Micro Lab_Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing/differential Blood Cell Counts

Front 1

produced by microorganisms; natural substances

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antibiotics

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encompass natural as well as synthetic treatments

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antimicrobials

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used to measure the effectiveness of antimicrobials against pathogenic organisms

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antibiotic sensitivity testing

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also known as the disk diffusion test

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kirby-bauer test

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What happens in the Kirby-Bauer test?

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antibiotic impregnated disks are placed onto plates with bacterial lawn growth

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In the Kirby-Bauer test, why are plates incubated?

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to allow for diffusion of antimicrobial as well as bacterial growth

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A _______ will show up around the disk if the organism is susceptible to the antimicrobial.

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clear zone

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Varies based on sensitivity

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zone of inhibition

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What will happen if an organism is susceptible to an antimicrobial (in the Kirby-Bauer test)?

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A clear zone will appear around the disk

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MIC

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minimum inhibitory concentration

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As the distance from the disc increase, there is a logarithmic increase/decrease in antibiotic concentration.

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Decrease

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correlate inhibition zone size to the MIC of the antibiotic

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standardized regression curves

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What is measure in zone inhibition?

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the diameter in mm

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Antimicrobial disks contain a specified amount of what?

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the agent; this is printed on the disk itself

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What are two broad spectrum antimicrobials used in our labs?

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erythromycin; tetracycline

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What antimicrobial blocks protein synthesis?

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erythromycin

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What antimicrobial causes misreading of of tRNA as well as membrane effects which lead to increased uptake of the drug?

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neomycin

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Neomycin targest what type of bacteria?

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gram negatives, and a few gram positives

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Two antimicrobials that target aminoglycoside groups?

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neomycin and streptomycin

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What antimicrobial should be used against gram positive bacteria?

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penicillin

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What two antimicrobials should be used against gram negative bacteria?

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neomycin and streptomycin

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What antimicrobial is used with patients who have chlamydia and gonorrhea?

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tetracycline

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What antimicrobial blocks tRNA from attaching to mRNA so no protein is synthesized?

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tetracycline

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peptide bridges that link N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine are blocked by what? What drug uses this mechanism?

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beta lactams; penicillin

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S. marcescens, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa have what in common?

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they are all gram-negative rods

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T/F S. marcescans has high resistances due to antibodies.

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False; due to R factors

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Which organism is common in nosocomial infections?

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S. marcescens

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Which organism is associated with cephalosporins and gentamycin?

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S. marcescens

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T/F. E. coli has high levels of antibiotic resistance.

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True

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P. aeruginosa is what type of organism?

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an opportunistic pathogen

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What is the most abundant blood cell?

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Neutrophils

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What blood cell leaves the blood and travels to tissue to act as a phagocyte?

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neutrophil

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An increase in neutrophils in the blood is indicative of what?

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infection

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Neutrophil granules stain lightly/darkly?

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lightly

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segmented neutrophils are immature/mature?

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mature, nucleus segmented in 2-5 lobes

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Neutrophils that lack segmentation are mature/immature?

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immature

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High numbers of banded neutrophils indicates what?

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Newer infection

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Numbers of this blood cell increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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eosinophils

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Eosinophils have __ lobed nuclei.

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2

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How do eosinophil granules stain?

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They stain red.

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Least abundant blood cell in the blood

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basophils

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Blood cell that acts similarly to mast cells; histamine and heparin are stored in granules

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basophils

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How do basophil granules stain?

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dark-staining; nucleus is obscured due to dark stain

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What types of cells are agranuloctyes?

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monocytes and lymphocytes

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What is the largest of white blood cells?

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monocytes

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What agranulocyte has a horseshoe shaped nucleus?

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monocyte

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lacks prominent granules

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monocytes

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T and B cells

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lymphocytes

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spherical nucleus which takes up most of the cytoplasm

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lymphocyte

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What are the largest lymphocytes?

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NK cells

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T/F Lymphocytes are common in the blood.

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True

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What is normal cell count?

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40 cells

Front 53

Which (antibiotics or antimicrobials) encompass natural as well as synthetic treatments?

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Antimicrobials

Front 54

What is the name of the test which is also known as the disc diffusion test?

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Kirby-Bauer Test

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A large clearing around an antibiotic disc indicates (resistance or susceptibility) to the antibiotic?

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susceptibility

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Which antibiotic is a member of the beta lactam group?

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penicillin

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What are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood?

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Neutrophils

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When do eosinophil numbers in the blood increase?

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During allergic reaction or parasitic infection.

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Which are the largest leukocytes found in the blood?

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monocytes

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Which leukocytes have a spherical nucleus which takes up most of the cytoplasm of the cell?

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lymphocytes

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When a monocyte leaves the blood to enter into the tissue is it now called what?

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macrophage

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leukocytes can be divided into what two groups?

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agranulocytes and granulocytes