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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What induces TNF and IL-1 on Gram + and Gram - bacteria?
|
Teichoic Acid (Gram +)
Lipid A of LPS (Gram -) TNF - released by macrophages, mediates sepsis, cachexia IL-1 - released by macrophages, causes acute inflam, fever |
|
What bacteria have adherence pili?
|
N meningitidis, Pertussis, Cholera, urinary/GI E coli
|
|
What are most bacterial capsules made of?
What bacteria has a capsule made of D glutamate |
polysaccharides
Bacillus anthracis (like anthrax glu) |
|
What mediates adherence to surfaces, like indwelling catheters?
|
Glycocalyx
|
|
Layers of Gram + bacteria from outside in?
|
- Capsule (sometimes)
- cell wall (peptidoglycan) with teichoic acid - cytoplasmic membrane |
|
Layers of Gram - bacteria from outside in?
|
- capsule (sometimes)
- LPS/endotoxin - use O Ag to classify bact - thin peptidoglycan layer - periplasmic space - cytoplasmic membrane |
|
why is mycoplasma weird?
|
no cell wall, cell membrane has sterols
|
|
why is mycobacteria weird?
|
cell membrane contains mycolic acid (long saturated fatty acid - makes it acid fast).
btw, Nocardia is a weakly acid fast gram + |
|
What bugs don't gram stain well?
|
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color.
Treponema (too thin, use dark field and fluor) Ricketssia, Chlamydia, Legionella (intracel) Mycobact (use acid fast) Mycoplasma (no cell wall) |
|
What bugs stain with silver stain?
|
Fungi
Legionella Bartenella henslae H pylori PCP |
|
Special culture requirements for
H flu Fungi Legionella |
H flu : chocolate agar with factor V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
Fungi: Sabouraud Legionella: charcoal yeast agar with Cys |
|
Special culture requirements for
N gonorrhoeae M pneumoniae C diphth |
N gonorrhoeae: Thayer-Martin/VPN (vanco inhibits gram +, Polymyxin inhibits gram - , Nystatin inhibits fungi)
M pneumoniae: Eaton's agar C diphth - cysteine tellurite medium - grows dark black colonies |
|
Special culture requirements for lactose fermenting enterics
|
pink colonies on MacConkey's agar (= lactose + bile... bile prevents most gram + growth)
E coli: EMB agar with blue/black colonies w/ metallic sheen (btw, lactose fermenting enterics are Klebsiella, E coli, Enterobacter and Serratia). * lactose fermenting enterics like to give a KEES |
|
Pseudomonas commonly seen in...
|
burn wounds
CF/ nosocomial pna chronic catheters neutropenic patients |
|
obligate aerobes
|
Mycobact, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Bacillus
|
|
obligate anaerobes
|
Clostridium
Bacteroides Actinomyces |
|
What bacteria have a positive quelling reaction (swollen capsule when anticapsular antisera added) ?
|
Strep pneumo
H flu N meningitidis Klebsiella Salmonella btw, E coli with K1 antigen have capsule - cause neonatal meningitis - capsule impaires opsonization - high inf risk if asplenic |
|
How are vaccines using capsular polysaccharides made?
|
Conjugate with protein (only things with protein can be presented on MHC) - this increases the T cell response and immunity
|
|
Urease + bacteria
|
H pylori
Proteus Klebsiella |
|
What do S pneumo, H flu and N meningitidis (SHiN) have in common?
|
have IgA protease
cause meningitis transform (take up DNA from env) have capsules |
|
group A strep - virulence factor
and antibodies to it can cause... |
M protein: prevents phago
btw, antibodies to M protein can cause rheumatic fever (FEVERSS - Fever, Erythema marginatum, Valvular damage, ESR elevation, Red hot joints - migratory polyarthritis, Subcutaneous nodules, Sydenham's chorea (btw, Group A strep toxin = streptolysin..look for ASO antibodies to check for strep infection) |
|
What bacteria have endotoxins?
|
most gram - and Listeria
|
|
What is the intracellular location for exotoxin and endotoxin genes?
|
exotoxin: Plasmid/bacteriophage
endotoxin: bacterial chromosome |
|
What is more toxic, exotoxin or endotoxin?
