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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name two genera of gram-positive cocci.
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1. Streptococcus
2. Staphylococcus |
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Name four genera of gram-positive bacilli.
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1. Bacillus
2. Clostridium 3. Corynebacterium 4. Listeria |
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Name two gram-positive bacilli that are spore-forming.
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1. Bacillus
2. Clostridium |
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Which gram-positive cocci are catalase positive (+)?
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Staphylococci (Staph aureus is catalase AND coagulase (+)).
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Name the streptococci that typically show the following pattern of hemolysis:
Alpha-hemolytic (green/partial hemolysis) |
Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridians group (eg, Streptococcus mutans)
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Name the streptococci that typically show the following pattern of hemolysis:
Beta-hemolytic |
Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae)
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Name the streptococci that typically show the following pattern of hemolysis:
Gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis) |
Group D (Enterococcus and Peptostreptococcus)
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How are S. pneumoniae and viridians streptococci (S. mutans) differentiated in the laboratory?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is bile soluble and optochin sensitive.
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How can capsulated S. pneumoniae bugs be detected in the laboratory?
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Capsulated S. pneumoniae are Quellung-positive thus, the capsule swells when antisera is added.
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What determines the Lancefield grouping of streptococci?
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Lancefield groupings of Streptococci are determined by the C-carbohydrate in the bacterial cell wall.
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How are Streptococcus groups A and B differentiated?
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GAS is bacitracin sensitive (GAS is BS)
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How are spores from gram-positive rods killed?
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Autoclave (spores are resistant to heat and most chemicals).
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Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Three pathogenic gram-negative cocci |
1. Neisseria meningitides
2. Neisseria gonorrhea 3. Moraxella catarrhalis |
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Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Six gram-negative coccobacilli |
1. Haemophilus influenzae
2. Pasteurella 3. Brucella 4. Bordetella pertussis 5. Francisella 6. Legionella |
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Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Three clinically important gram-negative rods that are typically lactose fermenting |
1. Enterobacter
2. Escherichia coli 3. Klebsiella (all implicated in urinary tract infections [UTIs]) |
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Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Two obligate intracellular organisms |
1. Chlamydia (steals adenosine triphosphate [ATP] from host)
2. Rickettsia (lacks coenzyme A [CoA] and nicotinamide adenine [NAD]->cannot produce own ATP) |
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Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Four obligate aerobes |
1. Nocardia
2. Pseudomonas 3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4. Bacillus |
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Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Three obligate anaerobes |
1. Clostridium
2. Bacteroides 3. Actinomyces (no catalase and/or superoxide dismutase->susceptible to oxidative damage) |
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How are the pathogenic Neisseria species differentiated in the laboratory?
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Neisseria meningitidis ferments maltose.
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How can Pseudomonas be rapidly differentiated from many lactose nonfermenters in the laboratory?
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Pseudomonas is oxidase positive.
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Corynebacterium diptheriae |
Tellurite agar of Loeffler media
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Bordetella pertussis |
Bordet-Gengou potato blood agar
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Neisseria gonorrhoea |
Thayer-Martin (VCN-vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin) and a selective medium
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Legionella pneumophila |
Charcoal yeast agar with iron and L-cysteine
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
Eaton agar
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Lowenstein-Jensen agar
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Vibrio species |
Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose (TCBS) agar
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Enterococcus |
40% bile and 6.5% NaCl
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Haemophilus influensae |
Chocolate agar (contains factor V [NAD] and X [hematin])
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Lactose-fermenters (Klebsiella, Escherichia, etc) |
MacConkey agar->pink colonies
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Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Fungi |
Sabouraud agar
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Which cell membrane structure is unique to gram-positive organisms?
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Teichoic acid
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Which molecule, unique to the bacterial cell wall, provides rigid support and resistance against osmotic pressure?
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Peptidoglycan
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Which heat-stable lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria?
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Endotoxin
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Which is the only gram-positive organism with LPS-lipid A?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Name five important systemic effects of endotoxin (particularly, lipid A).
