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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Does Herpes Viridae have DNA or RNA; and what is it's structure?
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DNA and Double stranded
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Where does the Herpes virus like to hide out in the body
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The Neurons of the PNS/CNS
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Is Herpes Viridae a large or small virus?
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It is a relatively large virus
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Most animals that are infected with the Herpes virus show how many different types?
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One of more of 100 types have been discovered
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When virus has infected a cell how does it stay undetected?
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It is harbored by the cell as Double Stranded provirus
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What does being stored as a provirus due to its infectability?
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It manifests a latency period where the virus can be undetected for awhile
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Of the people infected with the Herpes virus how many are Herpes simplex (HSV) 1
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80-90% of all people
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What are some symptoms of Herpes simplex 1 virus
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Cold sores, Fever blisters, Keratitis, and rarely encephalitis
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Where on the body do you normally find Herpes simplex 1
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Any where above the belt
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What is a common drug for Herpes simplex 1 virus
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Vidarabine is most commonly used (or drugs like it)
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How is Herpes Simplex II characterized?
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Recurring blisters
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Where is Herpes Simplex II generally located on the body?
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Anywhere below the belt
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Can Herpes Simplex II be a causative agent of many clinical events?
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Yes it can
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How many people in the U.S. suffer from genital herpes?
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More than 20 million people
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How many new cases per year are there of genital herpes?
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1/2 a million new cases per year
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Are lesions essential for shedding or transmission of genital herpes?
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No a lesion is not essential
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What is a major reason for C-sections during pregnancy?
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Genital herpes (type II)
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What is used to treat Genital Herpes?
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Acyclovir
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When can genital herpes become neonatal herpes
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When the mother has genital herpes and the child goes through the birth canal
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Can a baby contract herpes in utero?
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Yes but only rarely. Herpes is not congenital
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What are some signs and symptoms of neonatal herpes?
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Skin lesions, poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea
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What are the affects of neonatal herpes?
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Respiratory problems cause hypoactivity and can cause death in 10 days
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If a child survives neonatal herpes what can they still suffer from?
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Long term the child develop nervous disorder and eye damage. It can cause neurological damage
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What is one of the most easy ways to prevent neonatal herpes?
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Early detection
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What is herpes of the mouth called?
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Gingivostomatitis
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What is herpes of the eyes called?
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Keratoconjunctivitis
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What are fever blisters called?
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Herpes Labialis
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What herpes virus causes very painful finger infection?
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Herpetic Whitlow
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What kind of herpes virus causes skin injuries of wrestlers?
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Herpes Gladiatorium
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What herpes causes a burn skin injury?
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Traumatic herpes
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Herpes meningio can cause what?
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Encepalitis
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What type of herpes is extremely rare?
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Herpes Pneumonia
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What kind of herpes attacks the skin?
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Exzema herpeticum
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Varicella - Zoster is a combination of what 2 diseases?
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Chicken pox and varicella
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How does the varicella-zoster enter the body?
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Through the heart and eyes
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Is varicella-zoster a contagious disease?
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Yes, it is highly contagious childhood disease
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What are some indications of varicella-zoster?
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Rose colored vesicular lesions; loaded with fluid; mimics a rash
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What is a secondary invader behind varicella zoster?
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Staphlococcus Aurues
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Why is Staphlococcus Aurues such a damaging secondary invader?
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Because it can be fatal due to the damage to blood vessels caused by Varicella-Zoster
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When are most of the cases of Varicella-Zoster seen?
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Between March and April
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What age group are most suseptible to contracting Varicella-Zoster?
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Children between the ages of 5-9 years old
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Are the signs and symptoms more severe in children or adults?
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Adults
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If one recovers from Varicella-Zoster how long does the immunity last?
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Recovering from Varicella-Zoster causes life long immunity
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When was the vaccine developed for Varicella-Zoster?
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1995
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What virus causes shingles girdle?
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The same one that causes Zoster
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How and where do shingles manifest on the body?
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They are very painful lesions along nerve routes
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What part of the population is most likely to be affected by shingles?
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Older immunocompromised 5% of population
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When does shingles manifest itself on the body?
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When the virus erupts out of its latent period
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Where in the body is the shingles virus housed during latency?
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The virus lives in ganglion in the cranium and newr the spine
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What are some predisposing factors for reactivation of the shingles virus?
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Immunosuppression lmphatic cancers, Spinal cord trauma, and Heavy metal poisoning
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Once a person has been infected with the shingles virus and recoveed can they still get it again?
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Yes, Shingles can occur more than once
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What percent of the population tests positive for the Cytomegalo virus?
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80%
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When is sickness seen with the cytomegalo virus?
