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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two diseases associated with borrelia
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relapsing fever and lyme disease
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what family is borrelia a part of
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spirochaete (close relative of leptospira and treponema)
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Is borrelia a aerobe or anaerobe and what does it invade?
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Aerobe and it invades mucous membrane and blood
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What is relapsing fever caused by?
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B. Recurrentis
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What is relapsing fever transmitted by?
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Lice (epidemic) and ticks (endemic) and rodents
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How do lice, ticks and rodents transmit relapsing fever?
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Lice- crushing of lice
Ticks- inject the agent Rodents- are just natural hosts |
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What are the predisposing factors for relapsing fever?
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War, flood, famine, close living conditions
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What is the mortality rate for relapsing fever?
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5-70%
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How does relapsing fever begin?
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With an abrupt high fever, nausea, photophobia, jaundice
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What happens when relapsing fever actually relapses? And how often does it do this?
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It relapses when it forms a new mutant. This happens 3 - 4 times.
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What is the treatment for relapsing fever?
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penicillin and tetracycline
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What is the prevention for relapsing fever?
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Rodent control
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Is there a vaccine for relapsing fever?
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No!
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What causes lyme disease?
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B. Burgdorferi
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Where was lyme disease first found?
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Lyme County, CT
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What animals carry and transmit the disease?
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Deer, dogs, horses, and cows all carry the disease.
Ticks transmit the disease. |
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What are the three types of ticks and where are they found?
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Ixodes Scapularis- Eastern US
I. Ricinus- Europe I. Pacificus- Western US |
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What what the earlier name for I. Scapularis?
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I. Dammini (the tick found in the eastern US)
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What are the symptoms of lyme disease?
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Flu like symptoms followed by bulls eye rash
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What are the three stages of lyme disease?
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1) erythema chronocium migrans
2) neurological symptoms with cardiovascular mainifesations 3) Arthritis |
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What happens in the first stage of lyme disease?
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Erythema Chronicum Migrans
Bull's eye rash, fatigue, fever, chills, malaise, headache, backache |
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What happens in the second stage of lyme disease?
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Neurological symptoms with cardiovascular manifestations
Palpatations, dizziness, shortness of breath, arrhymias, myocarditis, bell's palsy |
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What happens in the third stage of lyme disease?
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Arthritis
Joint pain, swelling of big joints, rheumatoid arthritis |
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How long does the third stage of lyme disease last?
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Weeks, months or years
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What is the treatment for lyme disease?
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amoxicillin or tetracycline
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Is there a vaccine for lyme disease (B. burgdorferi)
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Yes, but only used in high risk people
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What does lyme disease initiate the production of?
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Interleukin-1
This affects the hypothalamus, WBC, synovial cells, chondrocytes, lymphocytes |
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What is associated with bull's eye rash?
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Stage one of lyme disease
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Is lyme disease an anaerobe or aerobe? Blood or non blood bourne?
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Aerobe; blood bourne
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Is borrelia thin or thick, motile or non motile, positive, negative, or neither when concerning gram staining?
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Thin; motile; and non gram
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What is tularensis caused by?
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Franciella Tularensis
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What is tularensis caused by?
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Franciella Tularensis
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What are other names for tularensis?
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Deer fly fever, rabbit fever, O'Hara fever, housewives kitchen knife fever
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What are other names for tularensis?
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Deer fly fever, rabbit fever, O'Hara fever, housewives kitchen knife fever
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What was tularensis (Franciella Tularensis) previous called?
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Yersinia tularensis
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What was tularensis (Franciella Tularensis) previous called?
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Yersinia tularensis
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What is the gram staining and shape of tularensis?
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Gram negative
Plump or coccobacillary |
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What is the gram staining and shape of tularensis?
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Gram negative
Plump or coccobacillary |
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What is tularensis carried and transmitted by?
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Carried by- rabbits, rats, mammals
Transmitted by- ticks, deer flies Linked to rabbit hunting season and skinning of animals |
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What is tularensis carried and transmitted by?
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Carried by- rabbits, rats, mammals
Transmitted by- ticks, deer flies Linked to rabbit hunting season and skinning of animals |
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How do ticks transmit tularensis?
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Their eggs carry the organism (transovarian transmission)
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How do ticks transmit tularensis?
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Their eggs carry the organism (transovarian transmission)
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What are the clinical mainifestations of tularensis?
