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277 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A general term for a complex series of cells, factors, and processes that provide a specific response to antigens.
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Immune System
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What are the types of immunity?
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1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity |
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What type of immunity is acquired by contact with antigens, and develops over a long duration of time?
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Active immunity
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What are the types of active immunity?
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1. Naturally acquired
2. Artificially acquired |
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What type of immunity builds up throughout your life?
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Artificially acquired active immunity
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How is naturally acquired active immunity developed?
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By actual contact with a disease
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How is artificially acquired active immunity developed?
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By vaccines and toxoids
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What are vaccines derived from?
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By attenuated (weakened) bacteria from an old culture
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Where are toxoids derived from?
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The antigens of the bacteria
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What type of immunity is acquired when antibodies are transferred from one person to another?
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Passive immunity
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How type of protection does passive immunity provide and how long does it last?
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Immediate / Temporary
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What are the types of passive immunity?
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1. Naturally acquired
2. Artificially acquired |
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How is naturally acquired passive immunity developed?
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By placental or colostral (liquid prior to milk production in mothers) transfer
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How is artificially acquired passive immunity developed?
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By the injection of antiserum or antitoxin from an immune person to a susceptible person
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When does the immune system develop?
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When stem cells undergo transformation to B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes
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What do both types of lymphocytes colonize?
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Lymphoid tissue
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What controls the function of lymphocytes?
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IR Gene
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What is the size of lymphocytes?
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10-20 µm
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What is the largest part of a lymphocyte cell?
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Nucleus
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What are the types of lymphocytes?
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1. B-cells
2. T-cells |
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What do B-cells become when they mature?
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Bone marrow
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What is the function of B-cells?
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They produce antibodies in the blood
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What do T-cells become when they mature?
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Thymus gland
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What is the function of T-cells?
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They produce factors
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Chemical substances that elicit a response by the body's immune system.
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Antigens
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What are the types of antigens?
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1. Non-self antigens
2. Self antigens 3. Auto-antigens 4. Alloantigens 5. Heterophile antigens |
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What type of antigen is a large, more complex molecule that is not normally present in the body?
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Non-self antigen
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What are the functional properties of the non-self antigen?
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1. Immunogenicity
2. Reactivity |
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What is immunogenicity?
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The ability to stimulate the proliferation (growth) of immune system cells
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What is reactivity?
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The ability to react with the products of the immune system cells or the cells themselves
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What type of antigen exists in some, but not all members of a species?
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Alloantigens
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Give an example of alloantigens.
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Blood type antigens in humans (i.e. A, B, AB, O, Rh+, Rh- antigens)
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In reference to antigens, a person's own chemical substances in the body.
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Self antigens
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Why don't self antigens stimulate an immune response?
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Because we have immunological tolerance
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What are some examples of objects that the immunological response would recognize as self?
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DNA, RNA, Carbohydrates, and fat
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What is the immunological response?
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Process that recognizes self antigens from non-self antigens
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What type of antigen is found in two unrelated species?
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Heterophile antigen
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What is an example of a heterophile antigen?
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Human-horse antiserum
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What type of antigen is responsible for your immune system attacking its self?
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Auto-antigen
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What causes the immune system to attack its self?
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Self-tolerance (immunological response) breakdown
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A protein made in response to an antigen that can combine with that antigen.
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Antibody
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What are the characteristics of plasma?
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1. It has soluble metabolic products
2. It has protein (fiber & globulin) in it 3. Has salts in it |
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What is serum?
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Plasma without fibrin
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What is the function of fibrin?
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Blood clotting
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What are some other terms for globulins?
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Gamma globulins or immunoglobulin
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What are the five classes of immunoglobulin?
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1. IgG
2. IgM 3. IgA 4. IgD 5. IgE |
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What functions do T-cells carry out?
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1. Supply the body with chemotactic factors that attract macrophages
2. Produce lymphokines 3. Cause the destruction of cells to which they are sensitized…. |
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What type of T-cells do factors activate?
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Th (T-helper)
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What type of T-cells do lymphokines activate?
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Tk (T-killer)
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What is the Th and Ts ratio in a healthy person?
Person with AIDS?" |
2:1
1:2 |
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What are the types of immunodeficiencies?
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1. Primary-Congenital
2. Secondary |
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How is a primary-congenital immunodeficiency acquired?