|
exotoxin
these toxoids are used to make vaccines (tetanus, botulism, dipth) |
|
What do superantigens do?
|
bind lots of MHC II and TCR -
activate lots of T cells - release IFN-gamma (by Th, stim macro) and IL-2 (by Th, stim Tc and more Th) and then macrophages release IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha |
|
S aureus virulence factor and toxins
|
virulence factor:
Protein A : binds Ig Fc - prevents opsonization toxins: TSST - fever, rash, shock enterotoxin - food poisoning exfoliatin - SSSS |
|
S pyogenes toxins
|
scarlet fever - erythrogenic toxin
Streptolysin O - lyses RBCs (antigen for ASO Ab - used to diagnose recent Strep inf) |
|
How does the V cholerae ADP ribosylating toxin work?
|
ADP ribosylate Gs ptn -
stim AC - increase Cl secretion and decrease Na reabs in gut - voluminous RICE WATER diarrhea |
|
What do the ETEC toxins do?
|
"Labile like the Air"
these are ADP ribosylating toxins Heat Labile toxin - stim AC Heat stable toxin - stim GC |
|
What does the B pertussis toxin do?
|
ADP ribosylating toxin:
inhibits Gi increase cAMP whopping cough also inhibits chemokine receptors so causes lymphocytosis |
|
What does the C perfringens toxin do?
|
alpha toxin (lecithinase) degrades membrane phospholipids - gas gangrene AKA myonecrosis and hemolysis
|
|
What does the C tetani toxin do?
|
blocks inhib neurotransmitters like GABA and glycine - causes lockjaw
|
|
What does the C botulinum toxin do?
|
blocks Ach release -
anti-cholinergic symptoms like CNS paralysis, floppy baby DDD - diplopia, dysphagia, dysphonia |
|
What does the B anthracis toxin do?
|
Edema factor (adenylate cyclase)
increases cAMP inhibit PMN function, edema |
|
What bacteria produce ADP ribosylating toxins?
|
C diptheriae
V cholerae E coli B pertussis |
|
What does the C diphtheriae toxin do?
What is distinctive about this organisms appearance? |
ADP ribosylating toxin that inactivates EF-2 (like Pseudomonas exotoxin A)
causes cardiomyopathy and neuropathy has blue and red granules |
|
What bacteria induce cAMP?
|
V cholerae
Pertussis E coli B anthracis |
|
What are the two types of conjugation?
|
F+ with F- transfer plasmid DNA
Hfr with F- transfer plasmid and chromosomal genes |
|
What are the two types of transduction?
|
genes that virus has picked up from previous bacterial host can be transferred to new bacterial host.
generalized: parts of bact chr accidently get PACKAGED into LYTIC virus. specialized - when LYSOGENIC phage EXCISES itself, takes flanking bacterial genes with it |
|
These bacterial toxins are encoded in a lysogenic phage
|
shigA - like toxin
Botulinum Cholera Diphtheria Erythrogenic toxin of Strep pyogenes (scarlet fever toxin) |
|
What does the Lipid A component of endotoxin activate?
|
macrophages (IL-1, TNF)
Hageman factor (factor 12) - DIC !!! complement - C3a/C5a - anaphylaxis. (C5a PMN chemotaxis) |
|
Name the Gram + rods
|
Bacillus
Clostridium Corynebacterium Listeria Actinomyces Nocardia |
|
What bacteria are
optochin sensitive novobiocin resistant grow in bile and 6.5 NaCl bacitracin resistant? |
optochin sensitive - Strep pneumo
novobiocin resistant - Staph sapro grow in bile and 6.5 NaCl - Enterococci bacitracin resistant - S agalactiae |
|
what color are Gram + things
|
purple/blue
|
|
What Gram + bacteria are B hemolytic?
|
S aureus, Group A/B strep, Listeria
|
|
intracellular bugs
|
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Legionella, Listeria, Salmonella, Neisseria, Mycobact,
|
|
What does coagulase do?
|
It joins forces with prothrombin
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin fibrin coats the bacteria resistant to phagocytosis! (in S aureus) |
|
What does catalase do?
|
Catalase degrades hydrogen peroxide before myeloperoxidase can convert it to bleach
so CGD (NADPH oxidase deficient) people susceptible to coagulase positive bacteria |
|
What does S pneumo cause?
