Micro Final

Front 1

1. Bactericidal
2. Bacteriostatic

Back 1

1. Bacteria killing
2. Bacterial growth inhibited

Front 2

1. Antiseptics
2. Disinfectants
3. Chemotherapeutic agents

Back 2

1. used ON living tissue
2. used on inanimate objects-does not kill spores
3. Destroy bacteria IN living tissue (antibiotics)

Front 3

Antibiotics derived from

Back 3

Derived from living organisms (penecillin)

Front 4

1.Narrow Range
2. Broad range

Back 4

1. Active against gram + and few g -
2. active against many

Front 5

Reqs for antimicrobial efficacy (3)

Back 5

1. doesnt harm patient
2. no allergic rxns
3. soluble in body

Front 6

1. inhibits cell wall synthesis P, B, V
2. Alters cytoplasmic membrane P
3. Inhibits protein synthesis T, S, G
4. competitive inhibition T

Back 6

1. Penicillin, bacitracin, vancomyosin
2. Polymyxins
3. Tetracycline, stretomycin, gentamicin
4. Trimethoprim

Front 7

Kirby Bauer Procedure

Back 7

Determines antimicrobial effectiveness

Front 8

1. synergistic
2. additive

Back 8

1. 2 drugs are more effective than 1
2. combined effect is no different than 1 alone

Front 9

2 drug combinations
1. synergistic affect
2. additive affect

Back 9

1. Sulfisoxazole, Trimethoprim-affect folic acid synthesis
2. Trimethoprim, Tetracycline

Front 10

1. Point mutation
2. Mutations occur at a freq of
3. Genes can be transferred through 3 ways

Back 10

1. 1 or more amino acid substitutions occur during translation
2. 1x10^-7
3. Transformation, transduction, conjugation

Front 11

4 Mutation mechanisms
1. Ezymatic
2. Change in
3. Decrease in
4. Overproduction

Back 11

1. Alteration in chemical structure of antibiotic
2. Selective permeability of cell
3. Sensitivity of enzymes to inhibiting mechanisms
4. of a natural substrate

Front 12

E Tests
1. E tests detect
2. MIC is found by determining

Back 12

1. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic against an organism
2. Where the growth of an organism intercepts the # strip

Front 13

1. Penicillins and cephalopsporins are known as
2. work by
3. Which means organisms producing beta lactamase are

Back 13

1. Beta lactamase antibiotics bc of the lactam ring
2. Preventing cell wall synthesis
3. Resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin

Front 14

1. Beta lactamase test determines
2. Substrate is

Back 14

1. If bacteria is resistant to B-lactams
2. nitrocefin-turns pink when hydrolyzed

Front 15

1. Beta lactamase test is used to identify

Back 15

1. bacteria that produce B-lactamase which renders antibiotics ineffective

Front 16

1. Mutation

Back 16

1. change in base seq of gene

Front 17

Isolation of a strep resistant mutant from wild type E coli by gradient plate technique
1. Req prep of
2. ____ slanted med lacks strep
3. ____ containing ____ is poured over initial layer
4. ____ is inoculated onto surface
5. High strep concen here means there are

Back 17

1. double layered agar plate
2. Lower slanted medium
3. Molten agar containing strep
4. E coli
5. strep resistant mutants are present

Front 18

1. bacteria have a ____ genetic state

Back 18

1. haploid

Front 19

1. Point mutations
2. Spontaneous mutations
3. Induced mutations

Back 19

1. permanent, result from addition, deletion, substitution of bases in a gene
2. chemical and physical components in environment
3. changes resulting from exposure to artificial mutagen

Front 20

1. Conjugation
2. Transduction
3. Transformation

Back 20

1. Allow unidirectional transfer of genetic material
2. bacteriophage mediated transfer of material
3. genetic alteration results from introduction of free DNA from environment

Front 21

Conjugation
1. Determined by presence of
2. Cells that lack F factor are
3. Cells with F fac and plasmid
4. F fac incorporated into chromosome

Back 21

1. Fertility (F factor) factor
2. Recipients of genetic material F-
3. F+
4. HFR-high freq recombinants

Front 22

Transformation
1.Mix DNA from one strain of
2. DNA donors and DNA recipients

Back 22

1.Lysed cells with another of living cells
2. must differ in some way

Front 23

1. Ames Test tests for
2. Organism used
3. S-9 is a

Back 23

1. Carcinogenicity
2. HIS- and BIO- Auxotrophic strain of Salmonella typhimurium
3. Homogenous liver enzyme

Front 24

1. Polyhedral head of bacteriophage contains
2. Attachment of bacteriophgs
3. New phages infect other cells which are lysed and produces

