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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Symbiosis
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Means: Living together
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What are the three type of symbiosis?
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1. Mutalism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism |
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Define Mutalism
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Both organism benefit from their interaction
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Give an example of Mutalism.
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Ecoli in your gut, the bacteria get warm nice environment host get nutrients that bacteria have broken down. |
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Give another example of Mutalism.
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Termites have wood digesting bacteria in intestine. Bacteria eat wood for termites. Termites provide warm environment for protozoa that eat wood. |
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Define Commensalism
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One member benefits without significantly harming the other.
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Give an example of commensalism.
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Steph aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (grows on skin) & does not harm human host, host gives nice warm living environment |
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Give another example of commensalism.
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Remora lives on shark feeds off the excess shark meals, no harm to shark
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What is a Remora.
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A fish (suckerfish)
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Define Parasitism
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Parasite reaps benefits while harming host
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Does the parasite want to kill it host?
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No it want the host to survive so it can spread it parasite.
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Give an example of a parasite.
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Tuberculosis in lungs
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What is a normal microbiota in a host.
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It means that microbes colonize surface of the host without causing a disease
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Name two types of microbiota.
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1. Resident 2. Transient |
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What is resident microbiota?
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It a microbe that remain a part of the normal microbiota throughout life
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Give an example of resident microbiota
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It on the skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, urethra and vaginal
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How do resident microbiota survive?
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It feed off the excreted wastes and dead cells
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True of False: Resident microbiota a form of Mutalism.
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True
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What is transient microbiota?
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It a microbe that remain in your body for a short period of time.
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Where is transient microbiota found?
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In the same location as the resident microbes
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Why transient microbiota can only live in the body for a short period?
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1. Can not survive in body due to competition from other microbes, body's defense system and chemical/physical changes in the body. Ex: food poison |
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What is meant by acquisition of normal microbiota. |
It an environment that is free of microorganism.
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Give an example of acquisition normal microbiota. |
1. The Fetus in the womb is microbe free. |
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When does the baby acquires normal microbiota? |
During birth
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When does the baby acquired much of the resident microbiota? |
During the first months of life
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Define opportunistic pathogen |
Under ordinary circumstances, normal microbiota do not cause disease. However, these same microbes may become harmful if an opportunity arises. |
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Give an example of opportunistic pathogen |
Ecoli moves from gut to colon (harmful to host no in usual site). It become mutalistic |
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Give another example of opportunistic pathogen |
Women on antibiotics, decrease normal microbiota in the vagina. A bacteia Candida albicans a yeast it a normal vaginal microbiota it produce a yeast infection. |
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True or False: Most pathogens cannot survive for long outside the host. |
True |
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Define infectious reservoirs
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Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection.
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What are the three types of reservoirs
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1. Animal 2. Human 3. non-living |
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Define Animal reservoirs
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Zoonases is the way diseases are transmitted to human from animal. Ex: yellow fever, anthrax, bubonic plague and rabies |
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What are the various zoonoses can be transmitted to human. |
1. direct contact with animal 2. animal waste 3. eating animal 4. via blood sucking arthropods |
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Define human carriers reservoirs
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Some of these carries incubate the pathogen in their body and eventually develop the disease, others remain a continued source of infection without ever becoming sick |
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What are some example of human carriers disease? |
Tuberculosis, syphilis and AIDS
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Define nonliving reservoirs
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Soil, water and food that can be a nonliving reservoirs of infection |
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Give an example soil nonliving reservoirs infection |
Soil contaminated by feces, can harbor Clostridium bacteria, which cause botulism, tetanus and other disease. |
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Give an example water nonliving reservoirs infection |
Water can be contaminated with feces and urine containing parasitic worm eggs, pathogenic protozoa, bacteria and viruses |
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Give an example food nonliving reservoirsinfection
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Meats and vegetables can also harbor pathogen
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Define exposure to microbes contamination
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This contamination refers to mere presence of microbes in or on the body. Some of these microbes contaminants reach the body in food, drink, air, via wounds, biting arthropods or sexual intercourse.
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Define exposure to microbes infection
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Some bacteria overcome the body external defenses, multiply and become established in the body; such a successful invasion of the body by a pathogen called infection
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What are the major pathway for portals of entry?
