Micro Final Mcb2004

Front 1

How do pathogens invade the skin?

Back 1

Skin is very protective and pores are tiny, but microbes are tinier! They can enter pores or hair follicles.

Front 2

Normal skin microbiota

Back 2

Propionibacterium acnes – ACNE, LIVES IN OIL GLANDS
• Corynebacterium sp. – COVER SKIN
• Staphylococci
• Staphylococcus epidermidis –LIVE ON SKIN
• Staphylococcus aureus –PREFERS NOSE
• Streptococci sp. ¬– LIVE ON SKIN
• Candida albicans (yeast)¬- LIVE ON SKIN

Front 3

Staph skin infections?

Back 3

Direct- folliculitis (hair follicles), furuncle(pus), carbuncle(inflammation of tissue under skin), ecthyma(bulla on inflamed tissue), impetigo (crusting sores)
Cutaneous- toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome

Front 4

Strep skin infections?

Back 4

impetigo(highly contagious, spread through hands, fomites), necrotizing fasciitis

Front 5

What is one of the most common pathogens in a hospital?

Back 5

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 6

What is the way of transmission for staphylococcus aureus?

Back 6

close contact, fomites, foreign body in wound

Front 7

What is the treatment for staphylococcus aureus skin infections?

Back 7

vancomycin or methicillin (penicillenase)

Front 8

Causative Agent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is the mode of transmission and symptoms?

Back 8

transmission: fomites
symptoms: rash to fatal systemic infections

Front 9

Causative agent for Acne?

Back 9

Propionibacterium acnes

Front 10

Warts

Back 10

causative agent is Papillomaviruses, transmitted by contact or frogs

Front 11

Chickenpox and Shingles

Back 11

causative agent is Varicella-zoster virus, transmitted by inhalation or direct contact; fever, itching, malaise

Front 12

cold sores?

Back 12

human herpesvirus 1, can be transferred to other parts of body

Front 13

genital warts?

Back 13

human herpesvirus 2

Front 14

Measles

Back 14

Rubeola virus, droplet transmission via respiratory system; begins as sore throat, headache, cough then fever and malaise. Macular rash on skin lasting 4-5 days.

Front 15

Rubella

Back 15

AKA german measles- Rubella virus, respiratory droplets person-person, incubation 12-23 days, macular rash of small red spots and light fever, can cause birth defects

Front 16

Explain CNS and blood brain barrier

Back 16

No normal flora! Main defense is blood brain barrier, very restrictive blood capillaries that do not allow microorganisms, medications, immune system (neutrophils)

Front 17

What is meningitis?

Back 17

inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding brain)

Front 18

What is encephalitis?

Back 18

inflammation of the brain

Front 19

What three bacteria cause meningitis?

Back 19

H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis.

Front 20

H. influenzae

Back 20

aerobic, gram neg bacteria, normally found in throat, prevented by Hib vaccine, most common in children

Front 21

S. pneumonia

Back 21

gram pos, encapsulated, diplococci, most common in children, same organism that causes pneumonia.

Front 22

N. meningitidis

Back 22

gram neg, cocci, begins as throat infection, rash, common in college students

Front 23

Tetanus

Back 23

A disease caused by Clostridium tetani, gram pos, endostore forming, obligate anaerobe, will only grow and reproduce where there is no oxygen, in deep wounds. Prevention by vaccine with tetanus toxoid and booster(every 10 years). Treatment is tetanus immune globulin. If you step on a nail and go into ER, they are gonna give you antibodies from someone else that is immune to tetanus.

Front 24

Botulism

Back 24

causative agent:Clostridium botulinum, , gram pos, endospore forming, obligate anaerobe. Intoxication due to ingesting toxin. Prevention- canning procedures, adding nitrites to sausage for endospore germination prevention. Treatment- supportive care and antitoxin. Type A-highly fatal, most common in west coast. Type B- fatal 25%, Europe and eastern US, Type E- found in marine and lake sediments.

Front 25

Leprosy

Back 25

causative agent: mycobacterium leprae, prefers cool areas of body, treatment takes a really long time with many drugs, disease of skin and nerves. Neural leprosy- change of pigment and loss of sensation, if it does not fade away, it leads to progressive. Progressive- lead to disfiguring nodules or lumps, transmits poorly.