Back 24

1. nucleic acid
2. Adsorbs onto bacterial cell by tail fibers and base plates
3. clearing or plaque

Front 25

1.Plaque forming Unit (PFU)
2. >300 PFUs
3. <30 PFUs

Back 25

1. Number of phages in original x dilution factor
2. TNTC
3. TFTC

Front 26

1. Typhoid fever is caused by
2. Shigellosis caused by
3. Cholera caused by

Back 26

1. Salmonella typhi
2. Shigella dysenteriae
3. Vibrio cholerae

Front 27

1. Water isnt tested for pathogens it is tested for presence of
2. E coli indicates

Back 27

1. Coliforms (G- rod doesnt produce spores will ferment lactose when incubated)
2. fecal contamination in water

Front 28

1 Presumptive Test Water

Back 28

3 different dilutions of water added to lactose broth
broths observed for acid&gas
Replicates made

Front 29

2 Confirmed Test Water

Back 29

Presumptive + samples streaked onto EMB bc some non coliforms ferment lactose

Front 30

3 Completed Test Water

Back 30

Pick colony from EMB and inoculate lactose broth
inoculate nutrient agar slant
make gram stain

Front 31

UTIs
Two routes of infection

Back 31

1. Descending (hematogenous) Tuberculosis, s. aureus, salmonella
2. Ascending (urethra, bladder, ureters, kidney)

Front 32

Causal organisms of UTIs
1. 80%
2. 5-15%
3. Occasionally

Back 32

1. E coli
2. Staph saprophyticus
3. Klebsiella and Proteus mirabilis

Front 33

UTIs
1. Dysuria
2. Pyuria
3. Cystitis
4. pylelonephritis

Back 33

1. painful urination
2. Leukocytes
3. Inflamed bladder
4. inflamed kidney and renal pelvis

Front 34

UTIs Colony count standards
1. 10^5 mL-significant bacteria
2. 10^4 mL-with pyuria
3. 10^2/2-no symptoms

Back 34

1. UTI confirmed
2. UTI suspicious
3. Contamination of UT

Front 35

Saliva pH range is
Main cause of dental caries is

Back 35

5.7-7 (avg is 6.7)
sucrose

Front 36

Causal organisms of dental caries (3)

Back 36

1. Streptococcus mutants (most important)
2. Lactobacillus acidphilus
3. Actinomyces odontolyticus

Front 37

1.Determining host susceptibility to dental caries uses what procedure

Back 37

1. Snyder Test

Front 38

1. Snyder Agar pH
2. Agar contains
3. at pH 4.4 (level dental caries form)
4. Yellow color indicates

Back 38

1. 4.7
2. glucose and brom cresol green
3. medium turns yellow
4. Acid produced by microorganisms

Front 39

1. Human body contains 10^14 cells 90% which are
2. Intestinal tract at birth
3. IT is 96-99%

Back 39

1. bacteria
2. sterile
3. anaerobes-clostridium, strep

Front 40

UT
1. usually ___are sterile

Back 40

1. kidneys and bladder

Front 41

Genitals
1. Normal flora in females

Back 41

1. Lactobacilli and acidic due to glycogen metabolism
Include strep, G- bacilli

Front 42

Normal flora of throat and skin
1. Blood agar identifies
2.Sabourauds Dextrose Agar Selective for
3. Mannitol salt selects for

Back 42

1. Alpha and beta homolysis
2. pH 5.6 for yeast and fungi
3. Staphlococci- Throat S. aureus, Skin S. epidermidis

Front 43

1. biofilms
2. microbial mats

Back 43

1. composed of populoations or communities of microorganisms adhering to surface
2. specialized micro communities composed of photosynthetic prokaryotes

Front 44

1. 2 benefits of biofilms
2. 3 disadvantages of biofilms

Back 44

1. water treatment, septic systems
2. dental caries, contamination of surfaces, resistant to antibiotics

Front 45

5 Formation steps of biofilms
1. Reversible
2. Irreversible
3. Growth
4. Exopolmer
5. Attachment

Back 45

1. Reversible adsorption of bacteria
2. Irrev. attachment of bacteria
3. Growth and div of bacteria
4. Production and biofilm form
5. Attachment of other organisms to biofilm