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1. ^Interleukin (IL)-1->fever
2. ^Tissue necrosis factor (TNF) ->hemorrhagic tissue death 3. ^Nitric oxide->hypotension and shock 4. Activation of alternate complement pathway->^C3a (edema) and C5a (polymorphonuclear [PMN] chemotaxis) 5. Activation of factor XII-> coagulation cascade->DIC |
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Which has a higher toxicity, endotoxins or exotoxins?
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Exotoxins: fatal dose on the order of 1 microgram (vs hundreds of micrograms for endotoxins)
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Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
DNA is taken up directly from the environment by competent cells. |
Transformation (can occur in eukaryotic cells, too)
Medically important natural transformers: HHSNG: "Here, Have Some New Genes": H. pylori, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, N. gonorrhoea |
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Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
Plasmid or chromosomal DNA transferred from one bacterium to another via cell-to-cell contact. |
Conjugation
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Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another; can generalized or specialized. |
Transduction
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Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
DNA segments able to excise and reincorporate into different location. |
Transposons
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Superantigen that induces IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis in toxic shock syndrome; also leads to food poisoning. |
Staphylococcus aureus
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
alpha-toxin is a lecithinase->gas gangrene |
Clostridium perfringens
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Prevents the release of the neurotransmitter (NT) glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord ->paralysis |
Clostridium tetani
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
^Adenylate cyclase by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation ->whooping cough |
Bordetella pertussis
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Exotoxin encoded by beta-prophage; alpha subunit->inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2) halting protein synthesis; beta subunit->permits entry into cardiac and neural tissue |
Corynebacterium diptheriae
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Erythrogenic superantigen->rash in scarlet fever |
Streptococcus pyogenes
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Prevents release of acetylcholine (ACh)->central nervous system (CNS) paralysis; spores in canned food and honey, construction sites |
Clostridium botulinum
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Heat-stable toxin ^ guanylate cyclase; heat-labile toxin ^adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein->watery diarrhea |
Escherichia coli
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Inactivates the 60S ribosome->kills intestinal cells |
Shigella dysenteriae
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Permanent ADP ribosylation of G protein-> ^ adenylate cyclase-> ^ Cl- and H2O in gut->voluminous stools |
Vibrio cholerae
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Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Exotoxin A inhibits protein synthesis by blocking EF-2. |
Pseudomonas
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Which virulence factor allows organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces?
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IgA protease (eg, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae)
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Name the bacterial structure associated with each antigenic classification given below:
K-antigen |
Capsule (related to virulence of bacteria)
K-Kapsule |
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Name the bacterial structure associated with each antigenic classification given below:
O-antigen |
Outer portion of the polysaccharide of endotoxin
O=Outer |
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Name the bacterial structure associated with each antigenic classification given below:
H-antigen |
Flagella (seen in motile species)
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Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:
Group A Streptococcus |
M-protein, streptokinase, and hyalurondase
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Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:
Staphylococcus aureus |
Protein A (prevents complement fixation and phagocytosis), penicillinase, and hyaluronidase
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Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:
Streptococcus viridians |
Extracellular dextran->helps bind to heart valves
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Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:
Yersinia pestis |
F1 capsular antigen (antiphagocytic) and protease (degrades clots)
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Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:
Haemophilus influenzae |
Capsule: six types (a-f) and IgA protease
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Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:
Borrelia |
Antigenic variation
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Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Mycosides (cord factor, wax D, and sulfatides)
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Gram-positive rods with metachromatic granules |
Corynebacterium diptheriae
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Three urease (+) |
1. Helicobacter pylori
2. Proteus 3. Ureaplasma urealyticum |
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Aerosol transmission from environmental water source (eg, air conditioner) |
Legionella pneumophila
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Contains mycolic acid in membranes |
1. Mycobacterium
2. Nocardia |
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Peptidoglycan wall lacks muramic acid |
Chlamydiae
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Produces pyocyanin (blue-green) pigment |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Produces yellow-gold pigment |
Staphylococcus aureus
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Produces reddish pigment |
Serratia marcescens
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Filamentous, branching rods in a cervicofacial infection |
Actinomyces israelii
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Two forms: elementary and reticulate bodies |
Chlamydiae
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Pleomorphic gram-negative rods in "school-of-fish" pattern |
Haemophilus ducreyi
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Clue cells on wet mount |
Gardnerella vaginalis
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM) |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:
Two fungi-like bacteria |
1. Actinomyces israelii
2. Nocardia asteroides |
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome |
Chlamydia trachomatis or N. gonorrhea
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Invades GI mucosa->diarrhea; motile; can disseminate hematogenously |
Salmonella
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Infected dog or cat bites (or scratches) |
Pasteurella multocida
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Ghon complex |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (primary TB) Note: hilar nodes plus Ghon focus usually in lower lobe