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Genetically (inherited)
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How is a secondary immunodeficiency acquired?
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Throughout an individual's lifetime
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What are the types of primary-congenital immunodeficiency?
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1. Swiss
2. Aggamaglobinemia 3. DiGeorge Syndrome |
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What is the most common primary-congenital immunodeficiency?
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Aggamaglobinemia
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What occurs in swiss type immunodeficiency?
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Bone marrow deficiency
Stem cell deficiency T-cell and B-cell defects |
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What occurs in aggamaglobinemia immunodeficiency?
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B-cell deficiency
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What occurs in DiGeorge Syndrome immunodeficiency?
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Thymus fails to develop T-cells
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What causes secondary immunodeficiencies?
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1. Malignancies, infections & drugs that adversely affect the lymphoid system.
2. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
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What causes autoimmune (auto-allergies) diseases?
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Immune system cannot recognize "self" from "non-self"
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What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?
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Myasthenia gravis
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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What is an immunological hypersensitivity?
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An allergy
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What is an altered immune response?
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An immune response that does more harm than good
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What are the types of hypersensitivity?
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1. Type I (Anaphylactic)
2. Type II (Cytotoxic) 3. Type III (Immune Complex) 4. Type IV (Cell-Mediated or Delayed Type) |
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What types of antibodies and cells cause each hypersensitivity?
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1. Type I
· IgE (Antibody) · Mast cells or Basophils · Mediators |
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2. Type II (Cytotoxic)
· IgM & IgG · Complement" |
3. Type III (Immune Complex)
· IgM & IgG · Complement 4. Type IV (Cell-Mediated or Delayed Type) · Lymphokines & T-lymphocytes |
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What do Mast cells or basophils in Type I hypersensitivity do?
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Produce histamine
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What do mediators do in Type I hypersensitivity do?
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Induce smooth muscle contraction
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How is type I hypersensitivity controlled?
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By limiting contact with allergens
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What are the treatments for type I hypersensitivity?
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1. Antihistamines
2. Reversing tissue response by using the hormone epinephrine 3. Immune (gene) therapy or "desensitization" |
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What is the most common treatment for type I hypersensitivity? Best treatment?
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1. Antihistamines
2. Immune (gene) therapy or "desensitization" |
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Protein particles that are released in blood to fight against foreign particles.
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Complements
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In type II hypersensitivity, what happens when IgG & IgM antibodies combine with compliments?
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They destroy the target cells
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What are some examples of Type II hypersensitivity?
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Blood transfusions and Rh incompatibility
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What type of antigens are present in O type blood? Antibodies?
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Neither A or B
Anti-A & Anti-B |
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What type of antigens are present in A type blood? Antibodies?
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A
Anti-B |
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What type of antigens are present in B type blood? Antibodies?
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B
Anti-A |
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What type of antigens are present in AB type blood? Antibodies?
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A & B
None |
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What blood type is the universal donor?
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O
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What blood type is the universal recipient?
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AB
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The result of an attack on the donor's red blood cells by the recipient's antibodies.
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Transfusion reaction
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How is blood type determined?
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By an agglutination reaction
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Who discovered the presence of the "Rh factor"?
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Lansteiner
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What is the percentage of Rh+ in the population? Rh-?
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Rh+ - 85%
Rh- 15% |
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When are Rh antibodies produced?
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In an Rh- person when they are inoculated with Rh+ RBCs
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How many blood transfusions of Rh+ can a Rh- person receive?
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1, second transfusion will cause hemolysis
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What antibodies can cross the placenta in the case of a Rh- mother with a Rh+ fetus?
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IgG
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What conditions can a Rh+ fetus suffer with a Rh+ mother?
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Anemia, jaundice, and erythroblastosis fetalis
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What reaction do the antibodies in type III hypersensitivity cause?
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Damaging inflammation
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What are some examples of Type III hypersensitivity?
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Serum sickness
Hypersensitive pneumonitis "farmer's lungs" Arthus phenomenon |
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What are some examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?
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Rejection of transplanted tissues
Contact dermatitis such as poison ivy Chronic diseases such as tuberculosis Rejection of skin grafts |
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Tissue grafted from one part of the body to another.
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Autograft
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Transplant between identical twins.
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Isograft
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Tissue grafted between members of the same species.
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Allograft
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Transplant between different species.
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Xenograft
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What graft methods have a 0% rejection?