Front 46

DNA Isolation Purpose of each step
1. Salt solution
2. Detergent
3. Meat tenderizer
4. Ethanol

Back 46

1. Neutralizes neg charge of DNA phosphates
2. Removes cell membrane and allows access to DNA
3. Destroys enzymes which digest DNA; heat enhances this
4. separation of layers
DNA-white stringy matter rises into alcohol layer
protein and debris in bottom

Front 47

Classification of Streptococci
Hemolytic activity
1. Alpha
2. Beta
3. Non hemolytic or

Back 47

1. Incomplete. Strep viridans, s. pneumoniae, s. oralis
2. Complete. S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. equisimilis
3. Gamma. Few pathogenic

Front 48

Lancefield Groups divided by

Back 48

Serological testing of extractable C substance in cell wall with antiserum

Front 49

Strep Groups
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Back 49

1. Isolated from man, S. pyogenes (beta)
2. From cattle, man. S. agalactiae (beta) causes diseases of newborns
3. from animals. S. equisimilis (beta)
4. Intestinal tract. Enterococci, enterococcous faecalis (alpa) and S. bovis (alpha)

Front 50

1. Hemolysins
2. Leucocidans
3. Erythrogenic toxin (group A)
4. Hyaluronidase

Back 50

1. dissolve RBCs
2. Destroy leukocytes
3. Scarlet fever
4. dissolves hyaluronic acid (connective tissue cement)

Front 51

1. Streptokinase
2. Nucleases

Back 51

1. dissolves blood clots
2. depolymerize DNA

Front 52

Tests to Differentiate Streptococci
1. Hemolysis
2. Bacitracin
Group A
Group B/C

Back 52

1. Stab inoculate blood agar O hemolysin
2. Place disc on area of inoculation. Group A - Inhibition of growth
Group B/C - Growth around disc

Front 53

Bacitracin
1. Camp

Back 53

1. Group B. S. agalactiae produces peptide (synergistic) with B-hemolysin of s. aureus to produce zone of hemolysis

Front 54

Bacitracin
1. Sodium Hippurate

Back 54

1. S. agalactiae produces enzyme hippuricase. enzyme hydroles into sodium benzoate and glycine
Ninhydrin used to ID glycine product

Front 55

Bile Esculin Test
1. Group
2. Hydrolyzes
3. 6.5% NaCl broth or SF med

Back 55

1. Group D Alpha/Gamma strep
2. Group D hydrolize esculin to esculetin which reacts to produce black color
3. Group D enterococci grow but Group D non entero do not

Front 56

S. pneumoniae characteristics
1. Gram
2. Fastidious
3. Grown best on
4. Form
5. Serotypes

Back 56

1. G + diplococci
2. lyse spontaneously with age
3. Blood and choc agar
4. Form polysaccharide capsules resistant to phagocytosis
5. Serotypes (83) based on capsule composition

Front 57

5 Tests differentiate S. pneumoniae
1. O
2. Q
3. B
4. I
5.M

Back 57

1. Optochin test
2. Quellung (neufield) rxns
3. Bile solubility tests
4. Inulin fermentation
5. mouse virulence test

Front 58

Differentiate s. pneumoniae
1. Optochin Test

Back 58

1. s. pneumon. is inhibited by optochin or P disc (EHTYLHYDROCUPRIENE HYDROCHLORIDE)

Front 59

Differentiate s. pneumoniae
2. Quellung (neufield) rxns

Back 59

2. Capsular swelling rxn
pneumococci capsule mixed with antiserum. capsule swells around s. pneumon

Front 60

Staph characteristics
1. Gram ___ divide in ___ plane(s)
Catalase ____

Back 60

G + cocci in clusters
divide in 2 or more planes
Catalase positive

Front 61

4 tests to ID staph organisms
1. M
2. D
3. N
4. C

Back 61

1. Mannitol Salt
2 .DNA + methyl green
3. Novobiocin
4. Coagulase

Front 62

ID Staph
1. Mannitol salt
% NaCl...