Front 26

poliomyelitis

Back 26

transmitted by ingestion from contaminated water, GI tract to blood to spinal cord to CNS, paralytic spinal cord infection

Front 27

Rabies

Back 27

causative agent is Lyssavirus, always fatal, transmitted by animal bite, once bit, the rabies virus multipies in muscle cells and gets to brain and swells

Front 28

What are symptoms of rabies?

Back 28

muscle spasms of mouth, hydrophobia. If you are bit, go in and get post exposure treatment (vaccine and immune globulin).

Front 29

arboviral encephalitis

Back 29

arthropod borne viruses that belong to several families, transmitted by insects- most commonly mosquitos, virus is inoculated directly into blood stream where it grows in monocytes and lymphocytes. It can spread to brain.

Front 30

What are some defenses of the respiratory system?

Back 30

mucus, ciliated epithelium, glottal reflex, coughing, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils with inflammation, IgA (lower), IgG and complement transudation from blood (lower)

Front 31

Otitis media - middle ear infection... caused by what?

Back 31

Strep. pneumoniae, Haem. influenzae, Mor. catarrhalis and viral

Front 32

Epiglottis is caused by what?

Back 32

Haem. influenzae type b

Front 33

Pharyngitis (sore throat)

Back 33

S. pyogenes, C. diphtheriae, etc.

Front 34

Sinusitis

Back 34

caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae, infection & inflammation of the sinuses, heavy mucus discharge, If blocked, pressure causes pain &/or headache

Front 35

Epiglotitis

Back 35

infection & inflammation of the epiglottis
Most serious of upper respiratory infections, death can result in hours
Usually caused by opportunistic pathogens, usually:
Haemophilus influenzae

Front 36

Tonsillitis

Back 36

infection and inflammation of the tonsils, Usually caused by:
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Streptococcus pyogenes,
viruses

Front 37

Laryngitis

Back 37

infection & inflammation of the larynx
Hard to talk
Usually caused by:
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Streptococcus pyogenes,
viruses

Front 38

DIPTHERIA pharyngitis

Back 38

Caused by:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
*Less than 5 cases in the US yearly

Front 39

Symptoms of Diphtheria?

Back 39

Pharyngitis, fever, malaise, swelling of neck

Front 40

STREPTOCOCCUS pharyngitis

Back 40

Caused by:
Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 41

Scarlet Fever

Back 41

Streptococcus pyogenes
Pharyngitis, rash, “strawberry tongue”
Erythrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized S. pyogenes

Front 42

Common Cold Symptoms

Back 42

sneezing, excessive nasal secretions, congestion
usual. no fever w/ uncomplicated cold
can spread to middle ear, sinus cavities, lower respiratory sys.

Front 43

Common Cold transmission, reservoir, incubation?

Back 43

TRANSMISSION - contact or airborne ?
RESERVOIR - humans
INCUBATION - usual. 48 hours
antibiotics no use in treatment

Front 44

Pertussis(Whooping Cough)

Back 44

Causative agent:
Bordetella pertussis
Gram-negative coccobacillus

Front 45

Pertussis symptoms?

Back 45

irritating cough which gradually becomes paroxysmal, within 1-2 weeks and lasts for 1-2 months.

Front 46

Pertussis reservoir ?

Back 46

humans only

Front 47

Pertussis mode of transmission?

Back 47

direct contact of mucous discharges from infected persons & airborne route

Front 48

PNEUMONIA

Back 48

CAUSATIVE AGENT:
-bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, chemical irritants

Front 49

Pneumonia Symptoms?

Back 49

Symptoms - shaking chill, high fever, chest pain, productive cough, shallow breathing, increased pulse and leukocyte count

Front 50

Walking pneumonia

Back 50

lacks peptidoglycan cell wall, encounter-inhalation from humans

Front 51

Walking pneumonia treatment?

Back 51

Treatments
Erythromycin, doxycycline

Front 52

Tuberculosis

Back 52

CAUSATIVE AGENT:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 53

Tuberculosis Treatment?

Back 53

Unusual set of antibiotics (isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin)

Front 54

6 ways to diagnose TB?