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Autograft & Isograft
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What is a common complication of a bone marrow transplant?
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Graft-versus-host (GVH) disease
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What drug can be used to inhibit/reduce transplant rejections?
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Cyclosporine
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What human organic system is the second leading cause of illness in the USA?
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Digestive
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How are microbial diseases of the digestive system transmitted?
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A fecal-oral cycle
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What are the microbial diseases of the mouth?
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1. Dental carries (tooth decay)
2. Periodontal disease (ANUG) |
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What is the main concern with microbe population in the mouth?
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Oral disease
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What type of oxygen requirements do most bacteria in the mouth need?
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Aerobic, facultative anaerobic, & obligate anaerobic
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What type of oxygen requirements do bacteria around the teeth usually need?
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Aerobic and facultative anaerobic
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What type of oxygen requirements do bacteria around the gums usually need?
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Obligate anaerobic
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What gram reaction do most bacteria in the mouth have?
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Gram (+) & Gram (-)
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What is plaque comprised of?
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Glucans (polysaccharides), protein, and billions of bacteria
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What are the oxygen requirements of plaque?
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Obligate anaerobic or facultative anaerobic
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What bacteria, that is found in the stomach, causes ulcers?
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Halobacter pylon
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What shape of Gram (+) bacteria are found in the mouth?
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Rod & cocci
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What shape of Gram (-) bacteria are found in the mouth?
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Rod
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What oxygen requirements are needed for bacteria in the small intestine & stomach?
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Facultative anaerobic
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What Gram reaction do bacteria in the small intestine and stomach have?
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Gram (-)
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What oxygen requirements are needed foe bacteria in the large intestine?
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Obligate anaerobic & facultative anaerobic
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What is the gram reaction and shape of bacteria in the large intestine?
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Gram (-) rod
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What bacteria cause tooth decay and are aerotolerant?
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Streptococcus & Lactobacilli
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To develop dental caries, what conditions must be met?
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1. There must be a susceptible tooth with a build-up of plaque
2. Dietary carbohydrates must be present (always sucrose) 3. Acid producing (acidogenic) bacteria must be present |
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What is an example of a periodontal tissue (gums) disease?
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
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What bacteria causes acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
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Leptotricia - gram (-) rod
Treptonema - spirochete Eikenella - gram (-) rod |
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What term was used to describe acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) during World War I?
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"Trench Mouth"
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What conditions contribute to Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
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1. Malnutrition
2. Viral infection 3. Excessive smoking 4. Poor hygiene 5. Mental stress |
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What is the treatment for Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
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Antibiotics or treating the area with a traditional remedy of gentian violet
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What causes food spoilage?
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Food becoming contaminated
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What are the factors that affect food spoilage?
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1. Water
2. pH 3. Physical Structure (i.e. surface area) |
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What water activity is required for bacteria, fungi & mold, and yeast to survive?
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1. Bacteria 90-100%
2. Fungi & mold 70-90% 3. Yeast <70% |
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What are the types of water factors affecting food spoilage?
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1. Bond water (water in hydrogen bond)
2. Free water (water activity) |
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At which pH can bacteria, mold, and yeast survive?
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1. Bacteria 6.8-7.2
2. Mold >7.2 3. Yeast <6.8 |
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How can food be classified by perishability?
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1. Highly perishable
2. Semi-perishable 3. Non-perishable |
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What enzyme breaks down protein?
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Proteinase
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What is protein broken down into?
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Amino acids
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What is amino acid, broken down from protein, broken down into?
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Ammonia, H2S & indo 1
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What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
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Amylase
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What are carbohydrates broken down into?
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Glucose
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What is glucose, broken down from carbohydrates, broken down into?
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Alcohol acid & gas
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What enzyme breaks down lipids?
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Lipase
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What are lipids broken down to?
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3 fatty acids + glycerol
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In what food do capsules develop?
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milk & bread
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What are some pigments of food spoilage?
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Red, yellow & orange
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What type of spoilage resistance do egg whites have?
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They have lysozymes which inhibit Gram (+) bacteria
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What type of foods have a spoilage resistance to both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria?
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1. Garlic
2. Onions 3. Radishes 4. Clove oil |
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What are the types of food-borne diseases?
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1. Infection
2. Intoxication |
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What type of bacteria cause food-borne infections?
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Gram (-) rod, facultative anaerobic, Mesophilic
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What are some examples of these type of bacteria?
