes have it and they are small hair like appendages that function for attachment. they have little sugary tips
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what is the purpose of slime?
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prevents dehydration, traps nutrients, and gives camouflage from immune cells
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describe a pili of prokaryotes
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"sex organ" or attachment organs. contractile and hollow, used for binding, then cell envelopes fuse to transfer DNA
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what is larger, pili for fimbrae?
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pili
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what are the types of motility?
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Flagellar
Gliding Spiral Twitching Sliding Gas Vesicles |
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what is flagellar motility?
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used in liquids
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what is gliding motility
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tank treads using slime - movement over surfaces
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what is spiral motility
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“flexing” - DOES use flagella - common in spirochetes
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what is twitching motility
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uses fimbrae - Pseudomonads use in urinary tract
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what is sliding motility
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done by Mycobacteria (little known)
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what is gas vasicles motility
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work like ballast tanks in submarines
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what is chemotaxis
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to know where you're going, towards or away chemicals
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what are the types of flagellar arrangements?
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polar monotrichous
peritrichous polar lopotrichous bipolar lophotrocous |
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what does trichous mean? what does lopho mean? what does peri mean? what does amphi or bi mean?
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hair
tuft peri both sides |
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what is the protein of flagella
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flagellin
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what does flagellin do in basal body motor?
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travel through hollow core and self assemble, they from from tips to base
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every time the motor passes through a layer, there is one of these
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bearing
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what motors the basal body?
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protons
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what is the switch that makes the motor go in reverse?
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fli proteins
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what is comprised of the motor?
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Shaft, bearings, and Mot proteins comprise motor.
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what creates the torque that spins the shaft of the basal body?
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protons flow through Mot proteins.
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describe movement by peritrichous flagelation
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tumbling. when bundled they move counter clock-wise, when tumbling, they have clock-wise rotation. they randomly reorient.
Note: NO REVERSE |
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describe movement by monotrichous flagellation
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runs in counter clock-wise
back up in clock-wise in stead of tumbling. "granny turn" some can't reverse so they just shut flagellum off |
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how do flagella form in new cells?
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even before they form septum, new flagellum is already growing
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these microbes use slime extrusion as a movement
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cyanobacteria
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in gliding, what can be found in cytoplasmic membrane layer to help it move (like a tank)
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motors
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e.coli moves in this fashion
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runs and tumbles
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bacteria have this in in periplasm and send a signal to the cytoplasmic Fli proteins to change direction of the motor
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chemoreceptors (noses)
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what are the forms of taxes?
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chemo
photo magneto |
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in chemotaxis, when running in a direction towards concentration gradient, the runs are _______, and when it moves away, runs are _______... meaning that they can do this
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long
short remember |
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how can you measure chemotaxis (the method)
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use capillary pipettes with chemical in them, let bacteria either go to or away from chemical
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who discovered the method of measuring chemotaxis?
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Julius Adler
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what are bodies in bacteria cells (can see from TEM)
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inclusion bodies
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what do inclusion bodies do (and characteristics)
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store things the cell wants
don't stain refract light store b/c it's a way to store carbon |
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what are sulfur globules used for?
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stored energy of chemolithotrophs
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in what microbe are gas vesicles most common?
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cyanobacteria
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what a gas vesicles made of?
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protein, no membranes, and no membrane bound organelles
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what are bacteria called when they have magnets as inclusions?
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magnetosomes
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what is a magnetosome
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bacteria that have magnets as inclusions
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what is in cytoplasm?
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small molecules
ribosomes DNA RNA- rRNA tRNA mRNA |
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what is in DNA that makes up a genome?
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chromosomes
plasmids viruses |
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where are nucleoids found?
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in bacteria, DNA is complexed in one spot and then they divide
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can a nucleoid be release from a cell?
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yes, by gentle lysis
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what is the contraction of DNA called?
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supercoiling
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how are bacterial DNA arranged?
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in super coiled loops around protein (30-50 loops)
loops are constantly condensing and decondensing |
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what is the compound in endospores?
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dipicolinic acid, it dehydrates and puts coating on sport to make it tough
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what is catabolism
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break down of energy (waste products produced=excreted)
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what is anabolism
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biosynthesis (energy, metabolites, reducing powers)
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what 2 factors can you classify bacteria under?
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where they get energy
where they get carbon |
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if bacteria gets carbon from organic materials, it is called a
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heterotroph
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if bacteria gets carbon from inorganic materials, it is call a
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autotroph
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what is a chemotroph?
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use chemical compounds as energy source
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chemolithotropes use _________ chemicals
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inorganic
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chemoorganotrophs us __________ chemicals
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organic
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name the classifications of bacteria by oxygen requirements
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aerobes
microaerophiles anerobes |
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what is an aerobe?
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bacteria that needs oxygen
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what is a microaerophile?
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reuires a little bit of 02, and lives in layers (think of swamp layers)
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what is an anaerobe?
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O2 is not required
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what is an aerotolerant
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an anaerobe that grows in the presence of O2 but doesn't use it
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what is an obligate anaerobe?
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O2 is a toxin to it, can't grow with it
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what is a facultative anaerobe?