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It is commonly seen in immunocompromised persons
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Is the cytomegalo virus cell mediated or not?
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it is cell mediated
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What are the symptoms of cytomegalo virus?
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In adults, malaise, myalgia, fever, lymphnode swelling
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What other virus does cytomegalo virus mimic?
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it manifests itself similar to mono
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Why is the cytomegalo virus so dangerous in new borns and fetus'?
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Because their immune system is not able to fight the virus
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If a fetus contracts the cytomegalo virus what is most commonly seen?
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A Teratoma - which is a birth defect that can cause retardation and brain damage
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How many infant/fetus cases per year are there of the cytomegalo virus
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4,000 cases per year
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Can the cytomegalo virus disseminate to other organs?
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Yes, it can also cause hearing loss, liver damage, and vision damage
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What is the agent that causes Burkitt's lymphona, infectious mononucleosis, as well as Hairy Leukoplakia
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Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
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Of the 3 diseases caused by the Epstein Barr Virus, which one is the most acute and has a very high recovery rate?
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Mononucleosis
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The diseases that Epstein Barr virus causes can mimic what other diseases/conditions?
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Cytomegalo virus, Toxoplasmosis, Acute Leukemia
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Burkitt's Lymphona is characterized as what?
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A tumor of the jaw, and viscera (mainly the liver and spleen)
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Who is most suseptible to Burkitt's Lymphona?
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Mainly children
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Where is Burkitt's lymphona most prevalent?
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In Africa where Malaria is endemic
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What is another known name for the cytomegalo virus
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Salivary gland virus
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Epstein Barr virus is in what genus type
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Lymphocryptovirus
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Polio, Rabies and Encephalitis are characterized as what kind of diseases?
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The are characterized as major Neurotropic diseases
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How many cases of Polio were there in the USA in 1952?
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58,000
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How many cases of Polio has there been in recent years in the U.S.?
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Less than 10
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What type of virus is Polio?
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Polio is a Picorna virus
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How many strains of Polio virus are there?
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3 strains
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Where in the body does the Polio viurs love to attack?
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Polio viurs has an affinity for motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain
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What percentage of people that have the Polio virus show neurological consequences?
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1-2%
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What is the percentage of people that have Polio virus suffer from partial or complete paralysis of the muscles
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Less than 1%
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Which part of the population show the worst signs and symptoms of the Polio virus?
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Very young and very old
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What factors increased the severity of Polio?
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Physical exhaustion, use of steroids, radiation, and pregnancy
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How is the Polio viurs transmitted?
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Through the air, water, food, and close contact
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How is Polio diagnosed?
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By isolation fo virus from throat, feces, and antibodies in blood
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How long do the symptoms of Polio usually last?
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For the most part they can last forever, particularly paralytic symptoms
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What are the 5 phases of Polio viurs?
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Entry, Alimentary, Lymphatic, Viremic, neurologic
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Of the 5 phases of Polio, what is the most serious phase?
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The paralytic neurologic phase
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Who was the person that developed the first vaccine for polio virus?
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Salk
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Who won a nobel prize for their work on the Polio virus?
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Weller and Robbins in the early 1950's
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Was Salk's vaccine for Polio a live attenuated vaccine or a killed vaccine?
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It was a Killed virus vaccine
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Who developed the live attenuated vaccine for polio?
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Sebin
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Which vaccine was more affective for the polio virus, the live one or the killed one?
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Live vaccine was more effective
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Which polio vaccine was more deadly to the person
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Live vaccine because of its possibility of side effects, mainly reversal. Killed vaccine was not
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In 1995 what vaccine was recommended for the polio virus?
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A combined vaccine of both the killed version as well as the live attuated version
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What is Post Polio Syndrome?
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It's where Polio survivors show muscle weakness or paralysis - not reactivation. Mostly due to overuse of compensating muscles
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When did Sebin develop the live attenuated vaccine for Polio?
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1963
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When did Salk's killed vaccine become available for the treatment of Polio virus?
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1955
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The study of Rabies comes from what field of study?
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Zoonosis
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Who was the first to study and develop a vaccine for the Rabies virus
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Louis Pasteur
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How was Rabies first diagnosed?
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Through an atopsy when the person had died; doctors found negri bodies in the cerebellum of patient or animal carrier
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Who was the first to find negri bodies in rabies patients?
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Negri
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How is Rabies diagnosed today?
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Through immunofluorocent antibody test (IFAT)
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What causes Rabies?
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The Rhabdo virus
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What is the shape of the Rhabdo virus?
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Bullet or rod shaped
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Is the Rhabdo virus a RNA or DNA virus?