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1. skin 2. mucous membranes 3. placenta |
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True of False: Parental route will circumvent the other portals |
True
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Define skin portals of entry
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Outer layer of dead skin cells acts as a barrier to pathogens. ex: opening of sweat gland, hair folliciles & cuts. |
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Define mucous membranes portals of entry
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It line the body cavities that are open to the environment. The most common entry is the respiratory tract. (mouth & nose) |
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Define Placenta portals of entry
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Usually forms effective barrier to pathogens. Pathogens can cross the placenta and infect the fetus. Only 2% of cases crosses the placenta causing problems note EX. Ex: premature birth, birth defects & spontaneous abortion |
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Define parental route portals of entry
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Means by which portals entry can be circumvented. Ex: needle or nail |
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What entry is used for a portal entry
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Pathogens are deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membrane |
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Names some exit portals
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1. ear(ear wax) 2. broken skin(blood) 3. skin (flakes) 4. anus (feces) 5. seminal vesicles (semen) 6. urethra (urine) 7. vagina (secretion & blood) 8. Mammary gland (milk, secretion) 9. mouth (saliva & sputum) 10. nose (secretion) 11. eyes (tears) |
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Define the nature of infectious disease
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A disease is a change from a state of health. Infection is the invasion of the host by a pathogen. |
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Other factors concerning the nature of infectious disease. |
Disease results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions. Also Morbidity is a change in a state health.
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What are the three manifestations of disease
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1. symptoms 2. signs 3. syndrome |
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Define symptoms
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Subjective characters that are only felt by the patient. Ex: nausea, pain, fatigue |
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Define signs
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Things that can be observed or measured by other. Ex. Fever, redness, rash, swelling.
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Define syndrome
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Symptoms and sign that characterize by a disease. |
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Define hereditary
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It mean the disease is genetically transmitted from the parent offspring. Ex. Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, diabetes mellitus |
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Define congenital
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Diseases that are present at birth, regardless of the cause (whether hereditary, environmental, or infectious). Ex: Fetal alcohol syndrome, deafness from rubella |
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Define degenerative disease
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It results from aging. Ex. renal failure, age-related farsightedness |
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Define nutritional disease
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It due to the lack of some kind of essential nutrient. Ex kwashiorkor, rickets, scurvey |
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Define the disease categories (endocrine)
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It due to the excess or deficient hormones. Ex: Dwarfism |
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Define the disease categories (Mental)
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It due to emotional or psychosomatic . Ex: skin rash, GI distress, panic attack |
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Define the disease categories (Immunological)
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It due to hyper or hypo reactive immunity. Ex. Allergies and autoimmune disorders |
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Define the disease categories (neoplastic)
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It due to abnormal cell growth Ex: cancers |
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Define the disease categories (infection)
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It caused by infectious agent Ex: colds & herpes |
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Define the disease categories (latrogenic)
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It caused by medical treatment or procedure. This is a sub group of hospital acquires disease. Ex: surgical error, antibiotic treatment, yeast vaginitis from antimicrobial therapy |
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Define the disease categories (Nosocomial)
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It a disease acquired in a health care setting. Ex: MRSA, Pseudomonas infection in burn patient |
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What are the 5 stages of infection
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1. incubation period 2. prodromal period 3. illness 4. decline 5. convalescence |
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Define the stages of infections disease incubatiion period |
Will see not signs or symptoms will appear healthy. The time between infection & 1st sign of disease. The incubation period depends of the virulence of the infection agent. |
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Define the stages of infections disease prodromal period |
Is a short time of generalized, mild symptoms. Not all infection have a prodromal stage. Ex: malaise, muscle aches |
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Define the stages of infections disease illness |
It the most severe stage of an infectious disease. Signs and symptoms are most evident during this time. The patient's immune system has not fully responded to the pathogens. |
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Define the stages of infections disease decline |
It when the body gradually returns to normal as the patient's immune response and/or medical treatment vanquish the pathogens. The pathogen is killed. |
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Define the stages of infections disease convalescence |
The patient recovers from the illness, tissues are repaired and returned to normal.
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What are the three groups of transmission?
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1. contact = direct , indirect, droplet 2. vehicle = airborne, waterborne, foodborne, body fluid 3. vector = biological, mechanical, |
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Define contact transmission?
