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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When a _____ is activated by a _______, it can terminally differentiate into a_______ cell that continuously secretes antibody |
B cell T-cell plasma |
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Plasma cells secrete______ antibody than B cells |
more |
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__________ can survive for decades and account for ~80% of antibodies in serum |
Long lived plasma cells (LLPCs) |
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B and T cells that have recognized antigen can differentiate into long lived ________ and T cells During subsequent re-exposure to the same antigen, these cells can be________ |
memory B reactivated |
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___________ are harmful reactions of the immune system responding to the wrong things |
Hypersensitivities |
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Hypersensitivity: Type 1:_____ Type 2:_____ Type 3:_____ Type IV:______ |
Immediate (allergies) Cytotoxic (blood typing mistakes, drugs) Immune Complex (Antigen:Antibody) Delayed (poison oak; latex; metals) |
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Type 1: _____ _______, usually an enzyme, penetrates between epithelial cells that line respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts |
Soluble antigen |
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Type 1: ______ located just underneath epithelial linings contain _____ and other chemicals. |
Mast cells Histamines |
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Type 1: ____ bound to the mast cells recognizes_____ and stimulates the mast cell to release their histamines |
IgE antigen |
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______ contain large amounts of pre-formed enzymes and chemicals in cytoplasmic vacuoles, like ______ |
Mast cells Histamines |
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Type 1: Step 1 Sensitization to _____ |
Allergen |
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Type 1: Step 1 The allergen penetrates the_______ and is engulfed by_______ cells |
epithelium dendritic |
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Type 1: Step 1 The allergen is displayed to ______ by dendritic cells |
T cells |
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Type : Step 1 T cells signal ______ to switch from IgM to ____ |
B cells IgE |
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Type 1: Step 1 IgE attaches to receptors in ______ and ______ |
mast cells basophils |
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Type 1: Step 1 After a few or many exposures____ will cover surfaces of mast cells |
IgE |
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Type 1: Step 2- Activation Multiple _____ connect with_____ on surface of mast cell triggering a release of chemicals |
IgEs antigen |
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Type 1: Step 3- Effects ________ attaches to smooth muscle cell receptors causing contraction. Other cells are triggered to produce______, become leaky etc. |
Histamine mucus |
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Type 1: Step 3- Effects _______ chemicals elicit immediate and delayed responses |
Mast cell |
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Type 1: Step 3- Effects ________: edema (congestion, stuffy nose) ________: more severe syndromes, e.g. asthma, anaphylactic shock |
Immediate Delayed |
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Type 1: If you remove yourself from allergen for a prolonged period, allergic reactions may subside due to death of______ and_____ cells |
basophils mast |
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Type 1: Allergy shots generate____ antibodies to allergen. These does not fit into the receptors on_____ and basophils |
IgG mast cells |
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Type 1: _________ block histamine receptors |
Antihistamines |
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Why are children exposed to microbes early in life less likely to develop allergies? At birth, immune response is mostly _____ producing______ , including IgE. The _____ are more fully developed than ______ and cell mediated response |
B-cells antibody B cells T cells |
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Why are children exposed to microbes early in life less likely to develop allergies? Exposure to_____ and microbes pushes development of _____ and cell mediated immunity allowing a balance between humoral (antibody) and cell mediated responses resulting in less allergies |
viruses T cells |
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Dust mites Feed on detritus skin cells, organic matter, ‘dust’ Produce_____: break down matter for digestion; secreted in feces Humans have allergies to the enzymes in feces |
enzymes |
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Cats produce 5 ______ that are allergenic, and are all easily ______ and inhaled and are enxymatic |
proteins Inhaled |
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Type II: _____ Hypersensitivity |
Cytotoxic |
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Type II In type II,______ binds to antigens on______ cell surfaces instead of pathogens |
IgG human |
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Type II IgG can either bind directly to human cell surfaces or_____ or bind to molecules introduced into the body that bind to_____ surfaces |
matrix cell |
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Type II Once the_______ bind, they recruit________, or immune cells, damaging the targeted cells and tissues |
antibodies complement |
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Type II Examples are blood transfusion reactions and_____ allergies |
drug |
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Type II: Blood transfusion rxn Red blood cells (RBCs) have cell-surface carbohydrates similar to some______ |
bacteria |
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Type II: Blood transfusion rxn Individuals do not make______ to their own cell surface carbohydrates, but do make them to_____ ones |
antibodies bacterial |
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Type II: Blood transfusion rxn If a person receives a transfusion with RBCs that have cell-surface carbohydrates that are______ from their own, they may have circulating______ against these RBCs, or may make antibodies to them following transfusion |
different antibody |
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Type II- Drug Allergies Some drugs, like______, bind to RBCs |
penicillin |
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Type II: Drug Allergies The drug bound to the RBC creates a foreign_____ |
epitope |