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An RNA virus
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In the USA what wild animals are the most common carriers of the Rhabdo virus?
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Racoons, skunks, bats, coyotes
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What in an animal would indicate a Rabies infection?
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Any change in the behavior of animal
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Where in the body does the Rhabdo virus want to get to?
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The spinal cord and brain
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When is it too late to vaccinate a patient who has been infected with the Rhabdo virus?
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Once symptoms appear
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What are the most common symptoms of Rabies/Rhabdo virus?
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Fever, nausea, partial paralysis near bite followed by acute neurological phase (hydrophobia), aerophobia, hyperactivity, hallucinations, and finally coma and death
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What is the treatment for Rabies/Rhabdo virus?
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Clean wound, apply hyperimmune rabies serum
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What drug/perscription is most commonly used to treat Rabies/Rhabdo virus?
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Interferon by a series of injections to induce antibody production
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What is the best way to prevent Rabies/Rhabdo virus?
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By immunizing pets and wild animals (by using vaccine carrying food baits)
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What 2 professions should most definitely be vaccinated for Rabies/Rhabdo virus
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Veterinarians' and hunters'
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Which household pet is most responsible for the re-emerging of Rabies in the USA
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Cats are now major domestic carriers
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Why does Encephalitis fall under Equine viruses?
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Because its host transmissions is from human to mosquito to horse (equine) and back to human
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What does the Equine virus most often infect, humans or horses?
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Horses
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What are the different types of Equine Virus?
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EEE (eastern); WEE (western); VEE (venezuelan); and SLE (St. Louis)
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What is the life cycle of the Equine virus?
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Mosquitoes to birds back to mosquitoe and then to horses and humans and finally back to mosquitoes
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Why is the SLE form of Equine Encephalitis virus serious?
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Because it can form blood clots in lungs
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When and how often should one be careful about contracting the SLE virus?
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Generally in the Summer, and most serious every 10 years
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What is the most serious form of Encephalitis?
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EEE (eastern) because it can cause severe necrotizing infections of the brain
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What is the Fatality rate of the EEE (eastern) encephalitis?
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50-80% fatality rate
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Encephalitis can be caused by which viruses?
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Equine Viruses, Toga virus (arbo virus), and flavirus (flavivirus)
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The SLE form of Encephalitis is caused by what virus?
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Flavivirus
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West nile fever is caused by what encephalitis virus?
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Arbo virus
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Where in the world is West nile fever most common?
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Nile river area, and Israel
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Who are the major victims of contracting West Nile Fever?
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Very young and very old
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What are some symptoms of West nile fever?
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Fever, and seurological symptoms
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How do people contract the West Nile Virus?
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From mosquitoes who get it from birds
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What are some things you can do to keep colds and flu away from you and others too?
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Wash hands frequently;
Cough/sneeze into your sleeve; Carry disposable paper tissues with you; Dispose of used paper tisues in appropriate receptacle |
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What is the definition of a pandemic?
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World Wide incidence of disease
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What is the definition of an Endemic?
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Persistant presence in a community
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Where is TB most likely to be an endemic?
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Innercities
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What is the definition of an Epidemic?
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Spreads widely and rapidly among the population of a given area/country
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What is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection?
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Washing your hands
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What are the 2 viruses responsible for the common cold?
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Corona virus and Rhino virus
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What is Croup?
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acute laryngotracheobonchitis
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What are 2 common viruses responsible for Croup?
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Adenovirus and Respiratory syncytial virus
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How many different types of symptoms can there be when a patient has Croup?
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There are 3 types;
Type 1 = cough, hoarseness, harsh breathing, high-pitched sounds Type 2 = Fever, toxic effects, vomiting Type 3 = Convulsions, bluish coloration, dehydration, and restlessness |
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What is the name of the virus that is mostly responsible for causing Minor Respiratory illnesses?
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Echoviruses
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When in history was the greatest number of influenza cases reported?
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Inbetween 1918-1919 when there was over 20 million deaths worldwide (this was known as the spanish flu)
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What are some common Respiratory tract associated viruses?
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Influenza, SARS, Hantavirus, Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)
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Is the Influenza virus enveloped or not and does it contain DNA or RNA?
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It is an Enveloped RNA comtaining complex
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Where in the body does the influenza virus like to attack?
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It has an affinity for mucus membranes
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What is the most serious type of Influenza a person can contract?
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Influenza type A
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What are some other hosts for the Influenza A virus?
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Birds, swine, horses, and whales as well as humans
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How many different types of Influenza are there and what are there names?
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There are 3 types; A,B, and C
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What type are influenza virus is most common to humans?
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Type B is most specific towards humans
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Why is Influenza C not heard of that often?
