Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what does a positive leukocyte esterase test indicate
|
bacterial UTI
|
|
|
what does a positive nitrite test indicate
|
gram-negative bacterial UTI
|
|
|
what is the 2nd leading cause of community-acquired UTI in sexually active women
|
Staph saprophyticus
|
|
|
what is the leading cause of UTI
|
E. coli
|
|
|
what organism colonies show metallic sheen on EMB agar
|
E. coli
|
|
|
what organism have a blue-green pigment and fruity odor; usually nosocomial and drug resistant
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
what infectious agents cause newborn meningitis and can be passed from mom to fetus
|
Group B strep (agalactiae), E. coli, Listeria
|
|
|
what are the ToRCHeS infections
|
pass from mom to fetus
Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella CMV, HIV, Herpes simplex, Syphilis |
|
|
what are the neonatal manifestations of Rubella
|
PDA (or pulm artery hypoplasia)
cataracts deafness +/- "blueberry muffin" rash |
|
|
what organism has neonatal manifestations of hearing loss, seizures
|
CMV
|
|
|
what bug causes hand-foot-mouth dz
|
Coxsackievirus type A
|
|
|
what dz does parvovirus B19 cause
|
erthyema infectiosum
|
|
|
what bug causes blue-white (Koplik) spots on buccal mucosa
|
measles virus
|
|
|
what is the most common STD in the US
|
C. trachomatis
|
|
|
what disease has the chandelier sign
what is this sign |
PID (pelvic inflammatory dz)
cervical motion tenderness |
|
|
what is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
what can cause it |
infection of the liver capsule and "violin string" adhesions of parietal partioneum to liver
PID can lead to this |
|
|
what are the 2 most common causes of nosocomial infections
|
E. coli (UTI)
S. aureus (wound infection) |
|
|
what org causes chronic, watery diarrhea, w/acid-fast cysts seen in stool, in HIV-positive adults
|
Cryptosporidium species
|
|
|
what rash has postauricular lymphadenopathy
|
rubella
|
|
|
what org causes grayish oropharyngeal exudates ("pseudomembranes" may obstruct airway), painful throat
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
|
|
|
what causes bilateral Bell's palsy
|
Lyme dz
|
|
|
what causes currant jelly sputum
|
Klebsiella
|
|
|
what org is Bacitracin sensitive
|
S. pyogenes (Group A)
|
|
|
AKA Group A strep
AKA Group B strep |
S. pyogenes
S. agalactiae |
|
|
what org is optochin sensitive
|
S. pneumo
|
|
|
what org is novobiocin sensitve
|
S. epidermidis
|
|
|
what are the alpha-hemolytic strep
|
S. pneumo and viridans strep
form green ring around colonies on blood agar |
|
|
what are the beta-hemolytic strep
|
Group A strep (pyogenes)
Group B strep (agalactiae) form clear area of hemolysis on blood agar |
|
|
what are the gamma hemolytic strep
|
enterococcus and peptostreptococcus (anaerobe)
|
|
|
what is the virulence factor in S. aureus
what does it do |
Protein A
bind Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis |
|
|
what is S. pneumo the most common cause (4 things)
|
MOPS
Meningitis Otitis Media (in kids) Pneumonia Sinusitis |
|
|
what org is assoc w/sepsis in sickle cell anemia, splenectomy, and "rusty sputum"
|
S. pneumo
|
|
|
what org causes dental caries
|
S. mutans
|
|
|
what does ASO titer detect
|
recent S. pyogenes (Group A) infection
no prognostic info |
|
|
what substance do spores have in their cores
how do you kill spores |
dipicolinic acid
autoclave kills spores |
|
|
how does the tetanus toxin work
|
blocks glycine release (which is an inhibitory NT) from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord -> spastic paralysis, lockjaw/trismus, risus sardonicus
|
|
|
what does C. perfringens cause
what is the mechanism of action |
gas gangrene
MOA: alpha toxin ("lecithinase," a phospholipase) that causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis |
|
|
how do you trx C. difficile
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
what is the only bacterium w/a polypeptide capsule
|
B. anthracis (capsule contains D-glutamate)
|
|
|
what is the only gram-positive bacteria w/endotoxin
|
Listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
what gram-positive rods form long branching filaments resembling fungi
|
Actinomyces israelii and Nocardia asteroides
|
|
|
what is the reservoir of M. leprae in the US
How do you trx leprosy |
armadillos
trx: long-term oral dapsone |
|
|
what org is from animal bites
|
Pasteurella species
|
|
|
what bacteria grows pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
|
lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria
|
|
|
which gram-negative bug is oxidase positive
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
What does Haemophilus cause
|
Epiglottitis ("cherry red" in kids), Meningitis, Otitis Media, and Pneumonia
does not cause flu |
|
|
what grows on chocolate agar
what extra factors are required |
H. influenzae
requires Factor V and X |
|
|
what grows on charcoal yeast extract culture w/iron and cysteine
|
Legionella
|
|
|
what is pontiac fever
|
mild flulike syndrome from Legionella
|
|
|
what org causes diabetic osteomyeliti
|
Pseudomas
|
|
|
what bugs inhibits EF-2
|
C. diphtheriae and Pseudomonas
|
|
|
what causes swimmer's ear (External otitis)
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
how do you trx Legionella
|
erythromycin
|
|
|
how do you trx pseudomas
|
aminoglycoside + extended-spectrum penicillin (e.g., piperacillin, ticarcillin)
|
|
|
what is the significance on the capsular antigen (K)
what is the H antigen |
related to virulence of the bug
the flagellar antigen found in motile species |
|
|
what type of E. coli is the only to invade the intestinal mucosa
|
EIEC
|
|
|
Which E. coli types produce a Shiga-like toxin
|
EIEC, EHEC
(Invasive, Hemorrhagic) |
|
|
Which E. coli doesn't produce a toxin
what is it's mechanism of action |
EPEC (pathogenic)
MOA: adheres to apical surface, flattens villi -> prevents absorption |
|
|
what E. coli type produce traveler's diarrhea
|
ETEC
(toxigenic) |
|
|
Which E. coli cause dysentery
|
EIEC, EHEC
the same that produce the Shiga-like toxin |
|
|
b/w Shigella and Salmonella, which is more virulent
|
Shigella
|
|
|
where can S. typhi remain chronically in the body
|
gallbladder
|
|
|
what are the types of spirochetes
|
Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema
|
|
|
which of the spirochetes is the only one that can be visualized using aniline dyes in light microscopy
|
Borrelia (big size)
|
|
|
which bug is question mark-shaped
|
Leptospira interrogans
|
|
|
what is the vector for Borrelia burgdorferi
what else is it a vector for |
tick, Ixodes
also a vector for Babesia |
|
|
how do you trx Lyme dz
|
doxycycline, ceftriazone
|
|
|
what are Argyll-Robertson pupils
assoc w/what dz? |
constrict w/accomodation, but NOT reactive to light
tertiary syphilis |
|
|
How is FTA-ABS used and interpreted
|
it's more specific for treponemes, than VDRL
turns positive earliest in dz, and remains positive the longest |
|
|
what are the VDRL false positives
|
VDRL
Viruses (mono, hepatitis) Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus and leprosy |
|
|
how can you get Brucella and what does it cause
|
from dairy products (unpasteurized)
causes undulant fever |
|
|
what causes cat scratch fever
|
Bartonella species
|
|
|
when do you see clue cells
|
w/bacterial vaginosis from Gardnerella vaginalis
|
|
|
how do you treat Rickettsiae
|
tetracycline
|
|
|
differentiate the rashes of Rickettsia and Typhus
|
Rickettsial rashes starts on hands and feet
Typhys rash starts centrally and spreads outward W/O involving palms or soles |
|
|
what causes Q fever
|
Coxiella burnetii
from inhaled aersols |
|
|
what is the trx for Rickettsial diseases and vectors
|
tetracycline
|
|
|
when is the Weil-Felix reaction negative
|
w/Coxiella infection
|
|
|
how is the Chlamydial cell wall ununsual
|
lacks muramic acid
|
|
|
which org has a high titer of cold agglutinins and of what Ig
|
Mycoplasmia pneumoniae
IgM cold agglutinins |
|
|
What is the only org w/a bacterial membrane containing cholesterol
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
|
what org has frequent outbreaks in military recruits and persons