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Salmonella typhi
Enterobacter E-coli |
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How is food-borne infection achieved by bacteria?
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1. Host ingests food into the digestive system
2. Bacteria lyses, leaving the "lipid A" endotoxin portion of their cell wall in host |
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What type of bacteria cause food-borne intoxication?
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Gram (+) rod, aerobic and facultative
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How is food-borne intoxication achieved by bacteria?
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They release toxins that are almost always protein
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What are the food-borne protein toxins sensitive to?
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Antibiotics and pH
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What are the treatment options for food-borne intoxication?
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Toxoids or antitoxins (antibiotics)
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What are the gram (+) bacteria that cause food diseases?
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1. Staphylococcus aureus
2. Clostridium perfringens 3. Clostridium botulism 4. Bacillus cereus |
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What are the oxygen requirements of Staphylococcus aureus?
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Aerobic & facultative
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What is the enzyme that makes Staphylococcus aureus more virulent?
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Coagulase
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What does Staphylococcus aureus cause?
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Intoxication by enterotoxin
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What is the incubation period of Staphylococcus aureus?
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1-6 Hours
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What are the symptoms of a Staphylococcus aureus intoxication?
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nausea, vomiting & diarrhea
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What are the characteristics of Clostridium perfringens?
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Spore-forming
Gram (+) rod Obligate anaerobic |
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What is the incubation period of Clostridium perfringens?
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8-12 Hours
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What are the symptoms of a Clostridium perfringens intoxication?
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Watery diarrhea
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What are the characteristics of Clostridium botulism?
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Spore-forming
Gram (+) rod |
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Where is Clostridium botulism bacteria found?
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Canned vegetables
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What system is the target of Clostridium botulism?
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Nervous system
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What disease is Clostridium botulism correlated with?
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
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What type of toxin does Bacillus cereus release?
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Enterotoxin
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Where is Bacillus cereus commonly found?
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Starchy foods like cereal, potatoes & pudding
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What are the Gram (-) bacteria that cause food diseases?
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1. Salmonella typhi
2. Vibrio parahaemolyticus 3. E-coli 4. Yersina Gastroenteritis 5. Campylobacter jejuni |
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What is the only Gram (-) bacteria that produces an enterotoxin?
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E-coli
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What are the groups of E-coli?
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1. Enterotoxin producers
2. Entero-invasive 3. Entero-pathogenic 4. Enterohemorrhagic |
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What is the common cause of traveler's disease?
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E-coli enterotoxin
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What is the most dangerous group of E-coli?
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Enterohemorrhagic
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What can enterohemorrhagic bacteria cause?
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Kidney Failure
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Where is Yersina gastroenteritis commonly found?
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Chocolate milk
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Where is Campylobacter jejuni commonly found?
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Turkey
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What are the viral diseases of the digestive system?
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1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
2. Viral gastroenteritis (caused by rotavirus or Norwalk agent) |
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What are the protozoan diseases of the digestive system?
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1. Giardiasis (caused by Giardia lamblia)
2. Amoebic dysentery (caused by Entamoeba histolytica) |
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What are the types of low temperature food preservation?
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1. Refrigeration - 5*C
2. Freezing |
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What is the goal of low temperature food preservation?
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To inhibit microbial population growth
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What are the types of high temperature food preservation?
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1. Canning "commercial sterilization"
2. Pasteurization 3. Sterilization 4. Boiling |
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How is drying achieved?
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By plasmolysis
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What is released by burning wood in the smoking food preservation method?
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Alcohol
Aldehyde Acid Keytones |
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What is the osmotic pressure method of food preservation typically used for?
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Jellies, jams & condensed milk
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What is the chemical method of food preservation used to prevent?
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Fungal growth
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What are some examples of chemical food preservation chemicals?
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Proponic acid
Sorbic acid Benzoic acid |
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What do nitrates/nitrites do to food?
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Prevents salmonella
Gives meat a fresh color |
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What are the characteristics of the radiation food preservation method?
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Uses "cold sterilization" (kills all bacteria)
Uses microwaves Uses ionizing radiation to preserve food |
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What methods for food preservation are carcinogenic?
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Smoking & nitrates/nitrites
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What are the types of water sources in microbiology?
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1. Ground water
2. Surface water 3. Marine water |
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What type of water is found in lakes, streams & shallow wells?
