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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Q. Defense Lines:
First: ? Second: ? Third: ? |
First: Non Specific: INNATE (physical barriers and chemical). Second: Non Specific: INNATE (Inflammation, phagocytosis, complement Cascade, interferons). Third: SPECIFIC. Slow response (10 days)
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Q. Reticuloendothelial system
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massive network of connective tissue b/w cells
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Q. Lymphatic system
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(nodes, spleen, thymus tissue) – gets the WBCs back out to the blood
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Q. Granulocytes
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2nd line of defense. NON-SPECIFIC. Has Granules in them.
*Neutrophils *Eosinophils *Basophils |
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Q. Neutrophils
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55-90% WBC (25 billion), 1o phagocytosis. Live 8 days
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Q. Eosinophils?
Q. Perforin? Q. Granzymes? |
1-3% WBC, Killing eukaryotic pathogens (fungi, protozoan), key in allergic reaction. PERFORIN-punch holes in membrane. GRANZYMES-Enters through the hole perforin punches.
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Q. Basophils?
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circulate (“mast cells”) .5% of WBC – Allergic reactions. First response for inflammation. Scan for foreign material and secretes histamine causing vasodillation and recruiting others, heparin-coagulant. Does not kill bacteria directly.
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Q. Heparin?
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Coagulant
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Q. Mast cells
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stationary in tissue
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Q. Agranulocytes
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3rd line of defense. 20-30% WBC. Does not have granules.
Lymphocytes B-cells T-cells |
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Q. Complement Cascade?
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Punch holes in bacteria
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Q. B-Cells? Specificity? Mature Where?
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3rd line of defense. Antibody production and antigen presentation. Mature in Peyers Patch. High specificity.
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Q. Antibody?
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specific to antigens, and binds to them.
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Q. Opsonization
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coating bacteria antigens with antibodies, and makes bacteria more appetizing to macrophages.
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Q. T-cells? Mature Where?
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3rd line of defense. Cell destruction and activation of immune cells. Mediated Immunity. Mature in Thymus
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Q. Th cells? Name 3? Type of extracellular receptor?
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Use chemotaxis to recruit immune cells.
Chemokines, lymphokines, interleukins. CD4 extracellular receptor |
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Q. T cytotoxic Cells?
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kills the actual antigen, especially useful for intracellular pathogens. CD8 receptor.
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Q. Monocytes? When and what do they mature into?
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2nd line of defense. Immature phagocytes – 3-7% WBC. Mature during infection. Mature into either a macrophage or dendritic cell
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Q. Macrophage
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2nd line of defense. specific/non-specific. Macrophage takes part of the chewed up antigen and presents it to the lymph nodes to recruit more help. Antigen presenter.
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Q. Dendritic Cell?
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Professional antigen presenter. Presents to T or B cell to influence their behavior.
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Q. Natural Killer Cells? Line of defense? Can lead to what? Is it specific?
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Non-specific. 2nd line of defense. 1st killers of human cells for intracellular pathogens, enter the battle before the Tc. Can lead to autoimmune diseases
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Q. Lymphatic System returns?
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extracellular fluid back into the bloodstream
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Q. Lymphatic Vessel description?
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very thin walls to allow for permeability. Because of no permeability
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Q. Lymphatic Organs?
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Spleen, lymph nodes, Thymus (T-cell maturation) + Spleen, Lymphoid Associated Tissue (mucus & gut associated lymph tissue)
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Q. Inflamation.
Rubar? Calor? Tumor? dolor? |
Rubar: Redness
Calor: warmth Tumor: swelling (key role mobility) dolor: pain |
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Q. Chemotaxis
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movement in response to chemical
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Q. 2 Stages
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Vasodilation & Fever
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Q. Vasodilation:
Histamine? Edema? Chemotaxis? |
Histamine: purpose to increase blood flow, increases gaps b/w cells (leakage) while diluting toxins. Edema: resulting from vasodilation. Chemotaxis: recruits WBC. Fibrous Clots: allows for repair BUT also walls off infection.
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Q. Fever:
Endogenous Pyrogen? Exogenous pyrogen? |
Endogenous pyrogen: goal is to reset the thalamus
Exogenous pyrogen: liposaccharide (LPS) |
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Q. Fevers Inhibit 3 things?
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1. Microbe growth, 2. Decreases the release of iron which starves the bacteria, 3. Increases metabolism and enzymatic processes
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Q. Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern?
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Recognized by cells of the innate immune system. Recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
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Q. Macrophage 5 steps?
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1. Chemotaxis, 2. Ingestion, 3. Phagolysosome formation, 4. Destruction, 5. Excretion and presentation
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Q. Complement Cascade 3 types?
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Classical, Cascade, Lectin
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Q. Classical?
Note: "A" gets released "B" Binds |
Efficient and rapid, antibacterial, requires antibodies bound to the bacteria (like C1). Specific.
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Q. CLassical: Initiation?