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
|
what is the only live attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV-positive patients
|
MMR
|
|
|
what are the live attenuated viral vaccines
|
smallpox, yellow virus fever, chickenpox, Sabin's polio virus, MMR
|
|
|
what are the killed viral vaccines
|
Rabies, Influenza, Salk Polio, HAV
|
|
|
where do DNA viruses replicate
what are the exceptions |
nucleus
except poxvirus |
|
|
where do RNA viruses replicate
what are the exceptions |
in the cytoplasm
except influenza and retroviruses |
|
|
where do herpesviruses get their envelopes
|
from the nuclear membrane
(usually viruses get their envelopes from the plasma membrane when they exit the cell) |
|
|
what virus causes aplastic crises in sickle cell dz
|
parvovirus
|
|
|
what does HHV-4 cause
|
EBV virus -- mono, Burkitt's
|
|
|
what virus causes PML in HIV pts
|
Polyomavirus, specifically JC virus
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US
|
HSV-1
|
|
|
What does HHV-6
|
Rosela
(high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffuse macular rash) |
|
|
whats is Tzanck test used for
|
to id HSV-1,2 and VZV
a smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells |
|
|
what causes the "kissing disease"
|
EBV (mono)
|
|
|
what has a positive Monospot test
what has a negative Monospot test what is the monospot test |
positive: EBV
negative: CMV heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs |
|
|
what are the 5 picornaviruses
|
Poliovirus
Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus HAV |
|
|
what does echovirus cause
|
aseptic meningitis
(a picornavirus) |
|
|
where do you see Councilman bodies
|
yellow fever, in the liver
|
|
|
what causes German (3-day) measles
what type of a virus is it |
Rubella virus
a togavirus |
|
|
what drug is used in RSV
what is the mechanism of action |
Palivizumab
RSV a paramyxovirus and has surface F (fusion) protein which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells Palivizumab neutralizes F protein |
|
|
what finding is diagnostic for measles
|
Koplik spots
red spots w/blue-white center on buccal mucosa |
|
|
what is the clinical presentation of measles
how does the rash spread |
Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis
Rash spreads from head to toe |
|
|
what are the main Sx of mumps
what type of virus is |
Parotitis, Orchitis, aseptic Meningitis
(orchitis: inflammation of the testes) a paramyxovirus |
|
|
where do you see Negri bodies
what are they |
in Rabies
cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons |
|
|
what types of viruses are the 5 hepatitis viruses
|
HAV: picornavirus
HBV: hepadnavirus HCV: flavivirus HDV: deltavirus HEV: hepevirus |
|
|
what does IgG HAVAb mean
what does IgM HAVAb mean |
IgG: prior infection; protective against reinfection
IgM: best test to detect active Hep A |
|
|
what is the best test to detect active Hep A
|
IgM HAV Ab
|
|
|
what does HBsAg mean
what does HBsAb mean |
Ag: antigen found on HBV surface; continued presence indicates carrier state
Ab: provides immunity to Hep B |
|
|
continuous presence of what indicates carrier state for Hep B
|
HBsAg
|
|
|
what Ab provides immunity to Hep B
|
HBsAb
|
|
|
what does IgM HBcAb indicate
what does IgG HBcAb indicate |
IgM: recent disease
IgG: chronic dz |
|
|
when is antibody is positive during the window period
|
HBcAg
|
|
|
what is the signficance of HBeAg
|
important indicator of active viral replication and therefore transmissability
|
|
|
what does a high level of HBeAg mean
|
High infectivity
|
|
|
what does HBeAg indicate
|
low transmissability
|
|
|
what are the envelope proteins for HIV
|
gp41 and gp120
|
|
|
when is an AIDS diagnosis made
|
when CD4+ counts are <200
|
|
|
how does HIV virus gain access to CNS to cause HIV encephalitis
|
via infected macrophages
microglial nodules w/multinucleated giant cells |
|
|
when do you see CMV retinitis in HIV pts
|
when CD4+ count <50
|
|
|
where do viruses replicated in the latent phase of HIV infection
|
in the lymph nodes
|
