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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural Immunity
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Vaccine produced by our own body in response to normal events
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Artificial Immunity
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Produced by another or in response to unnatural events
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Active Immunity
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We are producing our own Ig
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Passive Immunity
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Receiving someone else's Ig
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Natural Active Immunity
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Illness
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Natural Passive Immunity
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IgA from Mom, IgG from mom can pass placenta
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Artifical Active Immunity
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antigens are injected in the vaccine and we make the antibodies=vaccination
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Artificial Passive Immunity
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-immune globulin shot
-antitoxin -antivenin |
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Herd Immunity
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enough people that our immune to an infection that it cannot spread human to human
-need about 75-95% to be effective -problem is people refuse to get vaccinated |
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Antiserum (antitoxin)
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antibodies are injected from another serum, we are not making them
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Oral Vaccine
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-triggers B cell response in tissue
results mainly in IgA production (mucosal antibody) |
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Injected Vaccine
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-triggers circulating B cells
-results in IgG production (serum antibody) |
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Live Attenuated Vaccine
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-weakened form of the infectious agent by genetic engineering or by passing it in a non native host so that does not produce disease but does grow in the body
-allows for strong immune respose -risk of mutation to virulence and immunocompromised recipient can be significant |
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Inactivated Vaccine
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-actual infectious agent is not present
-weaker immune response -usually includes adjuvant i.e vaccines for hepatitus A and rabes |
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Adjuvant
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-stimulates T cell and dendritic cell interaction by stimulating B7 production
-causes some allergic reponses i.e alum |
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Toxoid Vaccine
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vaccine using inactivated toxin, not whole bacterium
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Acellular Subunit Vaccine
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-use only parts of bacteria that are known to illicit a good immune response
-not as good a vaccine because it is not the whole bacteria |
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Polysaccharide capsule vaccine
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-usually made as conjugate because polysaccharides bind to multiple B cell receptors and cause T-independent response which is not a strong immune response
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Protein Conjugate Vaccine
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-can turn T-independent antigens into T-Dependent by chemically conjugating a T-independent antigen to a protein which sterically hinders the binding of the antigen so the polysaccharide can only bind to 1 B cell receptor in which a T cell will interact and cause for a strong immune response with memory cells and class switching
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Edible Vaccine
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-made in genetically modified plants or animals
-no problems with stability during stransport i.e norovirus and e.coli diarrheal in potatoes and hepatitus B in tomatoes |
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DNA-based Vaccine
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-inject a sequence of a pathogens DNA into us
-we make the pathogens proteins for a short time, activate Tc cells and other immune response i.e human agaisnt type 1 diabetes or anthrax/ equine west nile DNA vaccine |
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Prime-boost strategy
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-DNA vaccine used as prime and inactivated virus used as boost
-2 step procedure which causes a strong immune response without using live attenuated |
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Antibody Titer
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-do serial dilutions of a blood serum sample before it is infected and test each of the tubes for presence of antibodies, if there are a lot of antibodies it will be very dilute and compare with the serum when we are recovering
-1:256 is more concentrated that titer of 1:16 -expressed as the dilution of serum that still gives a positive result |
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Preimmune Serum
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serum before infection
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Convalescent Serum
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serum as were getting better
-if 4 fold difference from PIS and CS we say we are seroconverted, meaning we now produce antibodies against the antigen |
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Seroconversion
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detecting antibodies for a pathogen in a patient who previously had none
-4 fold change |
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Monoclonal Antibody
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Antibody produced in response to epitopes of a single B cell
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Polyclonal Antiserum
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Antiserum produced in response to whole blood serum
-contains IgG to many epitiopes |
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Precipitin Test
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-many derivatives
-antibodies cross-link antigens, forming large insolube aggregates -requires just the right amount of antibodies and antigens to precipitate -agglutination |
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Immunodiffusion test
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-either antibody or antigen added to the center well, antigens or antibodies to surrounding wells
-antigen and antibody diffuse into the agar -line of precipitin forms at optimal antibody and antigen ration |
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Immunoelectrophoresis
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-mixture of antigens are separated by electrophoresis based on size or charge
-antibody is added along gel -precipitin line forms where the antibody recognizes antigen -if no arc of precipitin formed we cannot use that antigen in a vaccine because it does not illicit an antibody response -for antibodies that produced arc, then determine if any allergic reactions |
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Agglutination test
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-just like precipitin test except you see clump of cells
-based on antibody-antigen crosslinking -involve large particles rather than soluble proteins -cells clump together if antibodies that recognize them are present at right titer -attachment of latex beads to Fc part of antibody enhances visibility |
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ABO blood typing
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uses the agglutination test to determine blood type
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Lancefield typing
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uses agglutination test
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Direct fluorescent antibody test
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-bind known antibodies with fluorescent tagged Fc ends to patient sample tat may contain antigen
-trying to detect the antigen,virus, or bacteria -spread unknown patient sample on the slide and add known antibodies i.e diagnosis of syphilis or identify active cases of TB |
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Indirect fluorescent antibody test
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-detecting antibodies
-use known antigen and spread on surface of slide then add unknown patient serum which may or may not contain antibodies against the antigen -add second tagged antibody to recognize primary anitbodies |
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Direct ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
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-known antibodies, trying to detect antigen
-antibodies added to bottom of microtiter wells, patient serum added, if antigen is present will bind to antibodies -add antibodies with enzyme (AP or HRP) attached to Fc end -add substrate for enzymes, color=positive |
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Indirect ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
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-known antigen detects presence of antibodies in patient serum
-add antigen to bottom of microtiter wells, add patient serum to see if it contains antibodies, use secondary antibody which is enzyme tagged with AP or HRP to Fc end -add substrates for enzyme, color=positive |
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Western Blot
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-separates antigens by electrophoresis
-antigens can come from a patient sample in which you are trying to separate proteins then add a known antibody=direct or from a known set of antigens then add antibodies from the patient serum |
