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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what percentage of ethanol should be used to clean your bench
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70%
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what happens if you wear sandals
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asked to leave
lose attendance lose etiquette still responsible for material |
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can you apply makeup during the lab
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no
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are makeup labs allowed
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no
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how should you handle bacterial cultues
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use test tube rack to transport
never take cultures outside of the lab if you spill, tell the instructor |
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what goes in the red biohazard bin
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anthing in contact with mo
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what goes in nthe borken glass bin
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any type of sharp object or glass NOT exposed to culture ie pipettes broken slides
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what should you do with a contaminated pipettes slides or glass objects
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sharps or slides containers
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what goes in the slides containers
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contaminated slides or glass or pipettes
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where do gloves go
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regular trash
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what types of gloves are used
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latex or nitrile
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what goes on the label
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initials
date name of organism section |
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when must you wear safety glasses
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handling any chemical staines or dytes
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how should the microscope be carried
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one hand on neck
other underneatht eh base always with two hands dont tip them |
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what types of cleaner should you use on microscope
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lens paper NEVER BIBULOUS
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what does ubiquity mean
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most widely distributed organism in the biosphere
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how are bacteria defined
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cellular structure and size
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do bacteria have nucleus
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no l
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rods =
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bacilli
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cocci =
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sphere
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spirilli
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curved rods
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which morphological is mostly immotile
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cocci due to lack of flagella
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what are the five classes of MO
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viruses
bacti fungi protozoa algae |
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which classes of MO are prokaryotic
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bacteria
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which classes of MO or eukaryotic
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fungi
protozoa algae |
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which have cell wall
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prokaryotic
some eukaryotic |
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which have cell membrane
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both
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which have nuceus
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bacteria prok do NOT have a nucleus
eukaryotic do |
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which have free floating ribosomes
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prok yes
mostly ER or euk |
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which have chromosomes
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prok have one
euk have multiple |
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how big are bacteria
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1-2 micrometer
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how big are euk
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2 to 200 micrometer
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are prok or euk more successful
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prok
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what is a compound microscope
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two lens system
ocular objectives |
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what is the magnification of the ocular
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10x
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what are the magnifications of the objectives
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4
10 40 oil 100 |
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what does the condensor do
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collects and directs light to the slide
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what does the diaphragm do
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regulates amount of light through the condenser
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what makes a microscope good
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magnification
resolution |
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what is a brightfield microscope
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allows lighith rays to pass drecetly to the eye without being deflected by an itnervening opaque plate in the condenser
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what are two other types of microscopes that we talked about
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fluorescent and phase contrast
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how does fluorescent work and what is good about it
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uses antibodies coupled with markers
bad is expensive and uses hg lamp |
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what is quenching
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loss of fluroescence
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how does phase contrast work
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can see live cells
not stained cells can be hard to see |
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define parfocal
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can focus from low to high
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what is bad about brightfield
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staining is killing
can't see viruses or really small things |
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why is oil immersion beneficial
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minimizes refraction of light
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what kind of light does a fluorescence scope use
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UV
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what is an example of an artifact
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dust
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the succes for most staining procedures depens upton the preparation of a good _____
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smear
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what are the goals of smear preparation
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to adhere to microscope slide so not washed off during staining
no shrinkage during staining which prevents distortion artifacts thin smear because thick does not help visualizaiton and may trap dye |
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what is difference in prep from liquid medium and solid medium
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liquid goes directly on
solid have water on slide first |
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what are examples of liquid mediums
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broths milk saliva urine
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define a simple stain
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use of a single stian to color bacti cell
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stains are referred to as _____ because they are positively charged
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chemosphores
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are stains cationic or anionic
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cationic
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what are two types of dyes
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basic and acidic
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what did we use in lab and why
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methylene blue which is basic because bacti are negatively charged and therefore attract the cationic dye
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what are the five gram staining agetns
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primary stain CV
mordant GI decolorizing agent EtOH secondary counterstain safranin wash DI in ice water |
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what is the percentage of etoh used for gram staining
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95%
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why doesn't safranin dye the gram positive
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it does but it is much less intense of adye
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gram __ react to create a CVI complex that stains the bacteria ______
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+ purple
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which bacteria in the experiment was gram +
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p vulgaris
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which bacteria in the lab was gram negative
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pink s aureus
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what allows motility
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flagella
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flagella allow cells to move toward ____ and away from ______
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nutrients
harmful substance ie acids CHEMOTAXIS! |
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the flagellum is a rigid ___ strucgture that extends as much as 10 microns out from the cell
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helical
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can we see flagella under the light microscope
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no then are too thin less tahn .2 microns
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describe the main body of the flagella
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a rigid filament that occurs in the form of a helix
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the filament is connected to a ____ that is attached to a ____ that is inserted into a series of _____
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hook
shaft rings |
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how many reings do gram pos cells have? what are theny
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two S and M
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how many rings do g neg cells have and what are they called
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four SMLP
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what make up the basal body of the flagellum
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the shaft rings and accessory proteins
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what powers rotation of the flagellum
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proton motive force PMF
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what is pmf
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powers rotation of the flagellum that is established when proteins associated with tehb asal body transport protons across the cell membrane to create a difference in chargef
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what are the general configurations of flagellum
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polar
lophotrichous peritrichous amphitrichous |
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what are three procedures that help determine motility
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wet mount
hanging drop technique semisoft agar medium SSA |
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how does wet mount work
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drop of viable cells under phase ccontrast
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what do you have to watch for in wet mount
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brownian motion caused by currents under the cover slide
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what is the hanging drop technique
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used slide with concave depression and coverslip with petroleum jelly
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how is the semisoft agar method
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semisolid medium with inoculating needle. look for turbidity.