|
MOPS
Meningitis (esp in alcoholics, HbS and asplenics) Otitis media Pna w/ rusty sputum Sinusitis |
|
What does S pneumo look like?
|
lancet shaped
encapsulated |
|
What do Viridans strep cause?
|
dental caries
subacute bacterial endocarditis post dental work (usu in people with previous valve problems) (produces dextrans from glucose - helps colonize teeth and heart valves) |
|
What does S aureus cause?
|
- abscess
- skin infections - impetigo - toxin mediated dx - Toxic shock (TSST), SSSS (exfoliative toxin), rapid onset food poisoning (enterotoxins) - MRSA - osteomyelitis - endocarditis in IVDA |
|
What do these bacteria cause
Enterococci/E faecium S bovis |
Enterococci/E faecium -
endocarditis post GU procedure S bovis - endocarditis assoc with colon malignancy |
|
C diff
- toxins - causes disease secondary to what - tx |
- toxin A : attract PMN, mucosal death
- toxin B: decrease cytoskeleton function, fibrin deposition (makes pseudomembrane) - secondary to clindamycin/ampillin - tx metronidazole |
|
What does Strep agalactiae cause?
|
B is for Babies!
pna, meningitis and sepsis in babies prevent transmission with intrapartum antibiotics (PCN/ampicillin) |
|
What does anthrax cause?
|
Cutaneous anthrax - black eschar painless ulcer
Pulmonary anthrax - inhale spores - fever, pulm hem, mediastintis, shock, DIE! (Woolsorters' disease) |
|
What has a tumbling motility?
|
Listeria (in unpasteurized milk/cheese)
Trichomonas vaginalis |
|
What does anthrax look like microscopically?
|
long serpentine chains, medusa head style
|
|
What is a ghon complex?
|
TB granuloma (Ghon focus) calcified in lower lobe with hilar lymphadenopathy
|
|
Mycobacterium virulence factors
|
Sulfatide - inhib lysosome phagosome fusion. allows for survival in macrophage
Mycoside cord factor - correlates with virulence |
|
What make up a caseating granuloma?
|
Langerhans giant cells - multiple peripheral nuclei in horseshoe shape
epithelioid cells, fibroblasts and collagen |
|
What cells induce the formation of a granuloma?
|
Th1 and macrophages..
this is important!!!! |
|
Where can TB spread to?
|
meninges
vertebral bodies (Pott's disease) miliary TB - little foci everywhere (lots of other areas also) |
|
Where does reactivation TB manifest?
|
usually in upper lobe cuz mycobact are obligate aerobes
|
|
What is tuberculoid leprosy?
|
Th1 response - cell mediated immunity - granuloma formation - damage skin/nerves but it's contained
|
|
What is lepromatous leprosy?
|
Th2 response - dev antibody that's not protective to antigen (causes hypergammaglobinemia) - bacteria multiply in macrophage - disseminated/disfiguring inf
summary: HIGH Ab/ HIGH infection |
|
Leprosy treatment and toxicity
|
dapsone
toxicity: hemolysis in G6PD def and methemoglobinemia (tx is methylene blue) |
|
Leprosy appearance
|
lose eyebrows
lumpy earlobe nasal collapse leonine facies with lepromatous leprosy areas of skin anesthesia |
|
What are the gram negative coccoid rods?
|
H flu
B pertussis |
|
What are the gram negative lactose nonfermenters?
|
oxidase + pseudomonas
oxidase - shigella, salmonella, proteus |
|
What do the different kinds of Neisseria ferment?
|
N meningitidis - maltose and glucose
N gonorrhea - glucose |
|
The only meningitis with petechial lesions is caused by what bacteria?
|
N meningitidis
|
|
What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome and what causes it?
|
acute adrenocortical insufficiency due to adrenal hem
N meningitidis |
|
H flu causes...
|
haEMOPhilus
Epiglottitis (inspir stridor, thumbprint sign, drooling, dysphagia) Meningitis Otitis media Pna (and bronchitis) btw, the vaccine only protects against Type B |
|
What is the most invasive strand of H flu?
