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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is forensic microbiology?
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Prosecuting crimes where microbes are used as weapons whether intentionally or not.
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Is forensic microbiology a new concept?
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Not at all. Cases of intentionally infecting others with microbes have been seen.
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What is a food borne outbreak?
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2 or more people getting an illness from the same contaminated food or drink.
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1996 Odwalla
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1.5mil fine for shipping unpasteurized apple juice that killed a child.
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1996 Illinois, CT., and NY.
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61 cases of E. Coli. Dirty lettuce from a small farm in Hollister. Cattle was placed 100 ft. from where lettuce was washed.
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2001 Sara Lee Corp
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fined $200,000 after selling tainted meats that killed 15 people. Listeria outbreak.
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2001 Anthrax
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Biological weapon used in the mail.
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2009 Peanut Corp.
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Salmonella in product. 529 sick 8 dead.
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2011 Cantaloupe Listeria outbreak.
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14 dead. Listeria can grow at room temp or in refrigerator. FDA and CDC recommended throwing out cantaloupes.
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Milk Powder in China
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2 men executed for selling milk powder that killed 6 infants and 300,000 more sick. Melamie toxic industrial compound to fake a positive for protein.
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Challenge 1 of working in forensic microbiology.
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Linking microorganism to individual/organization.
Person of origin. Index case. |
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Challenge 2
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Traditional Molecular Epidemiology vs. Microbial Forensics.
Data must stand up in a court of law and must be understood by judge/jury. Also, other scientists must be able to confirm. No reasonable doubt. |
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Challenge 3
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Identification of microbe.
Must have a medical diagnosis, screening of food samples, and link the nosocomial infection to a healthcare facility or healthcare professional. |
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What is a DNA probe?
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Short, labeled, single strand of DNA used to locate its complementary strand in a quantity of DNA.
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How is a DNA probe used for Hybridization.
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Used to locate a particular microbe of interest. Also used to locate because of binding site.
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Steps of DNA fingerprinting.
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Polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA followed by southern blotting. Digestion of DNA with specific restriction enzymes. DNA runs on agar gel. DNA in gel transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, subsequently exposed to radioactively labeled DNA probe. Visualized with x-ray film.
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Which genera of cocci are associated with skin infections?
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Staphylococcus. Streptococcus.
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Dermatophytic infection?
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An infection that causes cutaneous mycosis. Fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails.
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What are the natural defenses of the eyes?
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Conjunctiva - same microbiota found in skin.
Lacrimal apparatus manufactures and drains tears. Tears/blinking eliminate some microbes or inhibit from colonizing. |
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Treatment for Inclusion Conjunctivitis
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Tetracycline applied as an ophthalmic ointment.
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Treatment for Acanthoamoeba Keratitis
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Topical propamidine isethionate or miconazole if diagnosed rapidly. If not, corneal transplant or eye removal.
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Treatment for Trachoma.
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Azithromycin ingested orally.
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What are examples of fomites that may indirectly transmit Tinea spp.?
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Hairbrushes, towels, shoes, clothing, and pets.
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What is meningitis?
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Inflammation of the meninges. Symptoms include fever, headache, and stiff neck.
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What is Encephalitis?
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Inflammation of the brain.
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What is Meningoencephalitis?
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Inflammation of both the meninges and brain.
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Why does the blood-brain barrier make it difficult to treat infections?
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Very selective. Only lipid-solluble drugs can pass.
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Why is Clostridium tetani so deadly? What is the most likely cause of death in individuals?
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Extremely potent neurotoxin, tetanospasmin. Neurotoxin blocks relaxation pathways of muscles so that both opposing sets of muscles contract resulting in spasms. Death is from respiratory muscles.
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How are people infected with rabies?
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Infected salive from an animal bite or wound.
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Cryptococcosis is most likely to occur in which at risk groups?
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Immune compromised individuals.
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What are the most common methods for diagnosing bacterial meningitis?
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Lumbar puncture and gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid. Latex agglutination test.
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What makes the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems similar?