Back 62

7.5% NaCl, Phenol Red, Mannitol

Front 63

ID Staph
DNA + Methyl green
1. pH
2. Stable complex of

Back 63

pH 7.5
Stable complex of polymerized DNA and methyl green

DNA---> Nucleotides + phosphate
methyl green released,
fades at pH 7.5
clear zone DNase produced

Front 64

ID Staph
Novobiocin

Back 64

Mueller Hinton Agar

Front 65

ID Staph
Coagulase
1. Mix
2. Clumping indicates

Back 65

1. Mix plasma and bacteria on slide
2. Indicates organism is + for coagulase

Plasma (fibrinogen) ---> Fibrin clot

Front 66

3 species most freq encountered in microbiology

Back 66

1. S. aureus
2. S. epidermidis
3. S. saprophyticus

Front 67

S. aureus
1. Causes
2. Virulence factors (4) L, H, C, E
3. Non toxic factors (2) D, L

Back 67

1. acne
2. Leukocidins-lyse WBCs
hemolysins-lyse RBCs
coagulase-clots plasma
enterotoxin
3. DNase-depolymerize DNA
Lipases-dissolves clots

Front 68

S. aureus
1. Coagulase
2. DNase
3. Mannitol
4. Novobiocin

Back 68

1. positive
2. positive
3. positive
4. SENSITIVE

Front 69

S. epidermidis
1. predominant organism on
2. Normally
3. Grows well on

Back 69

1. skin and mucosal surfaces
2. non pathogenic
3. biosynthetic material

Front 70

S. epidermidis
1. Coagulase
2. DNase
3. Mannitol
4. Novobiocin

Back 70

1. Negative
2. Negative
3. Negative
4. sensitive

Front 71

S. saprophyticus
1. Coagulase
2. DNase
3. Mannitol
4. Novobiocin

Back 71

1. Negative
2. Negative
3. Positive/negative
4. RESISTANT

Front 72

Immunology defined as

Back 72

ability to resist infection due to natural or acquired defense mechanisms

Front 73

Natural defenses of host (4)
1. D
2. M
3. B
4. P

Back 73

1. Defense that protects against any pathogen
2. Mechanical barriers-skin
3. Biochemical-sweat glands
4. Phagocytosis

Front 74

Acquired Defenses of host
Specific immunity responds in 2 ways
1. C
2. H
3. Following exposure to an antigen antibodies called ___ are produced

Back 74

1. cell mediated - T lymphocytes
2. Humoral-production of antibodies by B cells
3. immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG)

Front 75

Diagnostic Immunology involves the interaction of ____ in the direct or indirect detection of antigens/diseases

Back 75

antigen-antibody

Front 76

1. Agglutination
2. Antibodies that combine with antigens are called

Back 76

1. clumping of an antigen
2. agglutinins

Front 77

1. Agglutination Direct
2. Indirect
3. Hemagglutination

Back 77

1. Detect Ab to antigens
2. Ab reacts with antigen attached to latex beads then agglutination occurs
3. antigen or antibody mediated clumping of RBCs

Front 78

Immunology
Complement Fixation rxns designed to accurately measure

Back 78

amount of antigen or titer (amt) of antibody in test rxn

Front 79

1.Neutralization rxns-harmful effects of exotoxin or viral gene product are blocked by
2. Antitoxins neutralizing
3. Schick test: if a serum has neutralizing antibodies against a virus

Back 79

1. antibody
2. antibody. antitoxins can provide passive immunity
3. they will block viral mediated hemagglutination

Front 80

1. Immunofluorescence
2. Fluorescent antibody Techniques
Direct
3. Indirect

Back 80

1. ID of antigens with fluorescently labeled antibodies
2. Detect antigens, epitopes with labeled antibody
3. Detect presence/absence of antibodies

Front 81

Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS)
1. a type of clow cytometry where cells in a suspension are detected based on

Back 81

1. specific type of flurscent antibody tag

Front 82

ELISA stands for

Back 82

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Front 83

ELISA similar to fluorescence antibody technique except the tag is
1. Direct ELISA
2. In a simple test
3. In an antibody sandwich test

Back 83

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a visible color change
1. Detection of antigens
2. primary antibody recognizes antigen
3. secondary antibody recognizes antigen

Front 84

1. Indirect ELISA detect
2. Indirect ELISA test for the identification of

Back 84

1. Detect antibodies
2. HIV antibodies

Front 85

Rxn of antigen with suspected antibodies in a test serum
1. Binding of
2. Addition of
3. The reason for the serial dilution is to determine

Back 85

1. antigen to wells
2. Antiserum- any primary antibodies will bind to antigens on surface of the well
3. Titer of antibody present

Front 86

Visualization of Antigen-Antibody Complex
1. Addition of
2. Addition of

Back 86

1. Secondary antibody enzyme conjugate
2. Substrate chromogen