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how do you know if SSA is motile?
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turbidity
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which bacteria in lab was motile and which was nonmotile
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p vulgaris was
b megaterium was not |
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define aseptic technique
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the methodical practice of performing lab techniques in as sterile of an emnviron as possible
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what are the goals of aseptic
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prevent contamination of media and cultures
to protect person performing the lab techniques |
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describe several ways to follow aseptic technique
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wash hands
etoh benches steriliz loopsa nd needles flame tube tops keep it covered no talking gloves cone of sterility |
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what is the cone of sterility
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1 foot around the alcohol burner
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what is the goal of pure culture
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represents one single type of organism
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what are three types of media
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solid agar/slants
liquid broth semisolid usually for motility only |
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what type of medium is a slant
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solid
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the best streak is the streak that gives you the most _____ in terms of colony growth
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isolation
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what are four streak techniques
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a b radiant continuous
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how many flames in a
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three
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how many flames in b
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three
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how many flames in radiant
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two
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how many flames in continuous
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NONE
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what is the function of media
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a method to grow your own culture or organism of study
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what some examples of foods that undergo fermentation
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yogurt buttermilk wine vinggar pickles cottage cheese
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what are the three conditions needed for fermentation
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simple sugar
yeast anaerobic conditions |
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what is the reaction for fermentation
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c6h12o6 ---->yeast 2c2h5oh + 2co2
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why is fermentation actually preservation
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acids formed and reduced environment hold back growth of bacti
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describe the reaction going on in fermentation
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glucose to ADP to ATP to 2 pyruvate to 2 acetaldehyde to NADH to NAD+ to 2 ethanol
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what yeast did we use
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saccharomyces cerevisiae
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how did we make yogurt
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added streptococcus thermophilus and lactobacillus bugaricus (our innoculation of already made yogurt) to curdle and thicken milk
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what is the equation for yogurt
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gluocse --> pyruvate --> lactic acid
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what is the end product of fermentation? what is the end product of yogurt?
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ethanol
lactic acid |
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what is responsible for the sour taste and improved microbiological stability and afety of yogurt
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lactic acid
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what are three ways to enumerate bacteria
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microscopic counts
most probably number standard plate |
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what is the magic number for spc
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30 to 300
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1 mL = ___ microliters
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1
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how many water blanks
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five
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how many na plates
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6
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how many ml of ecoli to start spc
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1 ml
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what are the four steps in dilutions probelms
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1.) final conc cells/ml
2.) DF 3.) total DF 4.) initial = final/total DF |
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what is selective media
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permits growth of certain bacti while inhibiting the growth
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differential media
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does NOT prevent growth but will cause certain colonies to develop differently
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all purpose media
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supports grwoth of wide variety
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what type of all purpose media did we use
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tryptic soy agar
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what kind of activity can be seen on blood agar
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hemolytic
alpha beta gamma |
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describe alpha beta gamma
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incomplete
complete no reaction |
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give an example of all purpose media
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TSA
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give two examples of selective and differential agars
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hektoen enteric agar
macConkey Mannitol Salt Agar |
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give an example of a medium that is differential only
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blood
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describe hektoen enteric agar
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selective and differential
bile salts inhibit gram positive show fermenters in yello or nonfermenters in blue or green |
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describe macconkey
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bile salt inhibit growth of gram positive
lactose fermenters pink non fermenters clear |
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which agar encourages staph aureus
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MSA
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what do bile salts do
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inhibit gram positive
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what does lactose do
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shows fermenters
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what does a winogradsky column show
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method to witness succession nutrient cycling competition and partition of space
represents a model ecosystem that can be used to study variety of diverse bacteria model ecosystem in a tube |