tx? prophylaxis? |
type B (cuz capsule, made out of polyribosyl ribitol phosphate)
tx: ceftriaxone prophylaxis: rifampin |
|
What are the S/S of diseases caused by Legionella
|
Legionnaires dx - SEVERE pna, HIGH fever (confusion), GI sympt, hyponatremia cuz kidney problems.... esp in smokers
Pontiac fever- mild flu-like sympt |
|
Where does Legionella like to grow (in vivo and in vitro)
|
in vivo - natural bodies of water like A/C, humidifier systems
in vitro - charcoal yeast agar with cysteine |
|
What does Pseudomonas cause?
|
PSEUDOmonas
Pna (nosocomial, esp if on respirator) Sepsis (black lesions on skin) External otitis (swimmers ear) UTI Drug use and Diabetic Osteomyelitis also hot tub folliculitis |
|
What does Staph epidermidis cause?
tx? |
prosthetic valve endocarditis
IV catheter related injury prosthetic joint septic arthritis vanco (w/ or w/o rifampin/gentamycin) |
|
What things cause anterior uveitis (iris inflammation)
|
Herpes
Syphilis Lyme disease Reiter's syndrome Sarcoid |
|
What are the steps of staining an acid fast organism?
|
Use aniline dye (like carbolfuchsin)
Decolorize with acid alcohol acid fast bacteria = red |
|
What does Actinomyces cause?
|
oral/facial abscesses that can drain through skin!
|
|
What are the symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome?
|
fever, vomit, diarrhea, muscle pain, erythroderma
can progress to hypotension, desquamation and multi-system failure (caused by S aureus and S pyogenes) |
|
Why does snoop dogg carry an umbrella around?
|
Fo drizzle
|
|
What organisms can cause impetigo?
|
S aureus and Strep pyogenes
|
|
What diseases cause joint pain and red eyes?
|
Sjogrens, lupus and Reiters
|
|
What are differences/similarities between rashes caused by Rubeola, Roseola, Rubella and Varicella?
|
Rubeola(measles)/Rubella - rash starts on face and spreads to body
(diferentiate with Rubella's post auricular lymphadenopathy) Roseola/Varicella - rash starts on trunk and moves outwards |
|
What diseases result in rashes that are also present on palms and soles?
|
Syphilis, Rocky Mountain Spotted fever and Coxsackie A (hand foot mouth disease)
also, other palms things are janeway lesions and osler's nodes (both bact endocarditis) |
|
What organisms cause gastroenteritis with a very small inoculum?
|
Campy, E histolytica, Giardia, Shigella
|
|
What organisms colonize the vagina?
|
Gram + lactobacilli, Group B Strep, and E coli
|
|
What are risk factors for getting a yeast infection?
|
broad spectrum anti-biotics
steroids uncontrolled DM immunocomp contraceptives (change vaginal pH) |
|
What does Klebsiella cause?
|
Aspiration pna (red current jelly sputum)
Abscess in lungs Alcoholics diAbetes also UTIs |
|
What are the symptoms of Salmonella typhi
|
fever, diarrhea, headache and rose spots on belly
|
|
How does Salmonella invade?
|
(Shigella invades the same way, but also has Shiga toxin)
enter M cells in Peyer's patches, escape phagolysosome - inflam Peyer's patches - bloody diarrhea |
|
What is HUS and what causes it?
|
Hemolytic anemia (microangiopathic)
Acute renal failure Thrombocytopenia caused by EHEC and Shigella whose toxins damage endothelium and activate platelet aggregation |
|
What are the risks of having H pylori?
|
duodenal ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, lymphoma
|
|
Tx for H pylori infection?
|
metronidazole, bismuth (Pepto-Bismol), tetracycline/amoxicillin
OR metronidazole, omeprazole, clarithromycin |
|
How do you diagnose an H pylori infection
|
urease breath test.
|
|
Describe the various stages of Lyme disease
|
1. erythema migrans rash, flu-like symptoms
2. neuro (bilat Bell's palsy) and cardic (AV block) 3. arthritis |
|
What is lyme disease caused by?
|
Borrelia burgodorferi who hangs out on mice, transmitted to Ixodes tick (which also carries Babesia) who hangs out on deer.
|
|
Lyme disease treatment?
|
doxy, ceftriaxone
|
|
What are the different stages of syphilis?