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Because it has a low infectivity rate
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Why are new vaccines needed so often with the Influenza virus?
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Because it is highly changeable
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Even with the vaccine why is there still a high incidence of influenza every year?
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Because the CDC selects the vaccines base on anticipated strains of influenza and they don't always get it right
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When is Influenza season?
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November to early April
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How soon after virus has been aquired does the infection start?
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2-3 days
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How is influenza diagnosed?
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By its symptoms
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What is the treatment for Influenza?
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Amantadine (prevents penetration)
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How can influenza be prevented?
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Get immunizied for high risk persons; flu shot can prevent heart attacks associated with influenza virus
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What does SARS stand for?
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
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When was the last major outbreak of SARS?
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November of 2002 in china but concealed till Feb 2003
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What is the virus that causes SARS?
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Coronavirus
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How many people were infected and how many people died during the 1st outbreak of SARS?
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5163 infected and 271 died
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Since SARS has been recognized how many people have been infected, died, and how many contries have been involved?
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8098 infected, 774 died, 29 countries involved
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What are some signs/symptoms of SARS?
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High fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, pneumonia
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When was Hanta virus most prevelant in the US?
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May and June 1993
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Where was the Hanta virus most prevelant in the US during its outbreak?
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Four corner states; CO, AZ, NM, UT
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Where in the 4 corner states were there the most cases of Hanta virus?
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Indian reservations
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What can infection of Hanta virus cause?
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Pneumonia, and death rapidly
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What is used to identify the Hanta Virus?
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A PCR is used
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What is the name of the disease that the Hanta virus causes?
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HPS - Hanta virus Pulmonary Syndrome
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What was the first name for HPS or the Hanta virus?
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Muerto Canyon Virus
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What is the fatality rate for HPS/Hanta virus
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60%
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Is the Hanta virus exclusive to the 4 corner states?
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No it is now all over the USA
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How is the Hanta virus transmitted throughout the states?
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Rodents carry (deer mouse), dried excreta - air borne
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What is the major drug used to treat HPS/Hanta virus?
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Ribavirin is mostly used
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What does RSV stand for?
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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In what age group is RSV most serious?
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It is the most serious in infnats
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What type of disease/condition does RSV cause?
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Pneumonia
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What is one major way to prevent the spread of RSV?
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Don't take infants in crowds
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What does ARD stand for?
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Acute Respiratory Disease
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What is the name of the virus that causes ARD?
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Adenovirus
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How long does the fever last in a patient that has been infected with Influenza?
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the fever lasts 3-4 days and is characteristically high (100.4-104 degrees F)
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What does the drug Idoxuridine treat?
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Corneal infections
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What does the drug Ganciclovir treat?
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CMV eye infections in AIDS
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What does the drug Vidarabine treat?
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Viral encephalitis
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What does the drug Ribavirin treat?
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Herpes lesions (topical application), influenza (in aerosol)
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What does the drug Acyclovir treat?
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Herpes virus infections; lessens severity of symptoms
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What does the drug Amantadine treat?
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Infections of influenza A viruses from entering cells (preventive)
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What does the drug AZT (Azidothymidine) treat?
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AIDS
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What are some general aspects of Viral diseases?
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1.) Self limiting nature of many viral diseases
2.) difficulty in developing antiviral drugs 3.) Prevention of viral diseases by immunization is the best hope |
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What is the definition of self limiting nature?
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The fact that many viral diseases disappear in a few days
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What are 2 natural immune mechanisms involved in the self limiting nature of viral diseases?
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1.) the bodies ability to release interferon
2.) Humoral (Blood Borne Antibodies) immunity |
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How does interferon help prevent the invasion of viral diseases?
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It allows molecular weight protein which is a normal component of a cell and initiates the production of an antiviral protein to protect a cell
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Can Interferon move from one cell to another to help prevent viral infections?
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Yes, this is how it conveys the message of an impending infections; thus damage is contained
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What are the 2 most important aspects of Interferon?
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1.) Unlike antibodies, interferons are species specific but not virus specific or are virus non-specific
2.) An enhanced amount of interferon is produced by cells in response to viral infections, double stranded RDA, Endotoxins and some parasitic infections |
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How is Interferon commercially made today?
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By Escherichia Coli (E. coli), it is bio-engeenired
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What is the life cycle/mechanism by which interferon acts?
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1.) Virus infects cell
2.) Signal sent to host cell nucleus 3.) Viral replication activates host cell gene for interferon 4.) Interferon is synthesized and released 5.) Interferon binds to surface of neighboring cell 6.) cell is stimulated to produce antiviral protein 7.) Antiviral proteins block viral replication |