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can grow with or without oxygen, but grows better with it
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what is the composition of a bacterial cell (dry weight)
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Protein (55%)
RNA (20%) Lipid (10%) Polysaccharide (5%) DNA (3%) |
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for growth, bacteria increase in ________ and not in ______
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number
size |
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what is binary fission in reproduction
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most common
1 cell doubles components, elongates, septates, and then is 2 |
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what is budding? (in reproduction)
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small daughter cell forms on 1 end, produces flagella, and pops off (ex: yeast)
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what is fragmentation (in reproduction)
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1 cell elongates and fragments, produces lots of cells
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what are reproductive spores?
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spores for and then are blown off of bacteria, they spread and grow
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what is growth rate?
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change in cell number, mass, (anything proportional) per unit time
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what is generation time
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the time interval for the formation of two cells from one
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what is the name for how bacterial cells grow?
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exponentially
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what are the phases of the typical bacterial growth curve
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lag (gearing up for reproduction)
exponential (grow extremely fast) stationary (bacteria stop growing) death (exponential) |
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what are made during stationary phase of the typical bacterial growth curve?
|
endospores and secondary metabolites
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what causes bacteria to stop growing?
|
lack of nutrients
accumulate waste products which are toxic |
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what is a chemostat?
|
culture of microbes with food coming in and waste being removed, used to let bacteria stay at particular growth
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how do we count the number of cells produced in a certain amount of time?
|
use a petroff-hauser counter, spread plating, plate pouring, serial dilution, spectrophotometers, tubidity
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what is a petroff-hauser counter and what are the advantages/disadvantages?
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it counts the number of cells per square in the grid
advantages? fast, cheap disadvantages? can't tell if cells are alive or dead and isn't percise |
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what is counting cells by spread plating?
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take a sample of the culture, spread on plate, and count cultures
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what is counting cells by pour plating?
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same as spread plating, only you put bacteria in before agar
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what is using serial dilutions and what are the advantages/disadvantages?
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take culture, put in one tube, put sample from that tube into another, take sample from that tube into another...etc.
Advantages: counts live bacteria, cheap, no need for microscopes Disadvantages: Have to wait a day |
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what is using a spectrophotometer and what are the advantages/disadvantages?
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measure the unscattered light and counts it.
Advantages: commonly used, you get answers right away Disadvantages: need spectrophotometer, can't tell between alive and dead cells |
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what is tubidity
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measure by view of how cloudy the example is, measures light bent
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define the word energy
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the ability to do work
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what are units of energy?
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joules, 1Calorie=4.184kj
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what is it called when you need energy to do work?
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endergonic
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what is it called when you yield energy
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exergonic
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what is free energy measured in?
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Gibbs
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what is a catalyst?
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lower the required activation energy and speed up reactions
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chemical reactions do not proceed until reactants are __________
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activated, called activation energy
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what is activation energy?
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the energy needed with chemical reactions in order for them to proceed
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what is an enzyme?
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a protein that accelerates a chemical reaction
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enzymes have these on their surfaces, which changes their shape
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active sites
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describe coenzymes
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often vitamins, bind to enzymes
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how do cells use enzymes to release energy?
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in series of small steps to avoid loss of energy as heat
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what are the 2 ways for a cell to trap energy?
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high energy phosphate bonds that break
proton motive force |
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describe the proton motor force
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movement of protons from outside to inside makes energy
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what does oxidation mean?
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loss of electrons
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what does reduction mean?
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gain of electrons
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what does ABC stand for?
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ATP Binding Cassette
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What is the whole name of PPG?
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Pseudopeptidoglycan
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What is the whole name of PMF?
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Proton Motor Force
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what is the whole name of PEP?
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Phosphoenol pyruvate
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What are the 3 components of ABC transport?
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membrane transporter
Energy (ATP) Paraplasmic scavaging portein (finds stuff to feed to cell to give it energy) |
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what does anabolism mean and what does it need?
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makes more of a cell, needs energy, metabolites, and reducing power
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what does catabolism mean and what does it need?
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breaks down cells, needs energy, metabolites, and reducing power
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what is the whole name of NAM?
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acetytlmuramic acid
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what is the whole name of NAG?
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acetytlglucosamine
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describe the differences in cross-linkages between gram +/-
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negative have repeating (direct) units of NAG NAM NAG NAM
positive are not direct |
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what are sterols?
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the basis of hormones which give strength to the cell (think cholesterol in eukarya, hopanoids in bacteria)
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what do mot proteins do?
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let protons flow through them to start the motor
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anabolism + catabolism =
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metabolism
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what is an operon
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more than 1 gene worth of info on mRNA, prokaryotic only
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stromatolites are
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fossilized microbes
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what is dipocholinic acid?
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forms endospores
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what type of binding protein is in the ABC transport
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periplasmic
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The greatest source of biomass on earth is from this
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Prokaryotes
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Appendages that increase membrane surface are are
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prostheca
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stores inorganic energy source
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sulfer flobules
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extracellular polysaccharide that prevents cells from eating and used for attachment
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glycolax
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molecule key to evolution of different types of energy generation. cytochromes/chloryphyll
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porphorins
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write out a reduction 1/2 rxn
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pyruvate + e- + H --> lactate
(x+e- ----> n) |
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write out an oxidation 1/2 rxn
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glucose --->pyruvate +e-
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