|
primary - painLESS chancre
secondary - rash (including palms/feet), condylomata LATA tertiary - gummas (chronic granulomas on skin, organs, bones), tabes dorsalis (degen dorsal colums and dorsal roots, broad-based ataxia, positive Romberg), Argyll Robertson pupil (accomodate but don't react) |
|
What is the screening test for Syphilis?
|
screen: VDRL
used to follow disease and monitor for re-infection false positives with lupus and others confirm: fluor treponemal Ab (FTA) - this stay positive for life |
|
What is Cat Scratch fever caused by?
|
Bartonella henselae, which also causes bacillary angiomatosis in immunocomp
|
|
What are the S/S of Gardenerella vaginalis?
|
I don't have a CLUE why I smell FISH in the vagina garden.
gray discharge fishy smell (Whiff test with KOH) clue cells- vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria |
|
Treatment of Gardnerella vaginalis?
|
Metronidazole
|
|
What causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and what are the S/S
|
Ricketssia rickettsii
high fever, rash that starts on hands/feet |
|
What is a Weil-Felix reaction?
|
Mix patient serum with Proteus Ag.
if agglutinates, patient has Rickettsial infection |
|
What is the Chlamydiae life cycle?
|
Elementary body is Enfectious and Enters cell via endocytosis
develops into Reticulate body which Replicates in cell by fission. Reorganizes into elementary bodies |
|
What are the different Chlamydia serotypes and what do they cause?
|
A, B, C : blindness
D-K : urethritis/PID, neonatal PNA/conjunctivitis L1, L2, L3: lymphogranuloma venereum : small papule - painful inguinal nodes - rupture - fibrosis - anogenital/lymphatic strictures |
|
What does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
|
atypical walking pna:
insidious onset NON productive cough CXR looks much worse than patient appears see cold agglutinins (also seen in EBV mono) which causes anemia |
|
Tx for Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
Tetracycline or erythromycin
(no cell wall, so resistant to penicillin) |
|
What microorganisms are related to birds?
|
Cryptococcus - pigeons
Histoplasmosis - bird/bat droppings Chlamydiaa psittaci - avian reservoir |
|
Who is susceptible to giardia?
|
low IgA (cuz this normally inhibits giardia adherence to GI mucosa)
so, selective IgA deficiency, CVID, Hyper IgM syndrome and Bruton's agammaglobulinemia |
|
What does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
|
drill into mucosa (flask shaped ulcers) - bloody diarrhea - portal vein - anchovy paste liver abscess
|
|
What is characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica's appearance?
|
has RBCs in cytoplasm
|
|
What does Toxolasma gondii cause?
|
ring abscess in HIV
in neonate: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications |
|
Why should pregnant women avoid cats?
|
Toxoplasma gondii is in cat poo
|
|
Tx for toxoplasma gondii
|
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
|
|
What causes Chagas disease and what are the S/S?
|
Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted by Reduviid AKA kissing bug
-dilated cardiomyopathy, heart block - destroys PS myenteric plexi: megacolon, megaesophagus, megaureter, achalasia |
|
What disease is transmitted by a sandfly and what are the S/S?
|
Visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) -
spiking fevers, pancytopenia |
|
What is the tx for the different kinds of malaria?
|
chloroquine. if resistant, mefloquine
for P vivax/ovale - add primaquine for dormant liver forms (these have fever spikes every 48 hrs) |
|
What causes Babesiosis and what does it look like microscopically?
|
Ixodes tick (same as Lyme dx), but this causes a malaria-like illness
RBCs have maltese cross |
|
What are the S/S of Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
|
green, smelly discharge with itching/burning
look for trophozoites on wet mount |
|
What parasite has visible eggs in feces?
|
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworms)
|
|
What causes elephantiasis and how is it transmitted?
|
Wuchereria bancrofti, transmitted by female mosquito
|
|
What parasite causes brain cysts and seizures?
|
Taenia solium (cysticercosis) - in undercooked pork
(brain = sol) |
|
What parasite causes liver cysts?
|
Echinococcus granulosus
(cysts = granulosus) |
|
What parasite causes B12 deficiency?