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Ulcero-glandular, Typhoid like, oropharyngeal, gastro-intestional, tularemic meningitis, pulmonary tularemia
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What are the clinical mainifestations of tularensis?
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Ulcero-glandular, Typhoid like, oropharyngeal, gastro-intestional, tularemic meningitis, pulmonary tularemia
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What is the most common and second most common clinical manifestions of tularensis?
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1st: ulcero-glandular; transmitted on fingers
2nd: Typhus/ Typhoid like |
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What is the most common and second most common clinical manifestions of tularensis?
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1st: ulcero-glandular; transmitted on fingers
2nd: Typhus/ Typhoid like |
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Describe the typhoid like manifestion of tularensis?
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2nd most common; MOST LIFE THREATENING; abrupt onset; high fevers; BUBOES; septicemia
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Describe the typhoid like manifestion of tularensis?
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2nd most common; MOST LIFE THREATENING; abrupt onset; high fevers; BUBOES; septicemia
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What clinical manifestion of tularensis has buboes?
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Typhoid like
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What clinical manifestion of tularensis has buboes?
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Typhoid like
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How do you get pulmonary tularemia?
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Inhalation of droplet
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How do you diagnose tularensis?
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history, use of serology
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Is tularensis easy to culture?
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NO
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What is the treatment for tularensis?
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streptomycin or tetracycline
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Is there a vaccine for tularensis?
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Yes, but it does not give life long immunity
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What are the two organisms associated with Cat Scratch Fever?
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Afipia Felis and Bartonella Henselae
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What does Cat Scratch Fever resemble?
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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How many cases of Cat Scratch Fever are there in the US per year
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25,000
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What percentage of Cat Scratch Fever is carried by cats and kittens?
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40%
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What are the symptoms of Cat Scratch Fever?
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Fever, headache, swollen glands
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What is the treatment for Cat Scratch Fever?
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Tetracycline and doxycycline
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What is rat bite fever caused by?
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Streptobacillis moniliformis
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How is rat bite fever transmitted?
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Rats, mice, squirrels, dogs, cats
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What is rat bite fever commonly mistaken as?
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Rocky mountain spotted fever
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What is the other form (spirillar fever) of rat bite fever caused by?
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Spirillum Minor
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What does spirillum minor form?
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An open ulcer and fever. The fever comes backs after months or years
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What is the treatment for rat bite fever (both streptobacillus moniliformis and spirillum minor)?
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streptomycin and penicillin
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What is afipia felis and bartonella henselae associated with?
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Cat scratch fever
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What is franciella tularensis associated with?
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Tularensis (AKA deer fly fever, rabbit fever, o'hara fever, housewive's kitchen knife fever)
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What are the top three most common STD?
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Clam., Herpes, Gonorrhea
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Does penicillin work on gonorrhea?
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No. It used to work in 1945 but has since become resisitant
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What does gonorrhea mean?
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flow of seed
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What is the gram stain and shape of gonorrhea?
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gram (-) and cocci
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What causes gonorrhea?
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Who first discovered gonorrhea?
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Albert Neisser in 1879
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When was gonorrhea first discovered?
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1879
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Is neisseriaceae sensitive to drying?
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Yes; but they can survive in dried pus for weeks
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The cocci on the pili in gonorrhea facilitate what?
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Attachment in urinary tract
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What does gonorrhea resemble?
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chlamydial infections
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Are carriers of gonorrhea always symptomatic?
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No; may remain asymptomatic and still transmit the disease
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What other organs can be attacked in gonorrhea? What is the most common?
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Pharyngeal- leads to bacteremia
Ano-rectal- in homosexual males Urethra- most common site |
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What is associated with PID?
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gonorrhea
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What can PID cause?
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It can cause sterility by tubal occulsion by scarring
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Bactermia in gonorrhea may result in
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Fever, joint pain, endocarditis, skin lesions (that can form pus)
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What is the eye infection called associated with gonorrhea?
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Ophthalmia neonotarum
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What can be used to prevent Ophthalmia neonotarum?
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AgNO3 in the eyes of newborns
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Do gonorrhea cultures need O2 or CO2 and what is is called?
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They need CO2 to grow and it is called capneic
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What is is called when something needs CO2 to grow?
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capneic
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Is diagnosing gonorrhea easy?
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Yes; best to use gram stain of last drip
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Why is gonorrhea penecillin resistant?
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Because it has beta lactamase which breaks down penecillin and makes it ineffective
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What was the treatment of gonorrhea in the past?