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Surface water
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What type of water is found in deep wells and subterranean springs?
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Ground water
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What water source is virtually free of microorganisms?
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Ground water
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What may the microbial population in surface water reflect?
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1. The air through which the rain has passed
2. Any meat packing plant near the stream 3. Any sewage treatment facilities nearby |
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In what water source do microorganisms play an important role in aquatic life cycle?
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Surface water
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What conditions may water possess?
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1. Contaminated
2. Polluted 3. Potable |
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What type of bacteria is usually present in contaminated and polluted water?
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Heterotrophic (ex. coliform)
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Why does unpolluted water have a lower number of microbes than polluted water?
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Because unpolluted water have fewer organic materials (feces, waste, etc.) for bacteria to feed on.
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What types of organisms would you find in polluted water?
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1. Heterotrophic
2. Coliforms (E-coli, Enterobacter & Streptococcus) 3. Proteus 4. Pseudomonas |
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What types of organisms would you find in marine water?
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1. Vibrio & viruses
2. Halophilic 3. Psychrophilic 4. Barophilic |
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What are the types of water pollution?
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1. Physical
2. Chemical 3. Biological |
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What type of pollution is the biggest concern?
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Biological
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The amount of oxygen that microorganism require to decompose the organic matter in water.
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Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
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How is Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) determined?
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Immediate amount of oxygen dissolved - oxygen dissolved after 5 days at 20*C = BOD
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As BOD increases, quality of the water ____________.
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Decreases
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As BOD increases, the amount of organic matter _____________.
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Increases
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As BOD increases, the amount of heterotrophic bacteria _____________.
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Increases
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What is the source of pathogens in biological pollution?
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Feces & urine of infected people or animals
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What are the characteristics of Giardiasis?
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Causes cysts
Found in animal reservoirs |
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What type of organism causes Ascariasis?
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Roundworm
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What are the types of enteric viruses found in water?
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1. Infectious hepatitis A
2. Enteroviruses |
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What are the characteristics of hepatitis A?
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"Chlorine resistant
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What is an example of an enterovirus found in water?
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Polio virus
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What are the common types of bacteria found in water?
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1. Salmonella
2. Shigella 3. Cholera 4. Leptospira 5. Tularemia |
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Who are typical "carriers" of salmonella?
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Animals/pets
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What does Salmonella typhi cause?
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Typhoid fever
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What species of Shigella is found in water?
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Shigella dysenteriae
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What species of Cholera is found in water?
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Bacillary dysentery
Vibrio cholera |
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What species of Tularemia is found in water?
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Formcisula tularcesis
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What methods are used for water quality evaluation?
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1. Membrane filter technique
2. Standard plate count 3. Direct microscopic count 4. Indicator organisms |
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What two methods for water quality evaluation are most commonly used?
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Most Probable Number (MPN) & membrane filters
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What are the types of indicator organisms from broad to specific?
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1. Total coliforms
2. Fecal coliforms 3. Fecal streptococcus |
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What are the steps, in order from first to last, that a water treatment center uses on water?
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1. Sedimentation/Coagulation
2. Filtration 3. Disinfection |
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What chemical is used in the mixing tank of a water treatment facility during sedimentation?
|
Aluminum sulfate
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What type of filter do water treatment facilities use?
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Sand
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What types of disinfections are used on water?
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1. Chlorine (common)
2. Fluoride 3. Oxidizing agents 4. Ozone |
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What is an acceptable plate count in drinking and bottled water?
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< 500/ml
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What are the acceptable total coliform levels in drinking, recreational, shellfish, and bottled water?
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Drinking water <1/100ml
Recreational water 1000/100ml Shellfish 70/100 ml Bottled water <1/100ml |
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What are the acceptable fecal coliform levels in recreational & shellfish?
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Recreational water 200/100ml
Shellfish 14/100 ml |
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What are the waste water treatments?
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1. Primary
2. Secondary 3. Tertiary |
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What occurs in primary waste water treatment?
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The water goes through sedimentation allowing the sludge to settle out
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What occurs in secondary waste water treatment?
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1. Oxidation of organic matter is accomplished by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
2. Sludge system and trickling filters are activated 3. Liquid effluent is chlorinated |
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What type of treatment is tertiary treatment?
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Advanced treatment necessary due to domestic, agricultural & industrial waste
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What chemicals are removed in tertiary waste water treatment?