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
(latum licks B12) |
|
What parasite causes biliary tract disease?
|
Clonorchis sinesis
|
|
What parasite causes hemoptysis?
|
Paragonius westermani
|
|
What parasite causes portal hypertension?
|
Schistosoma manisoni
(portal vein filled with shit-so) |
|
What parasite causes hematuria or bladder cancer?
|
Schistosoma haematobium
(bladder filled with shit-so) |
|
What parasite causes microcytic anemia?
|
Ancylostoma and Necator
both are hookworms |
|
What parasite causes perianal itching?
|
Enterobius (pinworm)
|
|
Define reassortment
|
when viruses with SEGMENTED genomes (influenza) exchange segments - causes pandemics
|
|
define complementation
|
2 viruses infect a cell. A nonmutated virus makes a functional protein that the mutated virus needs
|
|
What kind of immunity do live and killed vaccines induce?
|
live - humoral and cell mediated
killed - humoral |
|
What viral vaccines are live?
|
smallpox, yellow fever, chicken pox, Sabin's polio and MMR
(Live! see SMALL YELLOW CHICKENS get vaccinated with SABINS and MMR) btw. MMR is the only live vaccine that can be given to immunocomp. |
|
purified nucleic acid of what dsDNA viruse are NOT infectious?
|
Poxviruses and HBV
|
|
What RNA viruses DON'T replicate in the cytoplasm?
|
influenza and retroviruses
|
|
What viruses are naked ?
|
Adeno
Parvo Papilloma Polyoma Reo Picorna Hepe Calci |
|
Which enveloped viruses gets their coats from the host nuclear membrane?
|
Herpesviruses
|
|
Are DNA viruses single or double stranded?
|
all are double except parvo
|
|
What DNA viruses are not linear?
|
circular - papilloma, polyoma
circular, incomplete - hepadna |
|
Name all viruses in herpes fam
|
HSV 1
HSV 2 VZV - EBV - CMV - infections in immunocomp HHV6 - roseola HHV8 - Kaposi's sarcoma |
|
What does adenovirus cause?
|
sore throat
PNA pink eye outbreaks of acute hem cystitis in kids |
|
What is the human receptor for parvovirus and what does this virus cause?
|
P antigen on RBCs - replicates in marrow
erythema infectiosum - slapped cheek hydrops fetalis chronic arthritis aplastic crisis in HbS |
|
What are the viruses in the polyomavirus family?
|
JC - progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
|
|
What are the viruses in the poxvirus family?
|
Smallpox
Vaccinia Molluscum contagiosum - volcano like lesions with sandy crater |
|
What does HSV-1 cause?
|
primary: sick, gum lesions, cervical lymphadenopathy
secondary: oral lesions keratoconjunctivitis temporal lobe encephalitis |
|
What is EBV associated with?
|
nasopharyngeal carcioma
endemic Burkitt's lymphoma development of Hodgkins btw, EBV uses B cell CD 21 as a receptor and immortalizes B cells |
|
What viruses cause mono?
|
EBV (monospot positive)
CMV (monospot negative) HHV6 - roseola btw, monospot = IgM heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs |
|
What virus commonly causes problems in transplants?
|
CMV
|
|
How to identify HSV lesions
|
Tzank test - detect multinuc giant cells
infected cells also have intranuc Cowdry A inclusions |
|
What RNA viruses are - ss and linear?
|
Orthomyxo
Paramyxo Rhabdo Delta |
|
What viruses are members of the Picornavirus family?
|
Polio
Echo Rhino Coxsakie HAV PickanOrange on the PERCH |
|
What is the #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children?
|
Rotavirus
belongs to Reovirus family problems with this virus in daycare and kindergarten |
|
What is special about Reoviruses?
|
they are ds RNA
|
|
What does the Norwalk virus cause and what family does it belong to?
|
gastroenteritis epidemics.