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Sulfonamides and penicillin
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Whats the treatment for gonorrhea today?
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Cephalosporin ceftriaxone (III generation), ciprofloxacin and azithromycin (erythromycin)
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What causes meningitis?
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Neisseria meningitidis
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How many cases are there of meningitis per year?
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2,000 to 3,000
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What is the mortality rate for meningitis with no treatment and with treatment?
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No treatment- 85%
Treatment- 1% |
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About how many people die per year of meningitis and why?
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300-500; mainly because delay in getting treatment
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What age group is meningitis most commonly seen in?
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15-24 year olds, college age; infants
In the past it was commonly seen in the military |
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Is meningitis an STD?
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NO!
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What is Neisseria meningitidis similar to?
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gonococci
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What does Neisseria meningitidis look like?
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gram negative
kidney shaped and in pairs |
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What was the treatment of gonorrhea in the past?
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Sulfonamides and penicillin
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Whats the treatment for gonorrhea today?
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Cephalosporin ceftriaxone (III generation), ciprofloxacin and azithromycin (erythromycin)
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What causes meningitis?
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Neisseria meningitidis
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How many cases are there of meningitis per year?
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2,000 to 3,000
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What is the mortality rate for meningitis with no treatment and with treatment?
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No treatment- 85%
Treatment- 1% |
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About how many people die per year of meningitis and why?
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300-500; mainly because delay in getting treatment
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What age group is meningitis most commonly seen in?
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15-24 year olds, college age; infants
In the past it was commonly seen in the military |
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Is meningitis an STD?
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NO!
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What is Neisseria meningitidis similar to?
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gonococci
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What does Neisseria meningitidis look like?
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gram negative
kidney shaped and in pairs |
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What kills in meningitis?
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The endotoxin shock
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How much more endotoxin does meningitis than any other bacteria?
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100 to 1,000 times more
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What is the path of the infection in meningitis?
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Nasopharynx to blood to meninges then to all parts of the body
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What is the waterhouse friderichsen syndrome associated with?
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meningitis; the rash and the fever
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What does the endotoxic shock cause in the body in meningitis?
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Clotting and massive hemorrhages
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What are other manifestions of meningitis?
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Petechial rash and high fever
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What is the treatment for meningitis?
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Penecillin, III generation cephalosporin, ampicillin
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Is there a vaccine for meningitis?
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Partially effective for A and C, but not against the most deadly B
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What is the prevention for meningitis?
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Do not overcrowd, do not overtire yourself, and Rifampin
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Where is the meningitis belt located?
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Northern Africa
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What are three types of treponema?
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T. pallidum- Syphilis and bejel
T. Carateum- Pinta T. Pertenue- Yaws |
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What is syphilis caused by?
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Treponeum Pallidum
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What is the shape of syphilis (t. pallidum)?
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tightly coiled, spiral, thin
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Is syphilis (t. pallidum) motile?
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Yes
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What type of microscopy is syphilis (t. pallidum) seen by?
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Dark or fluorescene microscopy
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How is syphilis (t. pallidum) transmitted?
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Close contact of mucous membranes (usally through sexual contact)
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Is syphilis (t. pallidum) blood bourne?
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Yes. It quickly becomes blood bourne after contact
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How long is the incubation stage of syphilis (t. pallidum)?
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2 to 6 weeks
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What are the stages of syphilis (t. pallidum) and what are they interrupted by?
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Primary stage; primary latent stage; secondary stage; secondary latent stage; tertiary stage
They are interrupted by times of latetency (quiescence or dormancy). |
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Are the dormant stages of syphilis (t. pallidum) predictiable?
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Nope.
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At the end of stage one of syphilis (t. pallidum) are you serologically positive? What about stage two?
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End of stage one- seriologically positive
End of stage two- blood test may be negative |
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What is formed in stage one of syphilis (t. pallidum)? About how long after the infection does this stage appear?
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A chancre is formed. Stage one begins about 3 weeks after infection.
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What is a chancre and what stage is it associated with?
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It is a hard, painless, nondischarging lesion
Stage one of syphilis (t. pallidum) |
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Where can a chancre escape detection?
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Internally or in the cervix of females
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What happens in the primary latent stage of syphilis (t. pallidum)?
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The external signs are gone and blood tests are positive for syphilis (t. pallidum)
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What stage is syphilis (t. pallidum) most contagious?
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Second stage
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What happens in stage two of syphilis (t. pallidum)? How long can this last for?
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Get a copper colored rash on palms and soles.