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Type II: Drug Allergies Antibodies bound to RBCs can trigger_______ activation against the RBC or_________ of the RBC This is called a penicillin allergy, but it does not involve many of the responses in type I |
complement phagocytosis |
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Type III: Immune _____ Hypersensitivity |
Complex |
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TYpe III: After an infection there are ______ ________ complexes too small to be detected by macrophages |
antigen antibody |
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Type III: The antigen antibody complexes circulate in ______ and lodge in small capillaries or get trapped in tissues/joints/filtering membranes (glomerular membrane in kidney) |
blood stream |
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Type III _______attaches to antibodies and destroys tissue or organ, e.g. kidney (transplant needed) |
Complement |
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Type IV:______ Type Hypersensitivity |
Delayed |
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TYpe IV Type IV is also known as cell-mediated hypersensitivity as______ and B cells are not usually involved |
antibodies |
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Type IV There are several type IV hypersensitivities, but they are all______ in response (>1 day). |
delayed |
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Type IV: ______ cells are activated by an_____ presenting cell. They recruit_______ which further activate the helper T cells. This_____ feedback loop activates killer T cells which attack cells and macrophages which release______ enzymes |
Helper T antigen macrophages positive hydrolytic |
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Type IV: Examples Examples: contact______, allergies to latex, poison oak and metals (jewelry), tuberculin test for TB |
dermatitis |
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Hypersensitivites 1= Allergic Anaphylaxis and Atopy II= antiBody III= immune Complex IV= Delayed |
ABCD |
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Type I (Anaphylactic) Characteristics: _____ binds to mast cells or______; causes_______ of mast cell or basophil and release of reactive substances such as_____ |
IgE basophils degranulation histamine |
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Type II Cytotoxic: ______ causes formation of IgM and IgG antibodies that bind to target cell; when combined with action of______, destroys target cell |
Antigen complement |
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Type III: Immune Complex Antibodies and_____ form complexes that cause damaging inflammation |
antigens |
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Type IV: Delayed cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity Antigens activate____ that kill target cells |
Tc |
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_______ is an immune response against self tissues |
Autoimmunity |
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Normally, the immune system can recognize self vs. non-self, but this fails in autoimmunity and B and _____ see self as foreign |
T cells |
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________ disease is disease that results from autoimmune reactions |
Autoimmune |
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Loss of Self Tolerance During development, ______ cells undergo selection, those whose receptors that recognize cell proteins are ordered to change their receptors or sent to______ |
T & B apoptosis |
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Loss of Self Tolerance However, B and T cells are not presented w/ all possible self_____ during development |
antigens |
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Loss of Self Tolerance The underlying_____ of autoimmunity includes loss of______, and molecular mimicry |
etiology sequestration |
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Loss of self tolerance Injuries can expose hidden self antigens and aging wears down joints to expose new self antigens (loss of________) |
sequestration |
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Loss of self tolerance Pathogens can produce molecules that_____ self antigens |
mimic |
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In________ gravis, antibodies block the neuromuscular junction |
myasthenia |
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Molecular Mimicry Normally,_______ are generated to a sequence of proteins associated with a pathogen, e.g. an outer coat protein If the pathogen’s protein sequence is_____ to a self protein sequence, antibodies can cross-react to self |
antibodies similar |
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Inheritance and Autoimmunity _____ proteins are responsible for displaying short amino acid sequences to____ cells, initiating immune response by engaging____ cells to produce antibodies |
MHC T B |
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Inheritance and autoimmunity The sequence of MHC_____ can affect which peptides it can display |
proteins |
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Inheritance and autoimmunity MHC proteins are______ and some MHC proteins are associated w/disease |
inherited |
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An________ is a dysfunction of the immune system where its ability to fight disease or detect cancers is compromised or absent |
immunodeficiency |
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_______ immunodeficiency is caused by an inherited genetic defect in one or more components of the immune system. About 1 out of every 10,000 people are affected |
Primary |
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______ immunodeficiency is due to environmental insults like radiation, dyes, certain drugs, infections, malnutrition etc. that damage_____ cells or immune cells |
Secondary stem |
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______Immune Deficiency is due to insufficient number or function of _____ or______ cells or the antibody secreted by the plasma cells |
Humoral B cells plasma |
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T cell Deficiency is due to______ number or function of T cells resulting in an immunodeficiency of cell-mediated immunity This can be caused by cancers, infections (HIV) or a reduced or absent_____ |
insufficient thymus |
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Severe_____ Immunodeficiency (SCID) is due to a dysfunction of both ____ _____ |
Combined B and T cells |
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In SCID both______ immunity and cell______ immunity are impaired This is also known as ____ ____ disease as affected individuals need to be kept in sterile environments |
humoral mediated bubble boy |