Calcivruses (think Indian food in NORWALK - gives diarrhea - Indos need to eat CALCIUM) |
|
What virus family does HEV belong to?
|
Hepevirus
|
|
What viruses give the common cold?
|
Rhino - naked RNA
Corona Adenom |
|
What are the viruses in the Flavivirus family?
|
HCV
Yellow Fever Dengue West Nile St Louis encephalitis |
|
What virus families do mumps, measles and rubella fall under?
|
Mumps - Paramyxo
measles - paramyxo rubella - Toga |
|
What viruses are retroviruses?
|
HIV
HTLV (causes T cell leukemia - esp in Japanese) |
|
What viruses are in the Paramyxo family?
|
PaRaMyxo
Parainfluenza - croup RSV - bronchiolitis rubeola AKA Measles Mumps |
|
What RNA viruses are segmented?
|
Ortho (influenza)
Reo (rotavirus) |
|
Describe the influenza virus
|
Orthomyxovirus. - ss RNA segmented.
hemagglutinin promotes entry (immunity from anti-hemagglutinin IgGs which prevent virus binding to host cells) neuraminidase promotes progeny release |
|
What causes croup and what are the S/S?
|
parainfluenza virus (ss - RNA, Paramyxo family)
seal-like barking cough, steeple sign, laryngiotracheobronchitis |
|
S/S of rubeola
|
AKA measles
Cough Coryza (runny nose) Conjunctivitis Koplik's spots (red spots with blue/white center on buccal mucosa) |
|
S/S of mumps
|
Parotitis
Orchitis Meningitis Mumps makes your parotids and testis as big as POM-poms |
|
S/S Rabies
|
Rhabdovirus family
Negri bodies (eosino neuronal inclusions) fever - agitation, dysphagia, photophobia - paralysis, coma - death |
|
Which Hepatitis viruses are naked?
|
A/E
(these are fecal oral, acute) |
|
Which Hepatitis viruses have parenteral transmission?
|
B, C, D
(these are enveloped, chronic) |
|
How are hepatocytes damaged in hepatitis and what does it look like histologically?
|
CMI
ballooning degeneration with mononuclear infiltrate |
|
Hep A associations
|
(Picorna +ss RNA)
Asymptomatic (usually) Acute |
|
Hep B associations
|
(Hepadna ds DNA, partically circular)
- long, insidious incubation - has reverse transcriptase (dsDNA - template + RNA - ds DNA progeny) - high risk of vertical transmission if Mom has high e Ag polyarteritis NODOSAAAAA |
|
Hep C associations
|
(Flavivirus +ss RNA)
Cirrhosis Carcinoma post transfusion and IV hepatitis unstable cuz no 3' to 5' exonuclease and env glycoptn has hypervariable region |
|
Hep E associations
|
Expectant mothers
Epidemics |
|
Are Hep A antibodies protective?
Are Hep C antibodies protective? |
Yes
No - cuz Hep C is an unstable virus! |
|
What is the marker for the window period in Hep B infection?
|
core Ab IgM
|
|
what do these tell you about a patients Hep B infection?
- S Ab - E antigen - Core Ab |
anti S = immune or not
E antigen = high/low infectivity (e for enfectivity) anti C = acute (IgM) vs chronic (IgG) |
|
What antibodies does a person have after recovering from Hep B?
|
anti-S
anti-e anti-C IgG |
|
What does HIV bind to?
|
it's gp120 binds host CD4/CXCR4 and CD4/CCR5
(CCR5 mutations in host give partial/total immunity to HIV) |
|
What do the env and gag genes of HIV do?
|
env makes gp160 which is cleaved into gp120 (binding), gp 41 (fusion)
gag makes p24 (capsid) |
|
What is the screening and confirmatory tests for HIV?
|
screening - ELIZA
confirmatory - Western |
|
What bacteria colonize the colon?
|
Bacteroides fragilis > E coli
|
|
What sort of foods cause S aureus food poisoning?
|
mayo, custard
|
|
What sort of foods cause C perfringens food poisoning?
|
reheated meat
(this is late onset food poisoning) |
|
What diseases does Coxsackie cause?
|
aseptic meningitis
herpangina (mouth blisters) febrile pharyngitis hand foot mouth disease myocarditis |
|
What microorganisms frequently infect diabetics?
|
Klebsiella
Mucor/Rhizopus |
|
What fungi ...
has broad based buds macrophages filled with fungi spherules with endospores |
broad based buds - Blasto
macrophages with fungi - Histo spherules with endospores - Coccidio |
|
What fungi form
narrow based buds wide branched nonseptate hyphae pseudohyphae and germ tubes V shaped septate hyphae w/ coronas |
narrow based buds - Crypto
wide branched nonseptate hyphae - Mucor pseudohyphae and germ tubes - Candida V shaped septate hyphae w/ coronas - Aspergillus |
|
What does dimorphic fungi mean and what fungi are dimorphic?