The symptoms may appear and disappear for up to five years |
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What happens in the secondary latent period?
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External signs are gone.
Blood test may be negative. |
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Could a person stay in secondary latent period for life?
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A person can stay in the is stage for life, or this stage may or may not happen in a person.
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What systems are mostly affected in tertiary syphilis (t. pallidum)?
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CNS and cardiovascular system
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What is the treatment for syphilis (t. pallidum)?
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Benzathine penicillin G and cephalosporins
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Is there a vaccine for syphilis (t. pallidum)?
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No
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Does it do any good to treat the actual site of syphilis (t. pallidum)?
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No it doesnt
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How does congenital syphilus occur?
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When treponemes cross the placenta from the mom to baby
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What can congenital syphilis cause?
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Gumma, hutchinson's teeth (notched inscisors), Saber shin (bowed shin bone), saddle nose (aged looking face)
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How can congenital syphilis be prevented?
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Penicillin during pregnancy
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What is Bejel?
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T. Pallidum (a non-veneral syphilis)
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How is t. pallidum (bejel) transmitted to humans?
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By animals (especially sheep)
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What is Yaws?
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T. perenue
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Is t. perenue (yaws) and STD?
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Nope
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What is the treatment in t. perenue (yaws)?
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Penicillin
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How is t. perenue (yaws) transmitted?
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Through contact and insects; found in man and other animals such as rabbits and baboons
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What animals are associated wtih t. perenue (yaws)?
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rabbits and baboons
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What parts of the body are involved in t. perenue (yaws)?
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Skin and bones
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Is t. perenue (yaws) much better or worse than syphilis?
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It is much milder
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What is Pinta?
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T. Carateum
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Where is t. carateum (pinta) found?
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Mexico, cuba, central and south america
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How is t. carateum (pinta) transmitted?
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non-veneral; insect and contact
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What happens as a result of t. carateum (pinta)?
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It causes scaly pigmented lesions involving the malpighian layer of the skin. It may cause atrophy, depigmentation, and scarring
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What is another name for granuloma inguinale?
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Donvanosis
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What is granuloma inguinale caused by?
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klebsiella granulomatis (previously called calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
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Are there many cases of granuloma inguinale in the US and in what population do we see this STD more commonly in?
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Nope; Mostly seen in gay men
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Can granuloma inguinale have non sexual transmission?
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Yes
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What forms in granuloma inguinale?
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1st forms painless ulcers on or around genital area and these can spread to other areas of the body by touch
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What happens to the skin after the ulcers have healed in granuloma inguinale?
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Skin pigmentation is lost
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What is identified in the dx of granuloma inguinale?
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Donovan Body (close safety pin like body)
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What is the treatment for granuloma inguinale?
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Ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin
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What is the result of haemophilus ducreyi?
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Chancroid/Soft cancre
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What is the shape, gram stain, and incubation period of haemophilus ducreyi?
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gram negative
rod incubation period- 3 to 5 days |
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What type of lesions happen in haemophilus ducreyi and where?
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They are painful lesions (unlike in primary syphilis).
In females they occur on the labia and clitoris In males they occur on the penis |
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Do lesions always occur in haemophilus ducreyi?
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No; sometimes just buring sensation after urination
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Are the lesions in haemophilus ducreyi no very infective?
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No, they are very infective. they can spread to groin and create bubos which can burst.
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What can the lesions in haemophilus ducreyi create?
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Bubos
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How do you dx haemophilus ducreyi?
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By scraping and identifying bacteria.
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What is the treatment for haemophilus ducreyi?
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tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfanilamide
Combo of trimethoprin and sulfamethoxazole |
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Is it common for a patient to have haemophilus ducreyi with other STDS
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Yes; such as with syphilis
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What STD is associated with chancroid?
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haemophilus ducreyi
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What is associated with klebsiella granulomatis?
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Granuloma inguinale
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What is the non-venereal syphilis?
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T. Pallidum (Bejel)
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What is associated with hutchinson's teeth, saber shin, and saddle nose?
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Congenital syphilis
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What did they used to use to treat syphilis?
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Arsenic and mercury
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What did Juagregg and Wagner do and what STD is it associated with?
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They created fever cabinents that raised a persons body temperature up really high to kill organism.
It is associated with syphilis |
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What is used in fever therapy?
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Plas. vivax which is used to raise body temperature. It is an organism that causes begnin malaria.
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What does quiscence mean?
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Dormancy or latent
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