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Nitrate
Phosphate Carbonate |
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Water with a high amount of organic matter.
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Eutrophic
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Water with a low amount of organic matter.
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Oligotrophic
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What are the components and their respective percentages of milk?
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1.Carbohydrates-4.8% 2. Fat-3.8%
3.Protein-3.5% 4. Water-87% 5.Salt-0.65% 6.Vitamin & Mineral |
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What carbohydrates are present in milk?
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Lactose
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What enzyme breaks down lactose?
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Lactase
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What are the types of protein in milk?
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1. Caesin
2. Albumin |
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What are the cofactors in milk that help the enzymes to be active?
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Vitamins and minerals
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What are the types of bacteria in milk?
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1. Non-pathogen lactic acid producers
2. Pathogen lactic acid producers |
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What are the types of non-pathogen lactic acid producers?
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1. Streptococcus lactis
2. Leuconostoc species 3. Lactobacilli species |
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What are the types of pathogen lactic acid producers?
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1. Micrococcus species
2. Mycobacterium species 3. Coliforms |
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Which group of lactic acid producers causes bubbling or souring of milk?
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Non-pathogens
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What do non-pathogenic bacteria cause in milk?
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1. Gas production
2. Ropiness 3. Pigment discoloration |
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Why causes ropiness in milk?
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The production of capsules in bacteria
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What type of bacteria produce capsules in milk?
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Gram (-) rod shaped
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What bacteria cause pigment discoloration in milk?
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Serratia marcegens
Pseudomonas syneynea |
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What are the types of milk?
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1. Raw
2. Pasteurized |
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What test must be performed on raw milk before it is sent to the dairy plant?
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Reductase test
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What dye is used in the reductase test?
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Methylene Blue
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What tests are done at the dairy plant?
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1. Reductase test
2. Standard plate count 3. Direct microscopic count 4. Coliform test 5. Most Probable Number (MPN) |
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By law, what test must be performed by dairy plants daily and reported to the FDA?
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Direct microscopic count
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What is the goal of pasteurization?
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To eliminate/kill pathogenic microbes, especially those causing TB & Q fever
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What test is performed to see if milk is free of bacteria that cause TB & Q fever?
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Phosphatase test
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The phosphatase enzyme is active until you reach what temperature?
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Pasteurization temperature
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What are the coliform acceptable levels for Grade A pasteurized, certified raw, and certified pasteurized milk?
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1. Grade A pasteurized 10/ml
2. Certified raw 10/ml 3. Certified pasteurized 1/ml |
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What happens when a virus enters the human body?
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1. Macrophages prevent the invading viral antigen from stimulating the Th (T-helper) cell. Macrophages produce Interleukin 1 (IL1) which activates more Th and increases body temperature which enhances the immune response.
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2. The activated Th produces Interleukin 2 (IL2) which stimulates other Th and Tk (T killers) to grow and divide. The Th secretes B-cell growth factor (BCGF) which causes B-cells to multiply.
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3. Th produces another lymphokine called B-cells differentiation factor (BCDF) which instructs some B-cells to produce Ab (antibodies).
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4. Th produces gamma interferon (IF) which has multiple effects including activating Tk, increasing Ab production by B-cells, & localizing macrophages at site of infection (to kill invaders).
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5. Ts suppresses immune system
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What are the mechanisms that are believed to cause autoimmune diseases?
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1. The antigen may be sequestered in certain tissues causing it to never be marked as "self" in the fetus or as a newborn. Later in life, it is anatomically separated or develops as a result of injury or surgery. The antigen then becomes exposed and the immune system responds negatively to it.
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2. Normal body proteins are altered to antigenic forms by drugs, chemicals, or infectious agents. (Ex. By taking too much aspirin, an allergy later develops)
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3. Normal body proteins cross-react until antibodies that were once produced for foreign antigens are now produced for "self" antigens due to similarity to foreign ones.
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What are the characteristics of hypersensitivities?
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1. Immune reactions may do more harm than good. 2. Interaction of an antigen with the humoral or cellular immune system, or sometimes both. 3. Allergens (dust, pollen, penicillin, etc.) cause allergic reactions (asthma, hives, itching, etc.) 4. If the allergies are modified cells with surface antigens, they may stimulate immunological disorders such as rheumatic fever, pernicious anemia, or rheumatoid arthritis.
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How does bacteria cause tooth decay?
