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167 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Name two genera of gram-positive cocci.
1. Streptococcus
2. Staphylococcus
Name four genera of gram-positive bacilli.
1. Bacillus
2. Clostridium
3. Corynebacterium
4. Listeria
Name two gram-positive bacilli that are spore-forming.
1. Bacillus
2. Clostridium
Which gram-positive cocci are catalase positive (+)?
Staphylococci (Staph aureus is catalase AND coagulase (+)).
Name the streptococci that typically show the following pattern of hemolysis:
Alpha-hemolytic (green/partial hemolysis)
Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridians group (eg, Streptococcus mutans)
Name the streptococci that typically show the following pattern of hemolysis:
Beta-hemolytic
Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae)
Name the streptococci that typically show the following pattern of hemolysis:
Gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis)
Group D (Enterococcus and Peptostreptococcus)
How are S. pneumoniae and viridians streptococci (S. mutans) differentiated in the laboratory?
Streptococcus pneumoniae is bile soluble and optochin sensitive.
How can capsulated S. pneumoniae bugs be detected in the laboratory?
Capsulated S. pneumoniae are Quellung-positive thus, the capsule swells when antisera is added.
What determines the Lancefield grouping of streptococci?
Lancefield groupings of Streptococci are determined by the C-carbohydrate in the bacterial cell wall.
How are Streptococcus groups A and B differentiated?
GAS is bacitracin sensitive (GAS is BS)
How are spores from gram-positive rods killed?
Autoclave (spores are resistant to heat and most chemicals).
Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Three pathogenic gram-negative cocci
1. Neisseria meningitides
2. Neisseria gonorrhea
3. Moraxella catarrhalis
Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Six gram-negative coccobacilli
1. Haemophilus influenzae
2. Pasteurella
3. Brucella
4. Bordetella pertussis
5. Francisella
6. Legionella
Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Three clinically important gram-negative rods that are typically lactose fermenting
1. Enterobacter
2. Escherichia coli
3. Klebsiella (all implicated in urinary tract infections [UTIs])
Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Two obligate intracellular organisms
1. Chlamydia (steals adenosine triphosphate [ATP] from host)
2. Rickettsia (lacks coenzyme A [CoA] and nicotinamide adenine [NAD]->cannot produce own ATP)
Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Four obligate aerobes
1. Nocardia
2. Pseudomonas
3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4. Bacillus
Name the gram-negative organisms associated with each of the following statements:
Three obligate anaerobes
1. Clostridium
2. Bacteroides
3. Actinomyces (no catalase and/or superoxide dismutase->susceptible to oxidative damage)
How are the pathogenic Neisseria species differentiated in the laboratory?
Neisseria meningitidis ferments maltose.
How can Pseudomonas be rapidly differentiated from many lactose nonfermenters in the laboratory?
Pseudomonas is oxidase positive.
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Tellurite agar of Loeffler media
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Bordetella pertussis
Bordet-Gengou potato blood agar
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Thayer-Martin (VCN-vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin) and a selective medium
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Legionella pneumophila
Charcoal yeast agar with iron and L-cysteine
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Eaton agar
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lowenstein-Jensen agar
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Vibrio species
Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose (TCBS) agar
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Enterococcus
40% bile and 6.5% NaCl
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Haemophilus influensae
Chocolate agar (contains factor V [NAD] and X [hematin])
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Lactose-fermenters (Klebsiella, Escherichia, etc)
MacConkey agar->pink colonies
Provide culture requirements or conditions for each of the following bacteria:
Fungi
Sabouraud agar
Which cell membrane structure is unique to gram-positive organisms?
Teichoic acid
Which molecule, unique to the bacterial cell wall, provides rigid support and resistance against osmotic pressure?
Peptidoglycan
Which heat-stable lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria?
Endotoxin
Which is the only gram-positive organism with LPS-lipid A?
Listeria monocytogenes
Name five important systemic effects of endotoxin (particularly, lipid A).
1. ^Interleukin (IL)-1->fever
2. ^Tissue necrosis factor (TNF) ->hemorrhagic tissue death
3. ^Nitric oxide->hypotension and shock
4. Activation of alternate complement pathway->^C3a (edema) and C5a (polymorphonuclear [PMN] chemotaxis)
5. Activation of factor XII-> coagulation cascade->DIC
Which has a higher toxicity, endotoxins or exotoxins?
Exotoxins: fatal dose on the order of 1 microgram (vs hundreds of micrograms for endotoxins)
Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
DNA is taken up directly from the environment by competent cells.
Transformation (can occur in eukaryotic cells, too)
Medically important natural transformers: HHSNG: "Here, Have Some New Genes": H. pylori, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, N. gonorrhoea
Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
Plasmid or chromosomal DNA transferred from one bacterium to another via cell-to-cell contact.
Conjugation
Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another; can generalized or specialized.
Transduction
Name the mechanism of DNA transfer characterized by the following statements:
DNA segments able to excise and reincorporate into different location.
Transposons
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Superantigen that induces IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis in toxic shock syndrome; also leads to food poisoning.
Staphylococcus aureus
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
alpha-toxin is a lecithinase->gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Prevents the release of the neurotransmitter (NT) glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord ->paralysis
Clostridium tetani
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
^Adenylate cyclase by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation ->whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Exotoxin encoded by beta-prophage; alpha subunit->inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2) halting protein synthesis; beta subunit->permits entry into cardiac and neural tissue
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Erythrogenic superantigen->rash in scarlet fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Prevents release of acetylcholine (ACh)->central nervous system (CNS) paralysis; spores in canned food and honey, construction sites
Clostridium botulinum
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Heat-stable toxin ^ guanylate cyclase; heat-labile toxin ^adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein->watery diarrhea
Escherichia coli
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Inactivates the 60S ribosome->kills intestinal cells
Shigella dysenteriae
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Permanent ADP ribosylation of G protein-> ^ adenylate cyclase-> ^ Cl- and H2O in gut->voluminous stools
Vibrio cholerae
Name the bacterium whose exotoxin has the following effects:
Exotoxin A inhibits protein synthesis by blocking EF-2.
Pseudomonas
Which virulence factor allows organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces?
IgA protease (eg, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae)
Name the bacterial structure associated with each antigenic classification given below:

K-antigen
Capsule (related to virulence of bacteria)
K-Kapsule
Name the bacterial structure associated with each antigenic classification given below:

O-antigen
Outer portion of the polysaccharide of endotoxin
O=Outer
Name the bacterial structure associated with each antigenic classification given below:

H-antigen
Flagella (seen in motile species)
Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:

Group A Streptococcus
M-protein, streptokinase, and hyalurondase
Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:

Staphylococcus aureus
Protein A (prevents complement fixation and phagocytosis), penicillinase, and hyaluronidase
Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:

Streptococcus viridians
Extracellular dextran->helps bind to heart valves
Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:

Yersinia pestis
F1 capsular antigen (antiphagocytic) and protease (degrades clots)
Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:

Haemophilus influenzae
Capsule: six types (a-f) and IgA protease
Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:

Borrelia
Antigenic variation
Name the key virulence factor(s) associated with each of the following organisms:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycosides (cord factor, wax D, and sulfatides)
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Gram-positive rods with metachromatic granules
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Three urease (+)
1. Helicobacter pylori
2. Proteus
3. Ureaplasma urealyticum
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Aerosol transmission from environmental water source (eg, air conditioner)
Legionella pneumophila
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Contains mycolic acid in membranes
1. Mycobacterium
2. Nocardia
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Peptidoglycan wall lacks muramic acid
Chlamydiae
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Produces pyocyanin (blue-green) pigment
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Produces yellow-gold pigment
Staphylococcus aureus
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Produces reddish pigment
Serratia marcescens
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Filamentous, branching rods in a cervicofacial infection
Actinomyces israelii
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Two forms: elementary and reticulate bodies
Chlamydiae
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Pleomorphic gram-negative rods in "school-of-fish" pattern
Haemophilus ducreyi
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Clue cells on wet mount
Gardnerella vaginalis
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Name the organism(s) associated each of the following characteristics:

Two fungi-like bacteria
1. Actinomyces israelii
2. Nocardia asteroides
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome
Chlamydia trachomatis or N. gonorrhea
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Invades GI mucosa->diarrhea; motile; can disseminate hematogenously
Salmonella
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Infected dog or cat bites (or scratches)
Pasteurella multocida
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Ghon complex
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (primary TB) Note: hilar nodes plus Ghon focus usually in lower lobe
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Meningitis and pneumonia in neonates
Haemophilus influenzae
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Atypical pneumonia with avian reservoir
Chlamydia psittaci
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Gas gangrene in traumatic open wounds
Clostridium perfringens
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Infects skin and superficial nerves
Mycobacterium leprae
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Fibrocaseous cavitary lung lesion
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (secondary TB) Note: usually at apex because ^ affinity ^ O2 environments
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Mycobacterium causing disseminated disease in AIDS patients
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
Name the organism(s) associated with the following pathology:

Mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in kids
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
Normal dominant flora of the nose.
Staph aureus
Normal dominant flora of the oropharynx.
Group D Strep (viridians)
Normal dominant flora of dental plaques.
Strep mutans
Normal dominant flora of the colon.
Bacteroides fragilis > E. coli
Normal dominant flora of the vagina.
Lactobacillus; colonized by E. coli and group B Strep
Normal dominant flora of the skin.
Staph epidermidis
What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with urinary catheters?
Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis
What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with respiratory therapy equipment and ventilators?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with wound infections?
Staph aureus
What is the nosocomial pathogen(s) associated with water aerosols?
Legionella sp.
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with kernicterus in infants.
Sulfonamides and ceftriaxone
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with interstitial nephritis.
Penicillins
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with disulfiram-like reactions.
Metronidazole, 2nd gen cephalosporins
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with photosensitivity rash.
Doxycycline
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with gray baby syndrome.
chloramphenicol
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with megaloblastic anemia.
trimethoprim (TMP)
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient patient.
Sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and INH
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with hepatoxicity, vitamin B6 deficiency, lupuslike syndrome.
INH (^t1/2 in slow acetylators)
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with pseudomembranous colitis.
Clindamycin (most common)
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with Fanconi syndrome.
Tetracycline
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
aminoglycosides
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with red, pruritic rash on torso with rapid IV infusion (red man syndrome).
vancomycin
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with reversible cholestatic hepatitis; ^GI motility.
Erythromycin
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with achilles tendonitis; cartilage damage in laboratory animals.
fluoroquinolones
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with red-orange discoloration of bodily secretions.
rifampin
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with discoloration of teeth; suppressed bone growth in kids.
tetracycline
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with aplastic anemia (dose independent).
chloramphenicol
Name the antibacterial drug(s) associated with neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
polymixins
Name six uses for metronidazole.
1. Giardia
2. Entamoeba
3. Trichomonas
4. Gardnerella vaginalis
5. Anaerobes (C. difficile, bacteroides)
6. Helicobacter pylori (part of triple therapy)
Which drug is used as solo prophylaxis for TB?
INH
How do organisms develop resistance against vancomycin?
D-lac (or D-ser) replaces terminal D-ala in cell wall--> decreased affinity of vancomycin for cell wall
What protozoan is transmitted by Tsetse fly and shows antigenic variation?
Trypanosoma brucei (gambiense and rhodesiense)
What protozoan is transmitted by Anopheles mosquito?
Plasmodium
What protozoan is transmitted by Reduviid bug?
Trypanosoma cruzi
What protozoan is transmitted by cysts in meat or cat feces?
Toxoplasma
What protozoan is transmitted by sandfly?
Leishmania
What protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite; cysts on acid-fast stain?
Cryptosporidium
What protozoan has Maltese "X" cross shape?
Babesia
What protozoan is pear-shaped, binucleate, flagellated trophozoite?
Giardia lamblia