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Meningitis and pneumonia in neonates |
Haemophilus influenzae
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Atypical pneumonia with avian reservoir |
Chlamydia psittaci
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Gas gangrene in traumatic open wounds |
Clostridium perfringens
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Infects skin and superficial nerves |
Mycobacterium leprae
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Fibrocaseous cavitary lung lesion |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (secondary TB) Note: usually at apex because ^ affinity ^ O2 environments
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Mycobacterium causing disseminated disease in AIDS patients |
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
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Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:
Mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in kids |
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
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Normal dominant flora of the nose.
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Staph aureus
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Normal dominant flora of the oropharynx.
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Group D Strep (viridians)
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Normal dominant flora of dental plaques.
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Strep mutans
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Normal dominant flora of the colon.
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Bacteroides fragilis > E. coli
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Normal dominant flora of the vagina.
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Lactobacillus; colonized by E. coli and group B Strep
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Normal dominant flora of the skin.
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Staph epidermidis
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What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with urinary catheters?
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Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis
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What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with respiratory therapy equipment and ventilators?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with wound infections?
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Staph aureus
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What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with water aerosols?
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Legionella sp.
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with kernicterus in infants.
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Sulfonamides and ceftriaxone
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with interstitial nephritis.
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Penicillins
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with disulfiram-like reactions.
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Metronidazole, 2nd gen cephalosporins
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with photosensitivity rash.
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Doxycycline
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with gray baby syndrome.
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chloramphenicol
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with megaloblastic anemia.
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trimethoprim (TMP)
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient patient.
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Sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and INH
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with hepatoxicity, vitamin B6 deficiency, lupuslike syndrome.
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INH (^t1/2 in slow acetylators)
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with pseudomembranous colitis.
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Clindamycin (most common)
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with Fanconi syndrome.
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Tetracycline
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
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aminoglycosides
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with red, pruritic rash on torso with rapid IV infusion (red man syndrome).
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vancomycin
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with reversible cholestatic hepatitis; ^GI motility.
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Erythromycin
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with achilles tendonitis; cartilage damage in laboratory animals.
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fluoroquinolones
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with red-orange discoloration of bodily secretions.
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rifampin
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with discoloration of teeth; suppressed bone growth in kids.
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tetracycline
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with aplastic anemia (dose independent).
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chloramphenicol
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Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
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polymixins
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Name six uses for metronidazole.
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1. Giardia
2. Entamoeba 3. Trichomonas 4. Gardnerella vaginalis 5. Anaerobes (C. difficile, bacteroides) 6. Helicobacter pylori (part of triple therapy) |
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Which drug is used as solo prophylaxis for TB?
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INH
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How do organisms develop resistance against vancomycin?
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D-lac (or D-ser) replaces terminal D-ala in cell wall--> decreased affinity of vancomycin for cell wall
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What protozoan is transmitted by Tsetse fly and shows antigenic variation?
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Trypanosoma brucei (gambiense and rhodesiense)
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What protozoan is transmitted by Anopheles mosquito?
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Plasmodium
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What protozoan is transmitted by Reduviid bug?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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What protozoan is transmitted by cysts in meat or cat feces?
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Toxoplasma
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What protozoan is transmitted by sandfly?
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Leishmania
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What protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite; cysts on acid-fast stain?
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Cryptosporidium
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What protozoan has Maltese "X" cross shape?