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C1 – binds to the antibody bound to the bacteria
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Classical: amplification & cascade?
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Build like a pyramid on C1. C4/C2 – are two-part proteins and when they binds C2/4a floats away and C2/4b attaches. C3: also does the C3a and C3b thing on top of C2/4. C5: also does the C5a and C5b thing on top of C3
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Q. Classical: Polymerization?
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C6, C7, C8: bind at the same time on top of C5b (DO NOT SPLIT)
C9: multiple ones form a ring around the complex |
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Q. Classical: Membrane Attack?
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The complex then punches through the membrane
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Q. Complement Cascade: Alternative?
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Inefficient and slow, antibacterial. Identical to classical EXCEPT it starts with C3b and is not dependent on an antibody. Non Specific. no C1, C2, C4
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Q. Complement Cascade: Lectin?
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Efficient and rapid, antifungal. Instead of C1 it has MBL which bind to sugars on fungi. Non specific. MALB1 & MALB2-replace C2-C4
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Q. Interferons?
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Anti-viral, does not work against bacteria
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Q. Interferons: Step 1,2, &3?
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1. Virus enters cell and makes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). 2. The presence of dsRNA signals the cell to make interferon proteins.
3. The inteferons are secreted as a warning signal |
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Q. Interferons: Step 4?
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Interferon presence stimulates neighboring cells to make antiviral proteins that are initially inactive, BUT when the virus enters that cell and makes dsRNA, the dsRNA now ACTIVATES the antiviral proteins who then block protein synthesis.
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Q. Interferons: alpha & Beta?
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Antiviral
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Q. Interferons: gamma?
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Immune stimulatory
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Q. Specific Immunity Process?
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Lymphocyte development and differentiation, Presentation of antigen, Challenge of B and T cells by antigen, B cell (bone marrow) response, T cell (thymus) response
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Q. Specific Immunity process?
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Lymphocyte development and differentiation, Presentation of antigen, Challenge of B and T cells by antigen, B cell (bone marrow) response, T-cell (thymus) response
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Q. Clonal Selection Theory?
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This occurs in the bone marrow. Pool of antibodies are made, and remembered to a specific antigen.
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Q. Plasma cell function & life span?
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Plasma cells crank out the antibodies, and the plasma cells are short lived
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Q. B-cells (hummoral immunity) IgM?
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1st Ab produced from the immature B cells coming from plasma cells upon 1st exposure to an antigen, takes 7-10d.
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Q. B-cells: IgG?
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Ab produced from the plasma memory cells upon 2nd exposure, (2-3d)
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Q. B-cells: IgA?
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Secretory Ab; deals w/ pathogens on the mucosal surface, not in the bloodstream
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Q. B-Cells: IgE?
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allergies and parasitic infections, can attach to basophils to create a specific-response capability and better histamine release to prolong inflammatory response; these bound basophils become integral in quick allergic responses because they don’t die
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Q. B-Cells: IgD?
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they are on the surface of B-cells, receptor for antibodies. Different B-Cells have different IgD cells
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Q. T-helper 1 response location? What it secretes & activates?
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intracellular/viral. Secretes IFNg, TNFb, IL3. Activates Tc (T-cytotoxic) cells, these do the killing
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Q. T-helper 2 response location? What it secretes?
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Extracellular/bacterial. Secretes cytokines and IL4, IL5, IL6, IL9. IL4, IL5, IL6 stimulate mass B cells.
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Q. T-Reg?
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shutdown the immune response using IL10
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Q. MHC1 function?
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On all nucleated cells. Intracellular antigens. Signals cytotoxic cells to kill.
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Q. MHC2 function? good cop.
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On every antigen presenting cell. Extracellular antigens. Prevents cytotoxic cells from killing these antigen presenting cells.
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Q. Antigen characteristics?
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Proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccarhides, haptens, allergens
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Q. Hypersensitivity: Type 1?
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Most common, hypersensitivity to environment. IgE response. Anaphylaxis, asthma, etc.
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Q. Hypersensitivity: type 2?
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Antibody mediated (IgG/IgM). Complement cascade cell lysis. Rh factor/blood groups.
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Q. Rhogam:
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protects rh+ fetus, from rh- mother
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Q. hypersensitivity: type 3?
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Involve IgG/IgM. Immune complex reaction in which Ag-Ab complex deposits in tissues/joints/vessels/etc. systemic lupus
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Q. hypersensisitvity: Type IV?
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The only one that does NOT involve Ab >> T-cell response instead. 2-3 day delay. Poison Ivy/Botanicals, TB test
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Q. vaccine is what type of immunity?
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Artificial active immunity
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Q. Polio what form?
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Only use killed form
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Q. Vaccine types: killed vaccine response?
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B-cell only response.
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Q. Vaccine type: subunit vaccine response and side effect?
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B-cell only response. Side effects: Guillian Barre ascending paralysis.
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