Back 54

X-ray or CT scan
Sputum culture
Acid-fast staining of sputum
Skin test(PPD)
DNA hybridization
PCR (16s rRNA)

Front 55

Legionnaire's disease AKA pontiac fever

Back 55

Causative agent:
Legionella pneumophila,
high fever (105oF), cough, pneumonia symptoms, incubation - 5-6 days, primarily aqueous environmental reservoirs

Front 56

Influenza

Back 56

causative agent: Influenzavirus,

SYMPTOMS: - chills, fever, headache, cough, general muscular aches

TRANSMISSION - airborne spread among crowded populations & droplet spread
INCUBATION PERIOD - 1-5 days
1% mortality due to secondary bacterial infections
RESERVOIR - humans - (animals suspected as source of human subtypes)
VACCINES - antibodies directed at spikes

Front 57

What does the H and the N mean with our flu names? Ex. H1N1

Back 57

Hemagglutinin (H) spikes used for attachment to host cells
Neuraminidase (N) spikes used to release virus from cell

Front 58

Staphylococcal food poisoning

Back 58

Causative agent: Staphylococcus aureus, nausea, vomiting, food is contaminated from sitting out and toxins are released in food

Front 59

shigellosis

Back 59

causative agent: Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexnerii, S. sonnei, symptoms-diarrhea, progressing to dysentery (blood, pus in stool), abdominal pain, tenesmus, fever

Front 60

samonellosis

Back 60

Causative agent: Salmonella enterica serovars such as S. enterica Typhimurium, nausea, vomiting, reservoirs are reptiles and chickens (eggs), diagnose from stool or left over food

Front 61

typhoid fever

Back 61

Causative agent: Salmonella typhi, only humans carry, fecal-oral route of spread (poor sanitation), Treated with antibiotics, spreads throughout the body in phagocytes, Symptomology: few intestinal symptoms, mainly systemic – high fever, shock, headache, myalgia, lethargy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

Front 62

Cholera

Back 62

causative agent: Vibrio cholera, found in water, form biofilms and colonize algae and aquatic animals, SYMPTOMS- severe dysentary, rice water stool, vomiting, death by dehydration; many cases are asymptomatic-mild, TREATMENT – Doxycycline and/or IV rehydration therapy

Front 63

gastroenteritis

Back 63

Causative agent: Clostridium perfringens- Meat contaminated with intestinal contents, grow following antibiotics. Can also be viral

Front 64

peptic ulcer disease

Back 64

causative agent: Helicobacter pylori – gram negative spirochete, Treated with antibiotics, Disrupts mucus production and causes inflammation leading to ulcers

Front 65

What are some antimicrobial features of the urinary system?

Back 65

-flushing action of urination
-requirement for adhesion
-shedding of epithelial cells
-secretory igA
-lysozyme, lactoferrin in urine
-normal flora (outer regions)

Front 66

cystitis causes?

Back 66

Most common causes are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Front 67

pyelonephritis

Back 67

inflammation of the kidney; caused by E. coli; diagnosed by back pain, caused by untreated cystitis.

Front 68

bacterial vaginosis

Back 68

grayish, whitish discharge, fish odor, diagnosed by clue cells, treatment: metronidiazole

Front 69

syphillis

Back 69

caused by treponema pallidum, crosses placenta, sensitive to antibiotics. Primary- chancre, lasts 3-8 weeks. Secondary- fever, headache, skin pustules. Tertiary- gummas, blindness, bone deformity, insanity, paralysis, loss of coordination.

Front 70

Causative agent of chlamydia?

Back 70

Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 71

LVG

Back 71

caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, initial lesion on genitals heals, common in tropical areas of the world, treatment: doxycyline

Front 72

gonorrhea

Back 72

caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae, female often asymptomatic, males have painful urination and pus, treat with antibiotics, if untreated can cause endocarditis, meningitis, arthritis, opthalmia neonatorum, PID

Front 73

candidiasis

Back 73

Grows on mucus of mouth, intestinal tract, and GI tract. Itching, thick, clumping discharge/throat or tongue patches, diagnosis is a microscopic identification and culture of yeast, treatment: clotrimazole, miconazole

Front 74

trichomoniasis

Back 74

found in semen or urine of male carriers. Vaginal infection causes itching, foul odor, and profuse yellow/green discharge, treatment: metronidiazole