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Babesia
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What protozoan is pear-shaped, binucleate, flagellated trophozoite?
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Giardia lamblia
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What protozoan shows trophozoites and schizonts in blood smear?
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Plasmodium
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What protozoan--Macrophages containing amastigotes?
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Leismania donovani
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Oral/facial abscesses with sulfur granules in sinus tracts. |
Actinomyces israelii--penicillin G (IV)
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Currant jelly sputum. |
Klebsiella--1st or 2nd gen cephalosporins
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Woolsorter's disease. |
Bacillus anthracis--penicillin G or ciprofloxacin
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Scarlet fever, impetigo, and pharyngitis. |
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Pontiac fever. |
Legionella fever--macrolide (erythromycin and azithromycin)
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Gram-positive coccus causing sepsis/meningitis in a newborn. |
Streptococcus agalactiae--ampicillin
(Group B, think Babies) |
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Acute epiglottitis, meningitis, otitis, and pneumonia. |
Haemophilus influenzae--2nd gen cephalosporins (treat meningitis w/ ceftriaxone, plus rifampin for contacts)
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Gastritis and ~90% of duodenal ulcers |
Helicobacter pylori--triple therapy
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. |
Neisseria meningitidis-ceftriaxoneName the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis and burn patients. |
Pseudomonas cepacia--bactrim or ciprofloxacin
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Bacterial vaginosis w/ discharge and fishy odor. |
Gardnerella vaginalis-metronidazole
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Burn and wound infections with fruity odor. |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa--aminoglycoside plus antipseudomonal (eg, piperacillin and tazobactam)
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis. |
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin G
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Pseudomembranous colitis. |
Clostridium difficile--metronidazole or oral vancomycin
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Atypical "walking" pneumonia in young adult. |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae--erythromycin or doxycycline
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Urethritis/PID, neonatal conjunctivitis, and pneumonia. |
Chlamydia trachomatis types D to K--erythromycin eye drops in neonates, azithromycin for urethritis, pneumonia
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Lyme disease. |
Borrelia burgdorferi--doxycycline
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Malignant, vesicular papules covered with black eschar-->bacteremia and even death. |
Bacillus anthracis--penicillin G or ciprofloxacin
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Pneumonia, sepsis, otitis externa, UTIs, hot-tub folliculitis, osteomyelitis. |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa--aminoglycoside plus antipseudomonal piperacillin and tazobactam
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Undulant fever, Bang disease. |
Brucella sp.--doxycycline plus gentamicin or rifampin (pasteurize milk to prevent)
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Bubonic plague. |
Yersinia pestis--gentamicin
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Rocky Mountain spotted fever. |
Rickettsia rickettsii--tetracycline/doxycycline
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Trench fever (lasts 5 days; recurs in 5 day cycles) |
Bartonella quintana--gentamycin/doxycyclin
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Tabes dorsalis, aortitis, and gummas. |
Treponema pallidum (tertiary syphilis)--penicillin G
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Q fever. |
Coxiella burnetii--doxycycline
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Weil disease. |
Leptospira interrogans--penicillin G
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Yaws. |
Treponema pertenue--penicillin G
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Pott disease. |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (disseminated)--four drug anti-TB therapy, including rifampin plus INH
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Dental caries. |
Streptococcus mutans--amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulonic acid (prevention w/ topical fluoride/chlorhexidine)
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Rheumatic fever. |
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin G
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome. |
Staphylococcus aureus--penicillin agent (vancomycin if MRSA)
|
|
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Hansen disease. |
Mycobacterium leprae--dapsone plus clofazimine or rifampin
|
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What is the differential for a rash affecting the palms and soles?
|
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackie A), and Kawasaki syndrome
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Rheumatic fever. |
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin G
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome. |
Staphylococcus aureus--penicillin agent (vancomycin if MRSA)
|
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Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Hansen disease. |
Mycobacterium leprae--dapsone plus clofazimine or rifampin
|
|
What is the differential for a rash affecting the palms and soles?
|
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackie A), and Kawasaki syndrome
|