What protozoan shows trophozoites and schizonts in blood smear?
Plasmodium
What protozoan--Macrophages containing amastigotes?
Leismania donovani
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Oral/facial abscesses with sulfur granules in sinus tracts.
Actinomyces israelii--penicillin G (IV)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Currant jelly sputum.
Klebsiella--1st or 2nd gen cephalosporins
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Woolsorter's disease.
Bacillus anthracis--penicillin G or ciprofloxacin
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Scarlet fever, impetigo, and pharyngitis.
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Pontiac fever.
Legionella fever--macrolide (erythromycin and azithromycin)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Gram-positive coccus causing sepsis/meningitis in a newborn.
Streptococcus agalactiae--ampicillin
(Group B, think Babies)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Acute epiglottitis, meningitis, otitis, and pneumonia.
Haemophilus influenzae--2nd gen cephalosporins (treat meningitis w/ ceftriaxone, plus rifampin for contacts)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Gastritis and ~90% of duodenal ulcers
Helicobacter pylori--triple therapy
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
Neisseria meningitidis-ceftriaxoneName the organism and the drug(s) of choice:
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis and burn patients.
Pseudomonas cepacia--bactrim or ciprofloxacin
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Bacterial vaginosis w/ discharge and fishy odor.
Gardnerella vaginalis-metronidazole
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Burn and wound infections with fruity odor.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa--aminoglycoside plus antipseudomonal (eg, piperacillin and tazobactam)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis.
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin G
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Pseudomembranous colitis.
Clostridium difficile--metronidazole or oral vancomycin
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Atypical "walking" pneumonia in young adult.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae--erythromycin or doxycycline
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Urethritis/PID, neonatal conjunctivitis, and pneumonia.
Chlamydia trachomatis types D to K--erythromycin eye drops in neonates, azithromycin for urethritis, pneumonia
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Lyme disease.
Borrelia burgdorferi--doxycycline
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Malignant, vesicular papules covered with black eschar-->bacteremia and even death.
Bacillus anthracis--penicillin G or ciprofloxacin
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Pneumonia, sepsis, otitis externa, UTIs, hot-tub folliculitis, osteomyelitis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa--aminoglycoside plus antipseudomonal piperacillin and tazobactam
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Undulant fever, Bang disease.
Brucella sp.--doxycycline plus gentamicin or rifampin (pasteurize milk to prevent)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Bubonic plague.
Yersinia pestis--gentamicin
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Rickettsia rickettsii--tetracycline/doxycycline
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Trench fever (lasts 5 days; recurs in 5 day cycles)
Bartonella quintana--gentamycin/doxycyclin
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Tabes dorsalis, aortitis, and gummas.
Treponema pallidum (tertiary syphilis)--penicillin G
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Q fever.
Coxiella burnetii--doxycycline
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Weil disease.
Leptospira interrogans--penicillin G
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Yaws.
Treponema pertenue--penicillin G
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Pott disease.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (disseminated)--four drug anti-TB therapy, including rifampin plus INH
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Dental caries.
Streptococcus mutans--amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulonic acid (prevention w/ topical fluoride/chlorhexidine)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Rheumatic fever.
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin G
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome.
Staphylococcus aureus--penicillin agent (vancomycin if MRSA)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Hansen disease.
Mycobacterium leprae--dapsone plus clofazimine or rifampin
What is the differential for a rash affecting the palms and soles?
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackie A), and Kawasaki syndrome
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Rheumatic fever.
Streptococcus pyogenes--penicillin G
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome.
Staphylococcus aureus--penicillin agent (vancomycin if MRSA)
Name the organism and the drug(s) of choice:

Hansen disease.
Mycobacterium leprae--dapsone plus clofazimine or rifampin
What is the differential for a rash affecting the palms and soles?
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackie A), and Kawasaki syndrome