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1. Sucrose from food is split by enzymes into glucose & fructose
2. Glucose is transformed into dextran 3. Streptococcus mutans adheres to the tooth surface 4. Bacteria ferments fructose into acid 5. Acid breaks down the calcium phosphate salt in hydroxyapatite (the major compound in the enamel of the teeth. |
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How much time passes before clinical signs are exhibited in the types of hypersensitivity?
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1. Type I (Anaphylactic) <30 minutes
2. Type II (Cytotoxic) 5-12 Hours 3. Type III (Immune Complex) 3-8 Hours 4. Type IV (Cell-Mediated or Delayed Type) 24-48 Hours |
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What are some reactions from type I hypersensitivity?
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1. Hives 2. Hot flashes
3. Burning sensation 4. Blood pressure drop 5. Severe headache 6. Death by asphyxiation 7. Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle 8. Capillary breakage in skin, eyes, and internal organs |
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What actions can be taken to prevent tooth decay?
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1. Using fluoride and applying a polymer to cover pits and fissures in the tooth
2. Modifying your diet 3. Combining bacteria to inhibit the enzyme activity that produces glucan & dextron |
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What are the symptoms of Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)?
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1. Punched out ulcers that first appear along the gingival margin and inter-dental papillae that spreads to the soft palate and tonsil area
2. A foul odor in the mouth 3. Bad taste that comes from gases produced by anaerobic bacteria |
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What are the contamination factor in food microbiology?
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1. Air (airborne organisms)
2. Soilborne 3. Waterborne (especially in shellfish) 4. Rodent or Arthropods (foot & body parts) 5. Human handling of food (poor hygiene) |
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Explain the different perishables & give examples of each.
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1. Highly perishable - foods that have to be refrigerated
Ex. Meat, poultry, eggs, vegetables, fruits, milk & milk products 2. Semi-perishable - Foods that spoil at an intermediate rate Ex. Apples & Potatoes 3. Non-perishables - canned and dry goods Ex. Rice, cereal, dry beans, dry figs |
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What types of toxins are released to cause intoxications?
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1. Exotoxins (synthesized inside bacteria)
2. Enterotoxin (targets digestive system) 3. Neurotoxin (targets nervous system) |
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What are the methods for food preservation?
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1. Low temperature 5. Osmotic pressure
2. High temperature 6. Chemical 3. Drying 7. Nitrates & nitrites 4. Smoking 8. Antibiotics 9. Radiation |
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What types of organisms would you find in unpolluted water?
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1. Bacillus & Clostridium from the air
2. Yeast & mold spores from the air 3. Autotrophic bacteria 4. Free-living protozoa (ex. Paramecium) |
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What are the waterborne pathogens and what bacteria cause them?
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1. Anaerobic dysentery (aka amebiasis) - caused by Entamoeba histolycia
2. Giardiasis - caused by Giardia lamblia 3. Cryptosporidiosis - caused by Cryptosporidium 4. Ascariasis - caused by Ascaris lumbricoides |
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How are bacteria introduced to milk?
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1. Udder and flank of cow during milking
2. Dust from the air 3. Unclean equipment and utensils 4. Workers handling milk (most common) |
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What are some examples of pathogenic bacteria in milk & what do they cause?
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*Staphylococcus aureus causes Bovine mastitis
*Brucella species cause Brucellosis *Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever *Gram (-) bacteria cause enteric diseases *Tuberculosis |
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What are the correct method to pasteurization?
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1. Holding Temperature (Classical) - 69.2*C for 30 minutes
2. High Temperature Short Time (HTST) - 72*C for 15 seconds 3. Ultra High Temperature (UHT) - 140*C for 5 seconds or less |
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In the area of injection, swelling and reddening increase with every injection and eventually the area becomes necrotic (the tissue dies).
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Arthus phenomenon
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Organisms that usually co-exist with intestinal pathogens in human intestinal tract that are used to determine fecal contamination of water.
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Indicator organisms
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What is the minimum time that must be allowed pass in a reductase test before the milk turn clear to pass the test?
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5.5 Hours
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What are the standard plate count acceptable levels for Grade A raw, Grade A pasteurized, certified raw, and certified pasteurized milk?
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1. Grade A raw 200,000/ml
2. Grade A pasteurized 20,000/ml 3. Certified raw 10,000/ml 4. Certified pasteurized 500/ml |