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Both carry fluids that circulate through the body and distribute nutrients and oxygen. Both carry away waste.
Both serve as vehicles for pathogens to spread. |
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What is septicemia?
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Proliferation of pathogens in the blood. Accompanied by fever.
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What is septic shock?
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Sudden drop in blood pressure from bacterial toxins. 60% mortality rate. Drugs can counter inflammation.
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What drugs are used to treat septicemia?
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Broad spectrum antibiotics, IV fluids, and oxygen.
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How does the incubation period of mono (4-7weeks) pose a challenge in terms of reducing transmission?
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People don't know they are infected and won't make any effort to not transmit to others.
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How are Epstein Barr (mono) and Varicella (chicken pox) similar?
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Once contracted, a person rarely will contract either ever again. Both are much more severe if contracted later in life.
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Why should people with mono avoid sports?
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Spleen is enlarged. Could rupture.
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How does Trypanosoma cruzi get into a person's circulatory system?
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Bug defecates on human while feeding. Human scratches wound. Feces get into bloodstream.
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How do adult schistosomes evade our immune system?
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Coat themselves with a layer to evade host's immune system.
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Upper respiratory system components.
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Nose, pharynx, and associated structures. Lymhoid tissues, tonsils, and adenoids.
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Lower respiratory system.
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Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial tubes, Alveoli. Also the ciliary escalator.
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Major defenses in the lower respiratory system?
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Ciliated mucous membrane to prevent lung entry.
Ciliary escalator. Alveolar macrophages that can phagocytize microbes. Respiratory Mucous has IgA antibodies. |
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Global demographics of TB?
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Africa, russia, china, south america, and then australia, USA, and UK.
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Challenges with treating TB?
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Host is often not aware of TB and does not seek treatment. Takes 6 months minimum of antibiotic therapy. Resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampin.
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What does is mean that Rhinovirus is self-limiting?
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It prevents itself from causing extensive sickness in individuals. This is so the host does not attack it and allows it to jump from host to host.
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Normal flora levels as you travel down the GI tract.
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Large number of bacteria in the mouth.
Stomach and small intestine have very few microorganisms. Bacteria in the large intestine assist in degradation of food and synthesizing vitamins. 40% of fecal mass is microbial cells. |
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Shigellosis cause of signs and symptoms
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Shigella
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Cause of Staphylococcal food poisoning.
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S. aureos
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Cause of Traveler's diarrhea.
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli.
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How can transmission of the majority of digestive system diseases be prevented?
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Proper storage and cooking of food.
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Infection of the lower digestive system.
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Growth of microorganisms.
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Intoxication of lower digestive system.
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Ingestion of a microbial produced toxin.
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How has Helicobacter pylori adapted to live in the stomach?
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Produces urease which converts urea to ammonia and alkalizes area of growth. Neutralizes HCl.
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About 7% of humans are carriers of Giardia lamblia. What does this mean?
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They do not show any signs or symptoms and they can pass it on.
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What is the primary function of your kidneys?
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Removes waste from blood.
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Cystitis?
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Inflammation of the urinary bladder in females. Symptoms are dysuria and pyuria. 25% of cases cystitis may progress to pyelonephritis.
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Pyelonephritis?
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Inflammation of one or both kidneys.
Symptoms are fever, back or flank pain. |
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Sapllingitis?
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Infection of uterine tubes. Can be pelvic inflammatory disease and can block passage of ova causing sterility.
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Is leptospirosis a zoonosis?
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Yes. Infects wild or domesticated animals. Can be transferred to humans to cause severe kidney or liver disease.
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Most common cause of candidasis?
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Candida albicans. Most common species. 85-90% of cases.
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Is candidasis associated with healthy individuals?
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Yes because of how common the infection is. By age 25, over half of college women will have had at least one diagnosed case. 75% of women will have at lease one episode.
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What is an STI and how many cases annually in the USA?
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STIs are sexually transmitted infections. 15milion new cases of STIs reported annually.
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Gardisil?
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HPV vaccine.
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