|
cold = mold, heat = yeast
(except coccidio.. cold = spherule, heat = yeast) Blasto, Histo, Coccidio, Sporothrix schenckii |
|
What are the causes of bronchitis and bronchiolitis?
|
RSV (paramyxo env - ssRNA)
Influenza (ortho env - ssRNA) Corona (corona env, + ssRNA) |
|
MCC of pneumonia in
newborns 6 mo - 6 years 6-60 years |
newborns - Group B strep
6 mo - 6 years N meningitidis 6-60 years S pneumo |
|
What levels cell type, protein and sugar do you see in bact, fungal/TB, viral meningitis?
|
Bacterial
high PMNs, high ptn, low sugar Fungal/TB high lympho, high ptn, low sugar Viral high lympho, normal/high ptn, normal sugar |
|
In what conditions does Strep bovis grow?
|
bile without 6.5% NaCl
|
|
What is the MCC of diarrhea transmitted from domestic animals?
|
Campy
(MCC of diarrhea in industrialized nations) Can lead to Guillan Barre - ascending, symmetric LMN demyelination by T cells and macros. see albuminocytologic dissocation (high ptn CSF with normal cell count) |
|
What microorganisms cause black necrotic lesions?
|
Bacillis anthracis
Pseudomonas Leishmaniasis Mucor/Rhizopus |
|
What are cryoglobulins and what diseases have them?
|
Proteins that become insoluble at low temps
HCV Multiple myeloma |
|
What is a latex agglutination test?
|
Latex beads covered with antibodies.
Mix in sample. If sample has antigen, latex beads will clump. |
|
How does the Shiga toxin function?
|
Inhibits the 60S ribosomal subunit
|
|
What fungi causes a TB-like disease?
|
Histo
has calcified granulomas in lungs with weight loss |
|
What kinds of people does Aspergillus commonly cause disease in?
|
- immunocomp
- CF - TB cavities (aspergilloma) - asthmatics (allergic bronchopulm aspergillosis -- high IgE, eosinophilia, leads to bronchiectasis) |
|
What is the function of interferons?
|
INF alpha/beta - inhibit viral ptn synthesis
(can be used at treatment in Hep and MS) INF gamma - stim macrophages, Th1 and inhibit Th2 |
|
What bacteria adhere onto previously damaged heart valves and how?
|
Strep viridans
adhere to fibrin on previously damaged valves by making dextrans from glucose |
|
What disease causes a painful genital ulcer?
|
Hemophilus ducreyi causes chancroids
see yellow/grey exudate on ulcer |
|
What is a koilocyte?
|
Seen in HPV -
dysplastic squamous cell with clear halo around nucleus and vacuoles seen in HPV 6, 11 (condyloma acuminata) and HPV 16, 18 (CIN) |
|
What is Gram - oxidase + curved rod ?
|
Vibrio cholera
|
|
During what process in malaria do fevers spike?
|
RBC lysis
|
|
Whats the treatment for giardia?
|
metronidazole
|
|
What is the treatment for pinworms?
|
Mebendazole
|
|
What is phenotypic mixing?
|
Viruses coinfect.
Virus A uses Virus B coat. But virus A progeny won't have B coat. |
|
Name the spirochetes
|
Leptospira
Treponema Borrelia |
|
What is the tx for strep pneumo?
|
PCN
|
|
Does Blasto disseminate?
|
Yes, to skin and bones
|
|
Where is the primary focus of Cryptococcus?
|
lungs
|
|
What are the S/S of adult Rubella?
|
rash
post auricular lymphadenopathy polyarthralgia |
|
What are the S/S of congenital Rubella?
|
sensorineural deafness
cataract PDA "blueberry muffin baby" |
|
What organisms stain with Geimsa?
|
Borrelia
Plasmodium trypanosome chlamydia |
|
What organisms stain with Ziehl Neelsen?
|
acid fast organisms
mycobact nocardia |
|
Gram - curved rod that survives alkaline env
|
V cholera
|
|
Gram - rod, urease +
|
H pylori
|
|
Gram - rod, curved, cannot survive alkaline env
|
Campy
|