Micro Lab Review Labs:1-21

Front 1

Zacharias Janssen

Back 1

1600 compound microscope (rudimentary)

Front 2

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

Back 2

1673 single lens microscope

Front 3

parafocal

Back 3

retain focus between two objectives

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resolution- human eye

Back 4

0.2mm

Front 5

resolution- brightfield microscope

Back 5

0.2 (u italics)m
can see bacteria

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resolution- electron

Back 6

0.2nm
see virsues

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meter

Back 7

3.28 ft

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bacteria need from environment:

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Macronutrients chnops
micronutrients
growth factors ( vitamins)
water

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auxotroph

Back 9

have growth requirements

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prototroph

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no growth requirements

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synthetic or defined

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Burks media,

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complex or rich

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TSA, Nutrient broth
some ingredients unknown extracts
prepared media

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Broth

Back 13

used to make media to create mass organisms

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general

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provides basic needs for bacterial growth tsa, na, blodd agar

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selective

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used to suppress growth of unwanted microorganisms and favor growth of desired organisms MacConkey, msa, cna

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differential

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distinguish colonies of desired organisms from other colonies growing on same plate MacConkey, msa

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how high can temperatures get with 15 p.s.i?

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121 degrees celsius

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bacteria

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ubiquitous, exist in mixed cultures

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pure culture

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one type of bacteria

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Robert Koch

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created agar

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Columbia CNA Agar

Back 21

Selective for G +, inhibits G-

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MacConkey Agar

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selective for G-, inhibits G+
Inhibitory: Bile Salts
indicator: neutral red(pH drop around colony causes color change)

Front 23

MacConkey Agar results

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Lactose fermenters: pink or red colonies
lactose non-fermaenters: clear colonies

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Mannitol Salt Agar

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Growth of Staphylococcus species
inhibitor: sodium chloride 7.5%
indicator: phenol red

Front 25

MSA results

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S. saprophyticus: yellow colonies and yellow meida (ferments mannitol)
S. epidermidis: grows but does not ferment mannitol(media not yellow)

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Blood Agar

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enrich blood for fastidious organisms G+, G-
indicator: blood

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Blood agar results

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Beta, alpha, gamma
beta- complete homolysis
alpha- incomplete hemolysis
gamma- no hemolysis

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Linnaeus

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Binomial system

Front 29

Carl Woese

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1978 introduced 3 domains Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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Christian Gram

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1884 important differential staining techniques allows identification of bacterial groups based on peptidoglycan in cell wall

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Gram + or Gram -?

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gram positive

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Gram pos or gram neg?

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gram negative

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Steps for gram stain

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Crystal violet
Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin

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negative stain

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to see bacterial cell morphology, size of cells, capsules, cell shape, and association between cells.

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Nigrosin stain

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negatively charged
dark background, visible bacteria
no heat applied

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Sab

Back 36

selective for fungi due to low pH (5.6) and high glucose content

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Joseph Lister

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Aseptic surgery carbolic acid

Front 38

Factors affecting effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments

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microbial characteristics
# of microorganisms
time of exposure

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Alexander Flemning

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Penicillin 1928

Front 40

What are the major modes of action of antibotics?

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-cell wall synthesis
-plasma membrane
-folic acid synthesis
-nucleic acids
-protein synthesis (50s, 30s units)

Front 41

Mueller-Hinton

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low inhibitors sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and tetracycline inhibitors
neutral pH

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mycology

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study of fungi

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fungi characteristics

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eukaryotic, chemoheterotrophs (non-photosynthetic), lack tissue diffrentation, absorptive metabolism
cell wall: chitin

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Fungi- multicellular

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molds, mushrooms

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Fungi- unicellular

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yeasts

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molds and fleshy fungi connected by chains of?

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hyphae

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An interconnected mass of hyphae is called?

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mycelium

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fungi can reproduce by

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fragmentation-asexually
formation of spores- sexually and asexually

Front 49

Name two types of electron microscopes: (to view structural details of bacteria

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Transmission Electron
Scanning Electron

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resolution

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distance between two points that can be distinguished from one another as two separate things

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light source

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helps to illuminate the organism

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course focus adjustment

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brings the stage up to put the object in focus

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diaphragm

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adjusts the amount of light

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magnification

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10X, 40X, 100X

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wet mount

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place 1-2 drops of sample in center of slide, cover slip

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auxotroph

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requires growth requirement
auxein- to increase, trophos- nourishment

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prototroph

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wild type organism or one with no growth requirments

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nutrient agar slants

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used to maintain stock cultures

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nutrient agar plates

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used to isolate pure cultures of organisms

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nutrient broth tubes

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used to grow large numbers of organisms

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agar

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ingredient to make solid media

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Agar will not go into the solution until has been

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autoclaved

Front 63

Name three ingredients of media which are required for bacterial growh

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maronutrients
micronutrients
water

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aseptic

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used to keep area free of bacterial contamination

Front 65

negative stain

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nigrosin (-) does not react with bacteria surface (-) dries to form dark background