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This transmission include person to person spread, typically involves body contact between host. Ex: kissing, sexual intercourse, hands, touching
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Define indirect contact?
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It occurs when pathogens are spread from one host to another by fomites. Ex. needles, toothbrushes, paper tissues, toys, money, diapers, drinking glasses, bedsheets, medical equipment
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Define Droplet contact?
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It the third type of contact transmission. Pathogens can be transmitted within droplet nuclei (drop of mucus) that exit the body. Ex: coughing, sneezing exhaling |
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Define vehicle transmission?
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Is the spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food as well as bodily fluid being handled outside the body. |
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Define vehicle transmission? (airborne)
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involves the spread of pathogens farther than one meter to the respiratory mucous membranes of a new host via aerosol. a cloud of small droplets and solid particles suspended in the air. Ex: sneezing, coughing, air vents, sweeping |
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Define vehicle transmission? (waterborne)
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Is importance in the spread of many gastrointestinal disease. Water can act as a reservoir as well as a vehicle of infection. Ex. Fecal-oral infection is a major source of disease in the world.
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Define vehicle transmission? (foodborne)
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Involves pathogens in and on food that are inadequately processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated. |
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Define vehicle transmission? (body fluids)
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Pathogens in blood, urine and salvia
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Define vector transmission?
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Are animal that transmit disease from one host to another. |
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Define vector transmission? (biological)
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Not only transmit pathogens but also serve as hosts for the multiplication pathogen for a life cycle. Ex: biting arthropods, |
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Define vector transmission? (mechanical)
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Passively carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts. Ex. houseflies, cockroaches
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Explain the ways disease can be classified.
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1. Taxonomic categories 2. what body system they effects 3. longevity and severity 4. how they are spread to their hosts 5. the effects they have on populations |
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Define acute disease?
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Develop rapidly but are -lived. Ex: common cold
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Define chronic disease?
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A disease that develop slowly (usually with less severe symptoms) and are continual or recurrent. Ex: TB, leprosy & Hep. C
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Define subacute disease?
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have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic. Ex: bacterial endocarditis ( a disease of heart valves) |
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Define latent disease?
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Pathogen is inactive for long period of time before being activated. Ex: herpes
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Define communicable disease?
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Comes from another infected hose. Ex: Herpes, Influenza, TB, chicken pox and measles
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Define non-communicable disease?
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It arise outside hosts or form normal microbiota. It is not spread from one host to another. It can come from opportunistic pathogen Ex: Tooth decay, acne and tetanus |
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Define contagious disease?
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If a communicable disease is easily transmitted between hosts, as is the case for chicken pox or measles it is call contagious.
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Epidemiology track occurrence of disease using two measures
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1. Incidence 2. Prevalence |
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Define incidence?
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It the number of new cases in a given area during a given time. |
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Define prevalence?
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It the number of total new and old cases in a given area during a given time. |
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True or False: The prevalence will always be higher than the incidence.
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True
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Define endemic?
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A disease that normally occurs continually at moderately regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area. |
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Define sporadic?
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When only a few scattered cases occur within an area or population.
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Define epidemic?
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Whenever a disease occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for a area or population |
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Define pandemic?
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When a disease occurs simultaneously on more than one continent. At a higher frequency (epidemic) |
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Know the graph
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on epidemic ect
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What are the nosocomial healthcare associated infections? |
1. exogenous 2. endogenous 3. latrogenic 4. superinfections |
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Define exogenous
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Acquired form healthcare environment. Ex: touching door knob after a sick person does at healthcare facility.
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Define endogenous
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Arises from normal microbiota as a result of factors within healthcare setting for hospitalization, treatment. Ex: antibiotic
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Define latrogenic
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From modern medical procedures (catheters, surgery). Ex: love bacteria , alter the body by introducing a bacteria.
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Define superinfections
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Use of drugs causes decrease n bacteria competition, increase in some bacteria. Ex: C. diff
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What are the influencing HAIs
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1. presence of microorganisms in hospital environment. 2. Immunocompromised patients 3. Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients and among patients |
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How can we control HAIs?
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1. requires aggressive control measures 2. Hand washing is the most effective way to reduce HAIs. |
